The concepts that drive geographic information systems (GIS) have become

commonplace in today's everyday activities—witness the use of guidance

systems in our cars, our use of on-line mapping programs (such as Google
maps, Yahoo maps, etc.) to explore destinations. All of these are based
upon basic GIS functions, namely, linking data to maps. The application of
geographic information systems in the transportation industry (GIS-T) has
consequently become widespread in the 20 years or so. Indeed, 8 years ago,
Miller and Shaw (2001) stated that GIS-T had "arrived" and had become one
of the most important applications of GIS. In the intervening years, the use
of GIS has expanded dramatically. All fifty states have institutionalized their
GIS activities and forty five of them provide clearinghouses for their
geospatial data (AASHTO, 2008). For a full list of GIS acronyms and jargon
visit the National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis Web site
(Padmanabhan et al., 1992), and download report number 92-13

1.

What does the acronym GIS stand for?

A. geographic intuition system

B.geographic information system
C.geographic inocilation system

2.

how many states have institutionalized the GIS?

A. 45
B. 48
C. 50

3. When did Miller and Shaw claim that GIS-T had "come" and become
one of the most important applications of GIS?
A. 2005
B. 2008
C. 2001