cr ay IN THIS CHAPTER 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Internet and its Components 1.3. World Wide Web (WWW) 1.4 Internet Terminology 1.5 Web Server 1.6 Web Site 1.7 Web Pages 1.8 Web Browsers 1 1.10 Ln 1.12 1.13 Blogs Web Address (URU NewsGroups HTML Protocols114 Introduction Networks are everywhere : Any multiple things connecting together and enhancing, re form a network, You have heard about terms like network of roads, network of rails and network of computers around the globe, the internet. In this chapter, we shall talk about some technical basics related to networks especially Internet 1.2€ Internet and its Components {As you all know that Internet is a computer-based worldwide information network, It can be assumed as an.cxample of WAN (Wide Area Network). The Internet is composed of a large Fumber-of-stfaller interconnected networks. These networks may link tens, hundreds, or a 7s_enabing them to sftare information with each other and to share iousands of comp various FESOURCES, SUCIT as powerful supercomputers and databases (collection of datay-ot Int fade it possible for people all over the world to effectively and inexpensively communicate with each other. Unlike traditional broadcasting media, such as radio and television, the Internet is a decentralized system, Each connected individual ‘can ‘communicate with anyone else on the Internet, can publish ideas, and can sell products with a minimum overhead cost Intenet is not a thing which you can touch and feel.It is made up_of many. components offering vartous different types of services. Let us talk about these Internet components tr ne eet rene coming, Fines: 3beire wow : COMPUTER APPLICANT! t 4 7 ae mabe Y ueakd Uys 13 4 World Wide Web (Www) From the late 1960s to the early 1990s, the Internet was a communication and used almost exclustvely Tor ‘and military purposes. This changed radic introduction of the Wi of Web in short in 1965 The NW meltoeneds was mainly used for obtaining textual information. But post- WWW, the Intemet popularity E we Popularity of Internet to WWW onl: The World Wide Web (WWW) is also affectionately called “The Web” was 1 1989-1 Tim Berners-Lee. ae Jn 1989, WWW became a reality with invention of ‘and a text browser in 1990. en ONSEN 19D. 1.3.1 Difference between WWW and Internet Most people think that WWW is Intemet and vice versa, which is NOT TRUE“ _ \ A large of the Internet is the ‘World Wide Web" \ CWA Panna p OF web sites that have one or more le Internet that you probably But the Internet isn’t just the web pages that you use every day. It also consists of : ‘ Forums where people can seek help and advice about a_ Ls ‘® Research databases.used by universities and large companies. @ USENET — discussion about a specific subject fronithe latest boy ba: favourite pets - for example, Google Groups. an iterITeRner sasics 5 1.44 Internet Terminology d further, it will be good if we briefly talk about Internet terminology. In the lines, we are introducing some basic terms related to Internet ea ate networks shat requests services from another computer on the Any computer that receives So ‘web related a —— Servers to handle different type of requests/actions. Any digital gital page/document hosted on Internet (ic, accessible via Internet.) _ Acollection of interconnected webpages, designed with a certain goal in mind A web site or service that offers a broad array of resources such as e-mail, forums, search-engines among others, e.g, sh Yahoo, Indiatimes etc. Espa ee Ee jon from the web. _ Examples are : Internet E3 interact Esplorer Google ere lozilla FireFox, ae Mosaic, Opera, Safari, ieee el A web client is a program or a component on client side that requests and_uses. ssisss provided by web, sen Examples of web clients are web browser, a specific web page with components fetching information from web server, email programs, file sharing programs, chat a blog is a web page that serves as a publicl ‘atest personal dual A Hogi trequenty updated online personal ural © The a blog is called blogger. A blogger is the one who regularly writes and entries in his/her blog. _ The action of writing blog is called blogging. Newsgroups are Internet discussion forums where groups of users with common interests gather to discuss on a common topic of interest. Short See (RES seg eer nae sare s a unique electronic post-office-box ; with, a paigmeaddiess.gn, 2 Small can be sent; thie upigue address i mown. ss email address Each email address three sections. Let’s look at the example below : lupiLlar. com} ‘arora. sumitplgnail..com tee ok Username ~ @ host or domain name Username @ host of domain name Following sections talk about these in details.6 COMPUTER APRUCATIONS-x 15 € Web Server A Web server is 2 that stores websites on the request. A ‘server is also called WWW server. Web Servers are ‘of software that wait for nequests from the web browser. Some examples Servers are : Apache, 15, nginx, GWS, Netsite etc. Request Reply Chere Web server Figure 1.2 Working of a web server Difference between o Server ond o Webserver Before we proceed further, it is important to understand the difference between a server and web server. __ Server web i ‘A server is 2 computer or device on a | Web servers are computers that deliver network that manages network | (serves up) Web pages. In technical vesources. A server serves requests | terms, we can say that they handle mainly related'to resources on the | HTTP requests. For example, if you ‘network such as for sharing a resource | enter the URL ‘Ske printer or sharing storage etc. | http://www.edupillar.com/index haa in ‘There are many different types of | your browser, this sends a request to the. servers such as a file server or 2 mail | web server whose domain name is Sener or a webserver etc. Youll learn | edupillar.com. The server then fetches ‘2bout various server types later in this | the page named index.html and sends ‘chapter. it to your browser. 1.5.1 Services Provided by a Server Asyou already know that a server is a computer dedicated for managing network resources, it is responsible for handling the requests related to the resources on network. Services provided by a server on 2 network include the following among many others oe ring. High quali ters and photocopiers are often ‘igned to. directly toa network and all aut “users can share the equipment. A s for such a sharing request. 2 Centralised File Saving for Data Sharing. Servers help the user save. i home directories on the file server, workers canload their documents 3. Centralised Virus Scanning. Most file servers run virus scanners constantly to detect and take care of viruses introduced by any user on any computer. ~ High-capacity tape cevioes nthe file area bask up all users in_case of system failure (or worker failure), lost work can beINTERNET BASICS 7 1.5.1A Services Provided by Webservers Unlike a server, a web server is completely dedicated to handling requests for webpages. It provides following major services 1. Serving Web Pages. The primary function of a webserver is to deliver web pages on the request of clients using the Hypeitext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). This means delivery of HITML documents and any additional content that may be included by a document, such as Images, style sheets and scripts. , 2. Running Gateway Programs (CGD and Returning Output. In order to. process the requests received, the webseryers need to run special programs called CGI programs which help them fetch the required output as per the request made by the client 3. Controlling Access tothe Server. A full implementation of HTTP also includes way receiving content. from. clients, This feature is-used_for, submitting web, forms, includi uploading of files. Note 4, Monitoring and Logging all Access, The webservers also ensure that only authenticated access. takes place. and eRe, are ake thus-they-Keep Tuning many monitoring programs and Webserver, Apache Tomcat, keep logging all the activities. _. Webserver IIS, The Lighttpd 5. Server Side Scripting. Many generic web servers also support server-side scripting using Active Server Pages sa (ASP), PHP, ot other scripting languages.. r 16 < Web Site 1.6.1 'A web site is a collection of web pages which are digital files generally written using HyperText Markup-Language (HTML). Eor a web site to be available to everyone in the world at” All times, it must be stored or “hosted” on a computer that is connected to the Internet round the clock. Such a computer is known as a Web server. The web pages of a website are linked together, (through The we pg ote websted waste (eS and design. The site might also contain additional documents and files such as images, videos or other digital assets. Asahsite, a aon With Internet invading in every sphere, we see websites for aoe all kind of causes and purposes. So, we can also say that a _ linked together and share a website can also be thought of as_a digital environment common __ interface and capable of delivering information and solutions and design, promoting interaction between people, places, and things to X support the goals of the organization it was created for. Components of o Website ‘As you know that a website isa collection of a related webpages hosted on a webserver. There are some components essential for making a website. These are being listed below. Webhost Hosting is where a website is physically located. Group of linked webpages qualify to be calléera website only, etter amcatan es Oua cases sete are a Set of files that are transmitted to user computers when they specify the address of the website. gg. ‘8 comer wrcanonc.x Mies Nahte When someone os, A He ani Sue \ ‘Homepage website has a. Ris wed page that appears whens. wa ‘page of a is very 8 It sets the Took a, ‘he website and directs viewers to the rest of he pages in the website ~~ Reese RERRGTION. meRANS, .oraahacs dawe-ebee —_ Steere The Novigation Stuctore as te is the onder of, te pages, what links to Usually i is held together by at least one navigation aReRG Asyou already know thata website is a collection of related web pages, Itis hosted on a lost ‘one web server, accessible via a network through an Intemet address known as a UK! Winvform Resource Locator). A Portal ora web portal also has similar characteristics but the ‘Key difference between a website and a portal, which you must know. . Pout company cause only, For a user, a portal is the ent Bost focusing these services. A website on the other ha | Provides some specific type of information. 7 Following table lists the differences between these two. Bes noosaly an enty point or gateway for using the | It is often the final destination to access and use offered web-services. es tthe provided specific information, Caters to or delivers one specific type of application OF content as per the goal of the website ‘A complete environment for managing and inte- sting a large number of diverse appiations9 17 Web Poges ™ A webpage is a digital document that js linked to the World Wide Web and viewable ‘ connected to the infemet having. a web browser. It can contain any type of informal i as text, colour, graphics, antmation, video and sound etc 1.7.1 What does it Contain 2? (Components of a Webpage) As you already know that a webpage is a digital document containing informatic form, still we are asking this question ~ What does it contain or What are its componen' Well, this question can be answered in more than one way Components of a webpage, Content wise Components of a webpage, Structure wise Content Wise Content wise the components of a webpage are : Hypertext and Hyperlinks Hypertext refers to a digital text, which is more than just Cl text as if can include information in various media formats such as = i Hypertext refers to the combination of text, graphic © text © images images, audio & video © graphics ® video tracks, and hyperlinks. A Hyperlink refers to a dynamic link upon clicking at which a new web page or program opens. © sound hyperlinks Hyperlink refers to a link from a hypertext file to another such file. A liyperlink can be in the form of a graphic or text, ‘upon clicking where the linked document opens up. 5 Following figure (Fig, 1.3) shows you hypertext and hyperlinks in a webpage. [A Hyperlink Notice] thatthe cursor changes| to a hand here. Upon} clicking here, tho] corresponding web} Figure 1.3 Hypertext and hypertink.210 COMPUTER APPLICATIONS Structure Wise Structure wise the components af a web page are : a Page Tithe © Header ‘® Body of the web page ‘© Navigational Links | ® Footer | Page Title This is a single line text which is displayed on the title bar of the browser displaying ToS page iving web page, (Fig. 14) Header ‘This is generally a one or two line text (sometimes a graphics/image) defining the purpose of the web page, Itis displayed at the top of the web page, below the address bar of the browser, (Fig. 14) Body of the This is the section below. the header.of the web page and. it contains the ‘Web page " web page, (Fig. 14) Navigational These are the hyperlinks placed_on the web-page-using-which you can move Links to the linked web pages/documents. (Fig. 1.4) Figure 1.4 Components of a web page.1.7.2 What mokes a Webpage Work ? ~ ‘A webpage is viewed through a web browser on a computer or a mobile device. The working % of a web page is successful only when a user can view it successfully. For a web page to work properly, it has to undergo following. three states : 1. Creation of Webpage In this stage, a web page is created with proper coding. Depending upon its content type, can be in pure HTML for static page or contain some scripts also for dynamic content This stage also ensures that the code of the web page is error free. 2. Uploading / Publishing the Webpage In this stage the code of the web page is loading on the web servers. In other words, the web page is published. 3. Retrieval In this stage, the web page is delievered to user’s computer in a web browser for viewing. (52° figure 1.5 below) Web server hosting edit com 3 Web browser 2 now displays Figure 1.5. Delivering of web page. In order to view a web page following process takes place : 1. The user types its URL in the address bar of the web browser. 2. This web browser determines the domain name of the URL and sends the request to the web server hosting this domain name. 3. The web server now sends the code of the asked web page to the web browser on the client computer. 44. The web browser on the client computer displays the web page using the received code 1.7.3 Difference between o Webpage and Website ‘A website is composed of a group of webpages linked together. A website refers to a central Tocation on a webserver that contains more than one web page. A website may have just a home page, or it may have many other internal webpages in addition to the home page. Forexample, Edupllarcom is considered a website, which contains many webpages. However, Single webpage on this site would be its home page or AboutUs page and so on ‘The complete website contains many webpages like : ® Register page © FAQ page @ Contact Us page ‘the above mentioned are individual webpages but ‘these all make the website edupillar.com12 COMPUTER APPLICATIONS-X 1.8€ Web Browsers ‘A web browser is a program that lets you visit different sites on the Net and disp| offerings on your own computer. You visit a site by supplying the browser with an ad URL. Specifically, browsers are intended to let you access resources on World Wide Web hypertext files discussed earlier in this chapter. However, you can use a browse: other types of file systems as well. There are many browsers available in the market e.g, Google Chrome, Mosaic, Netscape, Internet Explorer, Safari, Qpera, ‘Maciveb etc. but only few of them such as Netscape Navigator, A web browser is a program Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox and Microsoft Internet Explorers that lets you visit different sites on the Net and display (MSIE) appear just about everywhere. Though, MOSAIC yon the (developed by NCSA — National Centre for Supercomputing ee ooo Application) was the first web browser to come into market. 1. Graphical Browser Text, mages, audio, and video are retrievable through a graphical software program stich as Internet Explorer, Firefox, Netscape, Mozilla, Opera and Chrome etc. These browsers are available for Windows, Apple, Linux and other operating systems. Navigation is accomplished by pointing and clicking with a mouse on highlighted words and graphics ie, on Hyperlinks. You can even download and install a graphical browser on your computer. For example, Internet Explorer is a part of the Windows operating system, and is also available on the Microsoft site : http://www microsoft.com/ Firefox is available for downloading from http://www.mozilla.org/products/irefox and Safari is available from http://www.apple.com/safari/. 2. Text only Browser Lynx is a browser that provides access to the Web in textonly mode. Navigation is accomplished by highlighting emphasized words in the screen with the arrow up and down keys, and then pressing the Enter key to follow the link. In these days of graphical browsers, it may be hard to believe that Lynx was once very popular. Names of various Web Browsers There are many web browsers in use today. The most common of these are : Mozilla FireFox Google Chrome, Opera, Safari, Internet Explorer, Torch, Maxthon, Sea Monkey, A Deepnet Browser etc. 1.9 Blogs A blog is a kind of website. The term “blog” is the shortened form of “weblog” — a diary or joumal on the Web. The owner of the blog writes on the blog and is known as blogger or author ofthe biog. The activity of updating or writing for blog is called blogging.‘The “blogger” (or author) writes periodically about » certain topic of his or her choosing (personal experiences, thoughts, hobbies, political aspirations, etc.), The blogger can provide links to other websites that s/he thinks might interest the audience The updates put on the blog by the blogger are called blog-posts. Blogs usually have a few features that are useful for the blogger and the readers. 1.9.1 Types of Blogs Web of today has millions upon millions of blogs. There are blogs maintained by individual there are blogs maintained by companies or organizations on the wel there are blogs dedicated to factual information like news, and so on. But, one thing, is common - they tend to fall into these types of blogs : 1. Personal blog. This is the most common type of blog. Maximum numbers of blogs on Internet belong to this category. After all, blogging started off as a way of creating an online diary. A typical blogger may be keen on posting stories about their interest such as fishing, or dancing or collecting something. 2. News and views. This type of blog contains factual stories about News, maintaine journalists. News and television companies such as the BBC have many professional journalists who post stories and views about the latest events. Visitors can add their own opinions as well ed by 3. Company blogs. Many companies run blogs to let their customers and clients know what is going on in the company that would interest clients or customers such as new products coming up or progress being made on some project. 4. Micro-blogs. This is a new type of blog where one can. post very short comments that others can follow Twitter is the best example of a micro-blog where one can only post 140 characters with each entry called a Tweet’. The entries become a running commentary about one's life and interests. 1.9.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Blogs ‘Although blogs are proving to be very useful tool for individuals, companies, news makers tic, even micro blogging has become very popular in past few years. But there are some disadvantages also, associated with blogging. Following table lists the advantages and disadvantages of blogs and blogging, Table 1.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Blogging Whatever you publish is available for everyone to see, If you | write a post in anger you might regret later. _] as may be biased or contain inaccurate information. Blogs can be time-consuming. Finding time to write regular jupdates can become a chore. ple may leave rude or inappropriate comments. LiF you want to read other people's blogs there are There a 5 millions to choose from at ma re many very dull blogs around. You may have to look before you find some worth reading.ocation server is called i web site has a unique address called URL pcp cag a et Micresit has an address or URL : URLs look like this : ‘type://address/path where type: specifies the type of server in which the file is located, address is the address of server, and path tells the location of file on the server. For example, in the following URL address of sener http: //encycle.msn.. coniescinta/ Soe ee type of server path ofthe fe styes.as0 The other examples of URLs are ftp://#tp-prenhall.com, http://ssa.yahoo.com, news: //alt.tennis etc. A URL is also referred to as Web Address sometimes. 1.10.1 Elements of a URL By now you have come to know that a URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is an address of of ‘on Internet. Let us discuss the components or syntax elements of URLs. AA file's Internet address, or URL, is determined by the following _ @ The type of server or protocol @ The nameladdress of the server on the Internet __ ® The location of the file on the server (this location may __ berelated as a “path” through the file hierarchy) ? ser Fe tee bia com, the “http” identifies both the protocol i URL syntax, a colon (:) and two forward slashes (//) follow the 4 the “ftp” identifies both the protocol 2 Bene Beles ble 12 for more types of ever5 7 INTERNET BASICS 15 Table 1.2 Intemet Servers and What they Provide ~ File Transfer Protocol Text and binary files that are organized in a hierarchical structure, much like a family tree Transfer Control Protocol/Internet Text and binary files that are organized in a menu structure. Protocol (TCP/IP) || Hypertext Transfer Protocol Hypertext/hypermedia files (i.e., multimedia documents ‘that contain links to images, sounds, or other multimedia documents on the World Wide Web) Post Office Protocol (POP) Version 3 and | Messages sent via electronic mail. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) ___| Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) _| Newsgroups that are organized in a hierarchical structure The next component of the address is the name of the server, in this case, www.khoj.com. Server names have multipie components. Commonly (but not always) a Web server's name will begin “www” for World Wide Web. The “.com” suffix (called a domain indicator) indicates that Khoj is a commercial entity, as opposed to a nonprofit organization (“org”), @ school or university (“edu”), a branch of the government (“.gov”), etc. The naming scheme by which servers are identified is also known as the domain name system. Table 1.3 lists some most common domains. Table 1,3. Some Most Common Domains es Commercial for commercial firms au Australia ca Canada ca Education for educational firms 3. Government. for government organizations / dk Denmark | west | fr France 4 Nittary | for mititary fe Bisa “initin | 5. Network resources: he ISPs / networks | ip Japan } 6 Usually non-profit | for NGOs and other no-profit | nz New Zealand organizations uk United Kingdom United States organizations for listed companies for TV channels and companies In addition to it, a two letter abbreviation indicating the country name may be used e.g, http: //wmw.microsoft.co.in here the last in suggests that it is based in India (in). Similarly, the URL hitp:/www.clearnet.nz suggests that it is based in New Zealand (.nz) 111.4 NewsGroups | ‘A news group ot forum is like a comnnmity bulletin board. You can post a message, reply to a message or just read messages. When a user sends a message, the news server posts it for everyone to read. Other members of the news group can now respond to your message. Groups of related messages are known as threads.16 COMPUTER APPLICATIONS-X newsgroups. It can either be You can subscribe to various By ieal done online or by creating a news account in a ne software. Examples of some newsgroups are : @ alt.tennis @ altastrology © comp language.ct+ etc. In the coming section, we shall be illustrating the subscription to online newsgroups also known as cliths in Internet jargon. 1.11.1 Using a Newsgroup Let us say, you want to join a group on HTML. So, you need to search for it first of all, what all groups are there and then subscribe to it (or join it), What we did to accomplish this task, is being summarised below. Just follow it and you'll see yourself do the same. (To search for an HTML newsgroup (or club), we first opened club site of yahoo ie., we opened the page P OF Forum ig munity bulletin Users an post Pond to posted Just read them, groups.yahoo.com and searched for kttmil in it [Fig. 1.6(@)]. (ii) Now it displayed some results according to our search query (i.e,, “html” search) wherefrom we selected html-4-you [Fig. 1.6(b)] (iii) To become member of this club so that we can post our messages, we clicked at Join this club link and followed the instructions given by the yahoo site. (io) Once we became members, we could post our messages by clicking at Post then by typing the desired message in the box provided for it and then by clicking at P. Message. (2) A message can be read by clicking at its title. One can reply a message by clic Reply button All these concepts will become more clear to you when you practice it online. omni Larning TM Prog ‘Weigtobeip you th al hee peblane po Ee ‘ETSI: Wd you eto ber nev ens dbp be “Then jin ist Aplacetolearm mndrsnd adn Sa pear er oe TM code Figure 1.6 (6) Selecting desired club from search © i or at what thew ces bares Shap staal beerINTERNET BASICS 17 112 4 Hm The World Wide Web is an exciting new medium, bringing information, images, advertising and what not to every desktop. Do you know that everything that you see on the Web is documents written in a special language called HTML or Hypertext Markup Language. This language tells the browsers like Mosaic or Netscape or Internet Explorer how to display text, pictures and links on the screen. UA rmaiacapind in 98 by Tim Berar, _As you can make out from the full form of u lyperText Markup Language) that it is a markup language for Hypertext, Let us understand the terms that make up HTML ‘Hypertext peak pais. of digit. that contains links to. other text, It is just the way ‘operates. You find many links on a webpage, clicking on which tekes you to other peg. Markup n orinstructions indicating the format, style or structure for an ‘or webpage ap sg me Markup Language It designed tags. structure ete.) to, create an appropriat ¢ document such as a webpage. following figure that shows HTML markup and its final result. We are not going into details of HTML here as a later chapter is completely dedicated to HTML only Figure 1.7 (@) HTML code with markup (b) Result of this HTML code on a web browser. ‘As you can see that part (a) of above figure shows the markup ic, something like oo ye <7oody> ‘These are various tags of HTML, that define the markup. In details, you will learn about HTML in a coming chapter. So, we rest our discussion here only18 COMPUTER APPLICATIONS-X 113 € Protocols protocol thing is to be done. In eons oe for tra inolgy, a protocol is usually an agreed-upon or standardized method for + data and/or establishing communications between different devices. In the following lines, we are discussing the most common protocols of www HTTP and HTTPS. HITP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) Hypertext refers to special format of text that contains links to other texts, just the way we links on a webpage, which lead to other pages. To create such pages, hypertext fi created, The hypertext transfer protocol is an access method (method to access web pages) used on Internet, It is the primary access method for interacting with Internet. The http genera! works in combination with www. The http is responsible for accessing hypertext documents on world wide web. Since world wide web is a system governing the use of multimedia files on the net and the hypertext files support multimedia, the http (hypertext transfer protocol) generally works. in combination of www. When the first part of a URL denotes http, eg, http: //vmew.w3schools..com it indicates the local software on your machine to expect a Ittp (hypertext transfer protoco! file. HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure) HTTPS is another text exchange protocol that has a full form as Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure. In other words, HITTPS protocol ensures the security of the text/information being transferred over WWW. With regular HTTP protocol, the text/information being transferred flows from server to browser directly, withon; any encryption, which means it can be easly stolen, You can understand encryption as this: the actual textinformation converted into some code words using a specific type of technology called SSL (secure sockets layer) certificate The SSL (secure sockets layer) certificate helps create a secure andtencrypted connection between the server and the bro wser. This ensures that the infor eeINTERNET ® 19 Following figure explains the difference between http and https protocols Client Server Figure 1.8 How to check if your connection is secure ? Before keying in any personal /financial information on any website, make starts with “HTTPS” and that there is a padlock sign { [J ] on the navigation bar or footer your browser as shown below : sure that the URL Following table enlists the difference between HTTP and HTTPS protocols. Table 1.4 Difference between HTTP and HTTPS protocols 4 It is a system for transfering information over | * It is a system of transferring information with SSL (Secure Internet without any security feature. Socket Layer) that encrypts and sends information over a secure connection, making it hard to steal + Tes ued for wansfertng/exchanging sensitive information. | ‘4 It is generally used for blogs, entertainment | * It {is used for exchanging information such as login ‘information and general articles etc. details, bank details, payment details etc. 1% Te requires additional SSL certificate for secure of data/information through secure connection. Le7 20 COMPUTER APPLICATIONS-X Some Other Intemet Protocols (Other than HTTP and HTTPS, some other commonly used protocols of Internet are 2). listed below : 3 [ef ee Toye } ‘Transmission Control Protocol/ Communication over Internet | Intemet Protocol | Be "por | Post Office Protocol | Receiving Incoming Emails (Latest version used is POP3) ‘SMTP _| Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Sending and distributing outgoing Emails FP | File Transfer Protocol Transferring files from one machine to another VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol ‘Making calls on Internet. ‘+ Internet is a network of many small networks that exist all over the world. ‘The World Wide Web is a set of programs, standards and protocols that allows the multimedia files to be created, displayed and linked on the Internet. ‘* The hypertext is a combination of text, graphic images, audio and video tracks and hyperlinks. A server is a computer that has server software loaded on it. Its main job is to share resources for lients. ‘% Aweb server is a specific protocol type of server, looking only for HTTP requests instead of many different types of resource requests. + There can be many types of servers associated with networks, e.g, Login server, proxy servers, web server, mail server, application server, Real time communication server, FIP server, print server, Telnet server, Database server, DNS server etc. ‘ Awebsite or a site isa group of relatetl web pages hosted on a webserver and are linked together ‘and share a common interface and design. + A Web portal is also a type of website but it differs in content and services from a typical website A document that uses HTTP is called a web page. ‘The top-level web page of a web site is called home page. A web portal is a web site offering variety of services at single point. A set of rules is called protocol. ‘The HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) isan access method used on Internet to access hypertext file. The HTTPS is a secure HTTP protocol. AA blog refers to an online journal where entries are posted. The word blog has been derived from WEB LOG. ‘A Newsgroup o” Forum is online community bulletin board, where users can post messages, respond to posted messages, or just read them. Groups of related messages are known o: See eons ©21 INTERNET BASIC SECTION A : Objective Type Questions A website is a collection of (@) HTML documents (&) Graphic tiles (©) audio and video files (@) all the above HTML is an acronym for (@) Hyper Transfer Mail Language: @) High Tech Mail Language (© Hyper Text Markup Language (@ Hyper Tech Mail Language ‘The first page that you normally view at a web site is its: (@) Home page (6) Master page (c) First page (@ Banner page The Intemet is most often used for the exchange of and When you visit a website, it wil open did page set as of the website, (a) Web Site (&) Home page (©) Email (@ ISP? The first page on a website that allows you to navigate to other pages via menu system or links, is known as (@) front page (®) primary page (© home page (@) first page (© main page Web pages on a site are linked together through a system of {CBSE Sample Paper Term 1, 2011] Online personal journal where one can post her entries to which others can post comments is called _. © Blog () News group (©) Website (@ None of these Which of the following protocols is used for www? @ ftp Gaas: hep (@) none of these. 16, 18, The ‘are documents that use HTTP. Which protocol is used on most URL addresses ? (@ HTML () HTP (HTTP (@) HLINK URL stands for (@) Universal Resource Locator () Uniform Resource Location (© Uniform Resource Locator (W) None of the above Which of these is not a part of URL ? (@)IP address (0) Port Number (©) Domain Name (d) None of these [CBSE Sample Paper Term 1, 2011] Which portion of the URL below records the directory or folder of the desired resource ? http: //smad, sonestore.con/Firstfloor/shoes.htm (http () firstfloor (©) shoes.htm (@) www-somestore.com The address of location of the document on the world wide web is called its [CBSE Sample Paper Term 1, 2011} In URL, http://www pacein.com/pr/main.htm, which component identifies the protocol or type of the server ? (a) http (&) www pacein.com (©) /primain.htm — (d) none In URL, http://www. pacein.com/pr/main.htm, which component identifies the web-site ? (a) http (b) www pacein.com (©) /primain.htm —(d) none In URL, http:/www.pacein.com/pr/main.htm, which component identifies the path of a web page ? (@ http (©) .com/pr/main.htm (@) none (©) www pacein.com22 COMPUTER APPLICATIONS-X SECTION B : Theoretical Questions SECTION B : Theoretical Questions 1, What is Internet ? Ans. Intemnet is a computer-based world wide information network. The Internet is composed of a large number of smaller interconnected networks, On Internet, each connected individual can communicate with anyone else on the Intemet, can publish ideas, and can sell products with a minimum overhead cost. 2. What do you understand by term URL ? Ans. URL. The full form of URL is Uniform Resource Locator. A URL refers to an address on the Internet. Billions of documents/multimedia files can be accessed on Internet through their URLs. 3. What is a protocol ? How do protocols affect Internet ? Ans. A protocol is a set of rules governing an operation or application. ‘On Internet, various protocols play their rolese.g. network addressing on Internet, is based upon a Protocol called Internet protocol. Similarly, a Particular location on Intemet may be accessed using HITP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) protocol. 4, In what ways is the World Wide Web different from other servers on the Internet ? Ans. The World Wide Web is an Internet system. he, a set of programs, standards, and protocols that allows the multimedia files to be created, displayed and linked on the Internet. Before WWW, Intemet was mainly used for ‘obtaining textual information. The other servers on Internet : fip, gopher, mail, news etc. cater to textual information but WWW, which uses http server, the users to receive hypertext ie, multimedia information on their web-browsers. 5. Differentiate between a web browser and web server. Ans. A WWW clients called a web browser and a WWW server is called a web server. A web browser navigates through the world ‘wide web and displays web s 6. Explain the following terms : (i) Web page (ii) Home page. Ans. (i) Web page. A document using http that resides on a web-site is known as , web page. (ii) Home page. It is the top-level web page of a web site. This is the page that gers displayed first of all when a web-site is opened 7. Differentiate between a web site and a web portal Ans. A web-site is a location on an Internet- server. A web portal is a web site, which hosts other web sites i.e, a web site having hyperlinks to many other web sites, is called a web portal. For example, Yahoo! (www.yahoo.com) is a web portal. 8. What is the significance of HTTP ? Ans. The http or HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) is an access method used on Internet. It works in combination with WWW ie., World Wide Web, The hitp is responsible for accessing hypertext documents on World Wide Web 9 Expand SMTP. [CBSE Sample Paper 2019-2 Ans. Simple Mail Transfer protocol 10. What is a blog ? What is blogger ? Ans. A blog is a frequently updated online Personal journal or diary. Blog is a short form for the word weblog and the two words are used interchangeably, author to express itsel! to i ught of as an online journal or diary, although blogs are used for much more now like online journalism. A blogger is someone who blo, writes BS, OF W Content for ablog and Blogging is the act of writing Post for a blog. UL What is a post ? Ans, The known entries or information in the blogs *" aS posts,inverner aasics § 23 following list () huypy/febre (2) yogaeyoga.com {CBSE Sample Paper Term 1, 2011] (b) doYogakveryday.com Ans. (b) and (fare domain names. (©) www.doYogakiveryday.convokl/indes.htmt (©) and (d) are URLs (a) ww w-PerformingArts_ schools org/backlink htm SECTION C ; Application Oriented Problems EW) The fottowing sentence describes the term Uniform Resource Locator (URL) used on the Internet, URL is the ~~ 2 —— name corresponding to the ~~ 7! ~~ address of a computer on the Internet, URL is the -- ~~ of a resource on the Internet, URL must be ofa . Internet users access your ~~" -~ using your URL, An example URL is Fill in the blanks with words from the list below. (A word can only be used onc wwwaabe.com, Ans. Ltext 2:numericIP3.webaddress — 4.unique 5. website BB Ekta, a class X student, has designed a website as part of her project. (a) Which of the following statements are true about web pages? (Tick (v) all that apply) Tick (4) Web pages are stored as HTML files Web pages are the files that cannot be viewed without a web browser . Web pages cannot be emailed Web pages can be created using a typewriter Web pages are actually files stored on computers (b) Ekta uses a web browser. Which three of the following statements are true about web browsers ? Tick (4) Web browsers are used to write HTML code Web browsers can be used to view web pages Web browsers are search engines Web browsers allow users to visit web pages directly the URL ‘The URL can be entered directly into the address bar24 COMPUTER APPLICATIONS-X Ans. (a) are stored as HTML files Web pages are the files that cannot be viewed without a web browser Web pages cannot be emailed Web pages can be created using a typewriter Web pages are actually files stored on computers. o Web browsers are used to write HTML code ¥ Web browsers can be used to view web pages Web browsers are search engines Web browsers allow users to visit web pages directly using the URL_| The URL can be entered directly into the address bar v in collecting views of others to enhance terest. He belongs to a middle class family and can't afford n person he can't create a dynamic website to deal with s {CBSE Sample Paper Term I, 2011} (a) Suggest an easy way for Shravan to achieve the same. (©) Also name too popularly used free services that can help Shravan in this regard. Ans. (a) Shravan should develop a blog or microblog. (©) Google Blogger and Twitter Tecords. The other is nase at say mt ew Ooo (Latest Information available (@ Easier to produce neatly presented work (ii) Internet has vast amounts of information (@) Speed of search only if referring to use of search engine Disadoantages (9 Danger of accessing doubtful websites, (@) Can take long time to find required information (Hi) Can access biased websites () Can access inaccurate websites @) Lack of expertise leads to inefficient searchin, (>) Can get easily distractedKeywords Blog Online journal. FIP File Transfer Protocol. A method for transferring files from one computer to another over a network. Home Page Top-level web page on web-site that gets displayed upon opening @ web-site Hyperlink A link on a web page that points to a file or document or a web page or a web-site. Hypertext A combination of text, audio and video tracks, and hyperlinks. HITP Hypertext Transfer Protocol. A protocol used by WWW to create display and link hypertext fies. Post Entry in a blog. Protocol A set of rules. Server A powerful computer that provides services to other computers. URL Uniform Resource Locator. An internet address in a special format. Web Browser A software that navigates through World Wide Web and displays web pages. Web page A document that uses HTTP. Web Portal A web site hosting many other web sites and applications. Web site A location on a net server. WWW World Wide Web. An Internet system used for creating, displaying, linking hypertext or multimedia files. 25 INTERNET BASICS Type A : Theoretical Questions 1. What is WWW ? How does it function ? 2. What is a server ? What is a web server ? 3, Enlist some services provided by a server on a network. 4. Enlist some services provided by a web server. ‘Name some web server software prominently in use. Differentiate between a web page and a home page. How is a web site different from that of a web portal ? What are the components of a website ? ‘9, What are the components of a webpage ? 10. ‘The first page on a website that allows you to navigate to other page via menu system or links, is known as (a) front page (© home page (©) main page (®) primary page (@) first page i. 12. 13. 14 15, 16. Discuss the functioning of a web browser and a web server. Also give some examples of web browsers and web servers. What is a web site ? How is it related to a web page and a home page ? What is blogging ? What are its advantages and disadvantages ? ‘What do you understand by a () Web browser (ii) Web server ? Each web page has its own unique address known as. (@) Uniform Resource Locator (b) Universal Resource Location (©) Uniform Resource Location (a) Universal Resource Locator In the URL, http:/oure mycorp.com/primaster htm, what is the /ittp component ? In the URL, hitp/townomycorp.com/primaster ten, what is the wuwo.mycorp.com component ?26. COMPUTER APPLICATIONS. 18. In the URL, httpysvww.mycorp.com/primasterhtm, 21. Search for some sites that let you crea, : hat is the /pr/master htm component ? 22. Go to blogspot.com or blogger.com a 19. What is a URL ? What are its components ? create a blog for yourself. Examplify. 20. What do you understand by protocols ? What roles do various protocols play on Internet ? Type B : Application Oriented Questions PIM Bank has a Head Office based in Banglore and a large number of branches nation ‘The Head Office and branches communicate using Internet. Give two features of Internet.z INTERNET BASICS 27 3, Simon has a villa, which he rents to holidaymakers. He creates a website to advertise the villa. ‘Simon chooses an ISP to host his website. a ‘The structure of his website is shown below. (@) State what Simon should have on his home page to help users navigate his website, (H) Simon uploads his website files to the ISP host computer. (State what ISP means. (il) Name the Internet service that Simon uses to upload his website files (iii) Name the type of data transmission that takes place when his website files are transferred to the host computer from Simon's computer. (© The URL for the Web page which has a map is : http://www, indiaisp.co.in/simonsvilla/map. html (i) State the domain name for this Web page. ii) Describe the function of the Domain Name Service, (W Simon registers details of his website with a search engine company. State one reason why this will benefit Simon. 4A. The Internet is a series of interconnected computers throughout the world. (@) Name one of the services that is offered on the Internet. ® When using the World Wide Web, a user can type in the web address of a page they wish to '5, Shashwat accesses a web page which gives tips on how best to play the game, “The URL is: nttp:// wow. granalan.com/tips/faq. htm ‘What server is hosting this web page ? " (@) What is the name of the file being accessed 7