4.

5 extended qp and MS [128

marks]

A longitudinal wave travels in a medium with speed 340 m s−1. The graph shows
the variation with time t of the displacement x of a particle P in the medium.
Positive displacements on the graph correspond to displacements to the right for
particle P.

1a. Calculate the wavelength of the wave. [2 marks]

 Markscheme
T = 4 × 10−3 «s» or f = 250 «Hz» ✓
λ = 340 × 4. 0 × 10−3 = 1. 36 ≈ 1. 4 «m» ✓

Allow ECF from MP1.

Award [2] for a bald correct answer.

Examiners report
[N/A]

Another wave travels in the medium. The graph shows the variation with time t of
the displacement of each wave at the position of P.

1b. State the phase difference between the two waves. [1 mark]
 Markscheme
«±» π2 /90° OR 32π /270° ✓

Examiners report
[N/A]

1c. Identify a time at which the displacement of P is zero. [1 mark]

Markscheme
1.5 «ms» ✓

Examiners report
[N/A]

1d. Estimate the amplitude of the resultant wave. [1 mark]

 Markscheme
8.0 OR 8.5 «μm» ✓

From the graph on the paper, value is 8.0. From the calculated correct trig
functions, value is 8.49.

Examiners report
[N/A]

A standing sound wave is established in a tube that is closed at one end and open
at the other end. The period of the wave is T . The diagram represents the
standing wave at t = 0 and at t = T8 . The wavelength of the wave is 1.20 m.
Positive displacements mean displacements to the right.

1e. Calculate the length of the tube. [1 mark]

Markscheme
L = « 34 λ = » 0.90 «m» ✓
 Examiners report
[N/A]

1f. A particle in the tube has its equilibrium position at the open end of the [2 marks]
tube.
State and explain the direction of the velocity of this particle at time t = T8 .

Markscheme
to the right ✓

displacement is getting less negative

OR
change of displacement is positive ✓

Examiners report
[N/A]

1g. Draw on the diagram the standing wave at time t = T

. [1 mark]
4

Markscheme
horizontal line drawn at the equilibrium position ✓
 Examiners report
[N/A]

2a. Calculate the wavelength of the wave. [2 marks]

Markscheme
T = 4 × 10−3 «s» or f = 250 «Hz» ✓
λ = 340 × 4. 0 × 10−3 = 1. 36 ≈ 1. 4 «m» ✓

Allow ECF from MP1.

Award [2] for a bald correct answer.

Examiners report
[N/A]
2b. Determine, for particle P, the magnitude and direction of the [3 marks]
acceleration at t = 2.0 m s.

Markscheme
ϖ = « 2Tπ = » 2π
OR 1. 57 × 103  «s−1» ✓
4×10−3
2
a = «ϖ2 x0 = (1. 57 × 103 ) × 6 × 10−6 = 14. 8 ≈ »15 «ms−2» ✓
«opposite to displacement so» to the right ✓

Examiners report
[N/A]

2c. State the phase difference between the two waves. [1 mark]
 Markscheme
«±» π2 /90° OR 32π /270° ✓

Examiners report
[N/A]

2d. Identify a time at which the displacement of P is zero. [1 mark]

Markscheme
1.5 «ms» ✓

Examiners report
[N/A]

2e. Estimate the amplitude of the resultant wave. [1 mark]

 Markscheme
8.0 OR 8.5 «μm» ✓

From the graph on the paper, value is 8.0. From the calculated correct trig
functions, value is 8.49.

Examiners report
[N/A]

2f. Calculate the length of the tube. [1 mark]

Markscheme
L = « 34 λ = » 0.90 «m» ✓

Examiners report
[N/A]
2g. A particle in the tube has its equilibrium position at the open end of the [2 marks]
tube.
State and explain the direction of the velocity of this particle at time t = T8 .

Markscheme
to the right ✓

displacement is getting less negative

OR
change of displacement is positive ✓

Examiners report
[N/A]

2h. Draw on the diagram the standing wave at time t = T

. [1 mark]
4

Markscheme
horizontal line drawn at the equilibrium position ✓

Examiners report
[N/A]
 On a guitar, the strings played vibrate between two fixed points. The frequency of
vibration is modified by changing the string length using a finger. The different
strings have different wave speeds. When a string is plucked, a standing wave
forms between the bridge and the finger.

3a. Outline how a standing wave is produced on the string. [2 marks]

Markscheme
«travelling» wave moves along the length of the string and reflects «at fixed
end» ✓
superposition/interference of incident and reflected waves ✓
the superposition of the reflections is reinforced only for certain wavelengths
✓

Examiners report
[N/A]
 The string is displaced 0.4 cm at point P to sound the guitar. Point P on the string
vibrates with simple harmonic motion (shm) in its first harmonic with a frequency
of 195 Hz. The sounding length of the string is 62 cm.

3b. Show that the speed of the wave on the string is about 240 m s−1. [2 marks]

Markscheme
λ = 2l = 2 × 0. 62 = «1. 24m» ✓
v = fλ = 195 × 1. 24 = 242«m s−1 » ✓
Answer must be to 3 or more sf or working shown for MP2.

Examiners report
[N/A]

3c. Sketch a graph to show how the acceleration of point P varies with [1 mark]
its displacement from the rest position.
 Markscheme
straight line through origin with negative gradient ✓

Examiners report
[N/A]

4a. Describe two ways in which standing waves differ from travelling [2 marks]
waves.

Markscheme
energy is not propagated by standing waves ✓
amplitude constant for travelling waves OR amplitude varies with position for
standing waves OR standing waves have nodes/antinodes ✓
phase varies with position for travelling waves OR phase constant inter-node
for standing waves ✓
travelling waves can have any wavelength OR standing waves have discrete
wavelengths ✓

OWTTE

Examiners report
[N/A]
 A vertical tube, open at both ends, is completely immersed in a container of
water. A loudspeaker above the container connected to a signal generator emits
sound. As the tube is raised the loudness of the sound heard reaches a maximum
because a standing wave has formed in the tube.

4b. Outline how a standing wave forms in the tube. [2 marks]

Markscheme
«sound» wave «travels down tube and» is reflected ✓
incident and reflected wave superpose/combine/interfere ✓

OWTTE
Do not award MP1 if the reflection is quoted at the walls/container

Examiners report
[N/A]
4c. The tube is raised until the loudness of the sound reaches a maximum for [1 mark]
a second time.
Draw, on the following diagram, the position of the nodes in the tube when the
second maximum is heard.

Markscheme
nodes shown at water surface AND 23 way up tube (by eye) ✓

Accept drawing of displacement diagram for correct harmonic without nodes

specifically identified.
Award [0] if waveform is shown below the water surface

Examiners report
[N/A]

4d. Between the first and second positions of maximum loudness, the tube is[2 marks]
raised through 0.37 m. The speed of sound in the air in the tube is 320 
m s−1. Determine the frequency of the sound emitted by the loudspeaker.
 Markscheme
λ = 0. 74 «m» ✓
320
f = « λc = 0.74
= »430«Hz» ✓

Allow ECF from MP1

Examiners report
[N/A]

5a. Outline how a standing wave is produced on the string. [2 marks]

Markscheme
«travelling» wave moves along the length of the string and reflects «at fixed
end» ✓
superposition/interference of incident and reflected waves ✓
the superposition of the reflections is reinforced only for certain wavelengths
✓

Examiners report
[N/A]

−1
5b. Show that the speed of the wave on the string is about 240 m s−1. [2 marks]

Markscheme
λ = 2l = 2 × 0. 62 = «1. 24m» ✓
v = fλ = 195 × 1. 24 = 242«m s−1 » ✓
Answer must be to 3 or more sf or working shown for MP2.

Examiners report
[N/A]

5c. Sketch a graph to show how the acceleration of point P varies with [1 mark]
its displacement from the rest position.

Markscheme
straight line through origin with negative gradient ✓
 Examiners report
[N/A]

5d. Calculate, in m s−1, the maximum velocity of vibration of point P when it [2 marks]
is vibrating with a frequency of 195 Hz.

Markscheme
max velocity occurs at x = 0 ✓

v = «(2π)(195)√0. 0042 » = 4. 9«m s−1 » ✓

Examiners report
[N/A]
5e. Calculate, in terms of g, the maximum acceleration of P. [2 marks]

Markscheme
a = (2π 195)2 × 0. 004 = 6005«m s−2 » ✓
= 600 g ✓

Examiners report
[N/A]

5f. Estimate the displacement needed to double the energy of the string. [2 marks]
 Markscheme
use of E∝ A2 ORxo 2 ✓
A = 0. 4√2 = 0. 57«cm» ≅0. 6«cm» ✓

Examiners report
[N/A]

5g. The string is made to vibrate in its third harmonic. State the distance [1 mark]
between consecutive nodes.

Markscheme
62
3
= 21«cm» ✓

Examiners report
[N/A]
 The solid line in the graph shows the variation with distance x of the displacement
y of a travelling wave at t = 0. The dotted line shows the wave 0.20 ms later. The
period of the wave is longer than 0.20 ms.

6a. Calculate, in m s–1, the speed for this wave. [1 mark]

Markscheme
0.05
v=« =» 250 «m s –1»✔
0.20×10−3

Examiners report
[N/A]

6b. Calculate, in Hz, the frequency for this wave. [2 marks]

 Markscheme
λ = 0.30 «m» ✔
250
f = « 0.30 =» 830 «Hz» ✔
NOTE: Allow ECF from (a)(i)
Allow ECF from wrong wavelength for MP2

Examiners report
[N/A]

6c. The graph also shows the displacement of two particles, P and Q, in the [2 marks]
medium at t = 0. State and explain which particle has the larger
magnitude of acceleration at t = 0.

Markscheme
Q✔
acceleration is proportional to displacement «and Q has larger displacement»
✔

Examiners report
[N/A]
 One end of a string is attached to an oscillator and the other is fixed to a wall.
When the frequency of the oscillator is 360 Hz the standing wave shown is formed
on the string.

Point X (not shown) is a point on the string at a distance of 10 cm from the

oscillator.

6d. State the number of all other points on the string that have the same [1 mark]
amplitude and phase as X.

Markscheme
3 «points» ✔

Examiners report
[N/A]

6e. The frequency of the oscillator is reduced to 120 Hz. On the diagram, [1 mark]
draw the standing wave that will be formed on the string.
 Markscheme
first harmonic mode drawn ✔

NOTE: Allow if only one curve drawn, either solid or dashed.

Examiners report
[N/A]

The diagram shows the direction of a sound wave travelling in a metal sheet.

7a. Particle P in the metal sheet performs simple harmonic oscillations. [2 marks]
When the displacement of P is 3.2 μm the magnitude of its acceleration
is 7.9 m s-2. Calculate the magnitude of the acceleration of P when its
displacement is 2.3 μm.
 Markscheme
Expression or statement showing acceleration is proportional to displacement
✔
so «7.9 × 2.3
3.2
» = 5.7«ms−2 » ✔

Examiners report
This was well answered at both levels.

7b. The wave is incident at point Q on the metal–air boundary. The wave [2 marks]
makes an angle of 54° with the normal at Q. The speed of sound in the
metal is 6010 m s–1 and the speed of sound in air is 340 m s–1. Calculate the angle
between the normal at Q and the direction of the wave in air.

Markscheme
340
sin θ = 6010
× sin 54∘ ✔
θ = 2.6° ✔

Examiners report
Many scored full marks on this question. Common errors were using the
calculator in radian mode or getting the equation upside down.
 The frequency of the sound wave in the metal is 250 Hz.

7c. State the frequency of the wave in air. [1 mark]

Markscheme
f = 250 «Hz» OR Same OR Unchanged ✔

Examiners report
Many used a ratio of the speeds to produce a new frequency of 14Hz (340 x
250/6010). It would have helped candidates if they had been aware that the
command term ‘state’ means ‘give a specific name, value or other brief
answer without explanation or calculation.’

7d. Determine the wavelength of the wave in air. [1 mark]

Markscheme
λ = « 340
250
= »1.36 ≈ 1.4«m» ✔

Examiners report
[N/A]
7e. The sound wave in air in (c) enters a pipe that is open at both ends. The [1 mark]
diagram shows the displacement, at a particular time T, of the standing
wave that is set up in the pipe.

On the diagram, at time T, label with the letter C a point in the pipe that is at the
centre of a compression.

Markscheme
any point labelled C on the vertical line shown below ✔
eg:

Examiners report
This was answered well at both levels.
 The diagram shows the direction of a sound wave travelling in a metal sheet.

8a. Particle P in the metal sheet performs simple harmonic oscillations. [2 marks]
When the displacement of P is 3.2 μm the magnitude of its acceleration
is 7.9 m s-2. Calculate the magnitude of the acceleration of P when its
displacement is 2.3 μm.

Markscheme
Expression or statement showing acceleration is proportional to displacement
✔
so «7.9 × 2.3
3.2
» = 5.7«ms–2» ✔

Examiners report
This was well answered at both levels.
8b. The wave is incident at point Q on the metal–air boundary. The wave [2 marks]
makes an angle of 54° with the normal at Q. The speed of sound in the
metal is 6010 m s–1 and the speed of sound in air is 340 m s–1. Calculate the angle
between the normal at Q and the direction of the wave in air.

Markscheme
340
sin θ = 6010
× sin 540 ✔
0
θ = 2.6 ✔

Examiners report
Many scored full marks on this question. Common errors were using the
calculator in radian mode or getting the equation upside down.

8c. The frequency of the sound wave in the metal is 250 Hz. Determine the [1 mark]
wavelength of the wave in air.
 Markscheme
λ = « 340
250
= »1.36 ≈ 1.4«m» ✔

Examiners report
This was very well answered.

The sound wave in air in (c) enters a pipe that is open at both ends. The diagram
shows the displacement, at a particular time T, of the standing wave that is set up
in the pipe.

A particular air molecule has its equilibrium position at the point labelled M.

8d. On the diagram, at time T, draw an arrow to indicate the acceleration of [1 mark]
this molecule.

Markscheme
horizontal arrow «at M» pointing left ✔
 Examiners report
Very few candidates could interpret this situation and most arrows were
shown in a vertical plane.

8e. On the diagram, at time T, label with the letter C a point in the pipe that [1 mark]
is at the centre of a compression.

Markscheme
any point labelled C on the vertical line shown below ✔
eg:

Examiners report
This was answered well at both levels.
 Sound of frequency f = 2500 Hz is emitted from an aircraft that moves with speed
v = 280 m s–1 away from a stationary observer. The speed of sound in still air is c
= 340 m s–1.

8f. Calculate the frequency heard by the observer. [2 marks]

Markscheme
340
f ′ = 2500 × 340+280
✔

f ′ = 1371 ≈ 1400«Hz» ✔

Examiners report
This was answered well with the most common mistake being to swap the
speed of sound and the speed of the aircraft.

8g. Calculate the wavelength measured by the observer. [1 mark]

 Markscheme
340
λ′ = 1371
≈ 0.24/0.25«m» ✔

Examiners report
Answered well with ECF often being awarded to those who answered the
previous part incorrectly.

A pipe is open at both ends. A first-harmonic standing wave is set up in the pipe.
The diagram shows the variation of displacement of air molecules in the pipe with
distance along the pipe at time t = 0. The frequency of the first harmonic is f.

9a. Sketch, on the diagram, the variation of displacement of the air molecules[1 mark]
with distance along the pipe when t = 3 .
4f

Markscheme
horizontal line shown in centre of pipe ✔

Examiners report
[N/A]
9b. An air molecule is situated at point X in the pipe at t = 0. Describe the [2 marks]
motion of this air molecule during one complete cycle of the standing
wave beginning from t = 0.

Markscheme
«air molecule» moves to the right and then back to the left ✔
returns to X/original position ✔

Examiners report
[N/A]
9c. The speed of sound c for longitudinal waves in air is given by [4 marks]

c = √ Kρ
where ρ is the density of the air and K is a constant.
A student measures f to be 120 Hz when the length of the pipe is 1.4 m. The
density of the air in the pipe is 1.3 kg m–3. Determine the value of K for air. State
your answer with the appropriate fundamental (SI) unit.

Markscheme
wavelength = 2 × 1.4 «= 2.8 m» ✔
c = «f λ =» 120 × 2.8 «= 340 m s−1» ✔
K = «ρc2 = 1.3 × 3402 =» 1.5 × 105 ✔
kg m –1 s–2 ✔

Examiners report
[N/A]
 A transmitter of electromagnetic waves is next to a long straight vertical wall that
acts as a plane mirror to the waves. An observer on a boat detects the waves both
directly and as an image from the other side of the wall. The diagram shows one
ray from the transmitter reflected at the wall and the position of the image.

9d. Demonstrate, using a second ray, that the image appears to come from [1 mark]
the position indicated.

Markscheme
construction showing formation of image ✔
Another straight line/ray from image through the wall with line/ray from
intersection at wall back to transmitter. Reflected ray must intersect boat.

Examiners report
[N/A]
9e. Outline why the observer detects a series of increases and decreases in [2 marks]
the intensity of the received signal as the boat moves along the line XY.

Markscheme
interference pattern is observed
OR
interference/superposition mentioned ✔

maximum when two waves occur in phase/path difference is nλ

OR
minimum when two waves occur 180° out of phase/path difference is (n + ½)λ
✔

Examiners report
[N/A]
 A loudspeaker emits sound towards the open end of a pipe. The other end is
closed. A standing wave is formed in the pipe. The diagram represents the
displacement of molecules of air in the pipe at an instant of time.

10a. Outline how the standing wave is formed. [1 mark]

Markscheme
the incident wave «from the speaker» and the reflected wave «from the closed
end»
superpose/combine/interfere
Allow superimpose/add up
Do not allow meet/interact
[1 mark]

Examiners report
[N/A]

X and Y represent the equilibrium positions of two air molecules in the pipe. The
arrow represents the velocity of the molecule at Y.

10b. Draw an arrow on the diagram to represent the direction of motion of the[1 mark]
molecule at X.
 Markscheme
Horizontal arrow from X to the right
MP2 is dependent on MP1
Ignore length of arrow
[1 mark]

Examiners report
[N/A]

10c. Label a position N that is a node of the standing wave. [1 mark]

Markscheme
P at a node

[1 mark]

Examiners report
[N/A]

–1
10d. The speed of sound is 340 m s–1 and the length of the pipe is 0.30 m. [2 marks]
Calculate, in Hz, the frequency of the sound.

Markscheme
wavelength is λ = « 4×0.30
3
=» 0.40 «m»
340
f = « 0.40 » 850 «Hz»

Award [2] for a bald correct answer

Allow ECF from MP1
[2 marks]

Examiners report
[N/A]
 The loudspeaker in (a) now emits sound towards an air–water boundary. A, B and
C are parallel wavefronts emitted by the loudspeaker. The parts of wavefronts A
and B in water are not shown. Wavefront C has not yet entered the water.

10e. The speed of sound in air is 340 m s –1 and in water it is 1500 m s –1. [2 marks]
The wavefronts make an angle θ with the surface of the water. Determine the
maximum angle, θmax, at which the sound can enter water. Give your answer to
the correct number of significant figures.
 Markscheme
sin θ c 1
340
= 1500
θc = 13«°»
Award [2] for a bald correct answer
Award [2] for a bald answer of 13.1
Answer must be to 2/3 significant figures to award MP2
Allow 0.23 radians
[2 marks]

Examiners report
[N/A]

10f. Draw lines on the diagram to complete wavefronts A and B in water for [2 marks]
θ < θmax.

Markscheme
correct orientation
greater separation
Do not penalize the lengths of A and B in the water
Do not penalize a wavefront for C if it is consistent with A and B
MP1 must be awarded for MP2 to be awarded

[2 marks]

Examiners report
[N/A]
11a. Outline how the standing wave is formed. [1 mark]

Markscheme
the incident wave «from the speaker» and the reflected wave «from the closed
end»
superpose/combine/interfere
Allow superimpose/add up
Do not allow meet/interact
[1 mark]

Examiners report
[N/A]

11b. Draw an arrow on the diagram to represent the direction of motion of the[1 mark]
molecule at X.

Markscheme
Horizontal arrow from X to the right
MP2 is dependent on MP1
Ignore length of arrow
[1 mark]

Examiners report
[N/A]

11c. Label a position N that is a node of the standing wave. [1 mark]

 Markscheme
P at a node

[1 mark]

Examiners report
[N/A]

11d. The speed of sound is 340 m s–1 and the length of the pipe is 0.30 m. [2 marks]
Calculate, in Hz, the frequency of the sound.

Markscheme
wavelength is λ = « 4×0.30
3
=» 0.40 «m»
340
f = « 0.40 » 850 «Hz»

Award [2] for a bald correct answer

Allow ECF from MP1
[2 marks]
 Examiners report
[N/A]

11e. The speed of sound in air is 340 m s –1 and in water it is 1500 m s –1. [2 marks]
The wavefronts make an angle θ with the surface of the water. Determine the
maximum angle, θmax, at which the sound can enter water. Give your answer to
the correct number of significant figures.

Markscheme
sin θ c 1
340
= 1500
θc = 13«°»
Award [2] for a bald correct answer
Award [2] for a bald answer of 13.1
Answer must be to 2/3 significant figures to award MP2
Allow 0.23 radians
[2 marks]

Examiners report
[N/A]

11f. Draw lines on the diagram to complete wavefronts A and B in water for [2 marks]
θ < θmax.
 Markscheme
correct orientation
greater separation
Do not penalize the lengths of A and B in the water
Do not penalize a wavefront for C if it is consistent with A and B
MP1 must be awarded for MP2 to be awarded

[2 marks]

Examiners report
[N/A]

A student investigates how light can be used to measure the speed of a toy train.

Light from a laser is incident on a double slit. The light from the slits is detected
by a light sensor attached to the train.
The graph shows the variation with time of the output voltage from the light
sensor as the train moves parallel to the slits. The output voltage is proportional
to the intensity of light incident on the sensor.
12a. Explain, with reference to the light passing through the slits, why a [3 marks]
series of voltage peaks occurs.

Markscheme
«light» superposes/interferes
pattern consists of «intensity» maxima and minima
OR
consisting of constructive and destructive «interference»
voltage peaks correspond to interference maxima

Examiners report
[N/A]
12b. The slits are separated by 1.5 mm and the laser light has a wavelength [1 mark]
of 6.3 x 10–7 m. The slits are 5.0 m from the train track. Calculate the
separation between two adjacent positions of the train when the output voltage is
at a maximum.

Markscheme
6.3×10−7×5.0
«s = λD = =» 2.1 x 10–3 «m»
d 1.5×10−3
If no unit assume m.
Correct answer only.

Examiners report
[N/A]

12c. Estimate the speed of the train. [2 marks]

 Markscheme
correct read-off from graph of 25 m s
2.1×10−3
v = « xt = =» 8.4 x 10–2 «m s–1»
25×10−3
Allow ECF from (b)(i)

Examiners report
[N/A]

12d. In another experiment the student replaces the light sensor with a [2 marks]
sound sensor. The train travels away from a loudspeaker that is
emitting sound waves of constant amplitude and frequency towards a reflecting
barrier.

The sound sensor gives a graph of the variation of output voltage with time along
the track that is similar in shape to the graph shown in the resource. Explain how
this effect arises.
 Markscheme
ALTERNATIVE 1
«reflection at barrier» leads to two waves travelling in opposite directions
mention of formation of standing wave
maximum corresponds to antinode/maximum displacement «of air molecules»
OR
complete cancellation at node position

Examiners report
[N/A]

13a. Explain, with reference to the light passing through the slits, why a [3 marks]
series of voltage peaks occurs.

Markscheme
«light» superposes/interferes
pattern consists of «intensity» maxima and minima
OR
consisting of constructive and destructive «interference»
voltage peaks correspond to interference maxima

Examiners report
[N/A]
13b. The slits are separated by 1.5 mm and the laser light has a wavelength [1 mark]
of 6.3 x 10–7 m. The slits are 5.0 m from the train track. Calculate the
separation between two adjacent positions of the train when the output voltage is
at a maximum.

Markscheme
6.3×10−7×5.0
«s = λD = =» 2.1 x 10–3 «m»
d 1.5×10−3
If no unit assume m.
Correct answer only.

Examiners report
[N/A]

13c. Estimate the speed of the train. [2 marks]

 Markscheme
correct read-off from graph of 25 m s
2.1×10−3
v = « xt = =» 8.4 x 10–2 «m s–1»
25×10−3
Allow ECF from (b)(i)

Examiners report
[N/A]

A student investigates how light can be used to measure the speed of a toy train.

Light from a laser is incident on a double slit. The light from the slits is detected
by a light sensor attached to the train.
The graph shows the variation with time of the output voltage from the light
sensor as the train moves parallel to the slits. The output voltage is proportional
to the intensity of light incident on the sensor.
 As the train continues to move, the first diffraction minimum is observed when the
light sensor is at a distance of 0.13 m from the centre of the fringe pattern.

13d. Determine the width of one of the slits. [2 marks]

 Markscheme
angular width of diffraction minimum = 0.13
5.0
«= 0.026 rad»
6.3×10−7
slit width = « λ = 0.026
=» 2.4 x 10–5 «m»
d
Award [1 max] for solution using 1.22 factor.

Examiners report
[N/A]

13e. Suggest the variation in the output voltage from the light sensor that [2 marks]
will be observed as the train moves beyond the first diffraction
minimum.
Markscheme
«beyond the first diffraction minimum» average voltage is smaller

«voltage minimum» spacing is «approximately» same

OR
rate of variation of voltage is unchanged

OWTTE

Examiners report
[N/A]
13f. In another experiment the student replaces the light sensor with a [2 marks]
sound sensor. The train travels away from a loudspeaker that is emitting
sound waves of constant amplitude and frequency towards a reflecting barrier.

The graph shows the variation with time of the output voltage from the sounds
sensor.

Explain how this effect arises.

Markscheme
«reflection at barrier» leads to two waves travelling in opposite directions
mention of formation of standing wave
maximum corresponds to antinode/maximum displacement «of air molecules»
OR
complete cancellation at node position

Examiners report
[N/A]
 A longitudinal wave is travelling in a medium from left to right. The graph shows
the variation with distance x of the displacement y of the particles in the medium.
The solid line and the dotted line show the displacement at t=0 and t=0.882 ms,
respectively.

The period of the wave is greater than 0.882 ms. A displacement to the right of
the equilibrium position is positive.

14a. (i) Calculate the speed of this wave. [4 marks]

(ii) Show that the angular frequency of oscillations of a particle in the medium is
ω=1.3×103rads−1.
Markscheme
(i)
ALTERNATIVE 1
«distance travelled by wave =» 0.30 m
v =≪ distance =≫ 340ms−1
time
ALTERNATIVE 2
0.882×10−3×1.6
evaluates T = 0.3
«=4.7ms» to give f = 210 or 212 Hz

uses λ=1.6 m with v=fλ to give 340ms–1

(ii)
ALTERNATIVE 1
λ=1.60m
340
ω =≪ 2πf =≫ 2π × 1.60
= 1.3 × 103 or 1.34×103rads–1
ALTERNATIVE 2
«0.882 ms is 0.3
1.6
of cycle so whole cycle is» 2π×3
16×0.882×10−3
1.35×103rads–1
Allow ECF from (b)(i).

Examiners report
[N/A]
14b. One particle in the medium has its equilibrium position at x=1.00 m. [4 marks]
(i) State and explain the direction of motion for this particle at t=0.
(ii) Show that the speed of this particle at t=0.882 ms is 4.9ms−1.
Markscheme
(i)
the displacement of the particle decreases OR «on the graph» displacement is
going in a negative direction OR on the graph the particle goes down OR on
the graph displacement moves towards equilibrium/0
to the left
Do not allow “moving downwards”.
(ii)
y=–1.5mm

v = 2π × 212 × √(4.0 × 10−3 ) − (1.5 × 10−3 )

2 2

«v=4.939≈4.9ms-1»
Allow ECF from (b)(ii).
4.3mm
Do not allow 0.882ms = 4.87ms−1 .

Examiners report
[N/A]
14c. The travelling wave in (b) is directed at the open end of a tube of length [3 marks]
1.20 m. The other end of the tube is closed.
(i) Describe how a standing wave is formed.
(ii) Demonstrate, using a calculation, that a standing wave will be established in
this tube.
 Markscheme
(i)
the superposition/interference of two oppositely moving/reflected «identical
travelling» waves
(ii)
4L 480
the allowed wavelengths in the tube are λ= n
= n
, n = 1, 3, 5,…
OR
diagram showing 34 of a standing wavelength in the tube
4.80
1.6 = n
⇒n=3
OR
justification that 34 × 1.6 = 1.2m
Allow diagram showing 34 of a wavelength for MP1.

Examiners report
[N/A]

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