Lesson 13: CLAUSE AND PHRASE OF CONCESSION AND REASON

I- CLAUSE OF CONCESSION (Mệnh đề chỉ sự nhượng bộ)

1. Definition: Là mệnh đề chỉ sự tương phản giữa hai mệnh đề trong cau . Bắt đầu bằng : although, though,
even though, even if (mặc dự) + clause.

Although
Though + Clause (S + V …)
Even though
Although he was lazy, he passed the test.
We had a picnic though the weather was bad.
2. Adj AS/THOUGH S + V, S V
Although she is poor,……………..
Poor as she is,…………………
Mai is intelligent. However, she can’t do that maths exercise.
Intelligent though Mai is, She can’t do that maths exercise.
II- PHRASE OF CONCESSION: (Cụm từ chỉ sự nhượng bộ)
Bắt đầu bằng IN SPITE OF/ DESPITE (mặc dù) sau nó là một cụm từ (phrase) có thể là cụm danh từ hoặc cum
danh động từ.
IN SPITE
Ex1: OF/ DESPITE
Despite studying + phrase
hard, he failed the final(noun
test. phrase/ gerund phrase

Despite/In spite of + Cum tu the + N/ adj + N/ Ving phrase

Despite the poverty, they finish school with good results.
In spite of her sickness, she is nerver late.
Despite getting good marks, she is not happy.
Ex2: We had a picnic in spite of the bad weather.
III- THE WAYS OF CHANGING A CLAUSE TO A PHRASE (cách đổi một mệnh đề thành cụm từ)
1- Mệnh đề có chủ từ là một đại từ (Pronoun) + be + adj khi đổi sang cụm từ ta bỏ BE, đổi chủ từ thành tính
từ sở hữu (possessive adj), đổi tính từ thành danh từ.

Subject (pronoun) + be + adj

Possessive adj + noun

Ex1: Although he was lazy, he passed the test.

Despite his laziness, he passed the test.

Ex2: Though he was poor, he lived a happy life.

2- Mệnh đề cú chủ từ là danh từ (noun) + be + adj khi chuyển sang cụm từ ta bỏ Be, đổi chủ từ thành sở hữu
cỏch (possessive case), đổi tớnh từ thành danh từ.

Subject (noun) + be + adj

possessive case + noun

Ex: The car didn’t crash though the driver was careless.
The car didn’t crash despite the driver’s carelessness.

3- Mệnh đề cú chủ từ + V(ordinary) khi chuyển sang cụm từ ta bỏ chủ từ đổi động từ sang dạng V-ing.

Subject + V(ordinary)

V-ing
Ex: Though he studied hard, he didn’t passed the test.
In spite of studying hard, he didn’t passed the test.

4- Mệnh đề cú There be + noun, khi chuyển sang cụm từ ta bỏ there be.

There + be + Noun

-> x + Noun
Ex: Although there were many people there, they couldn’t rescue him.
Despite many people there, they couldn’t rescue him.

* CLAUSE AND PHRASE OF REASON (Mệnh đề và cum từ chỉ nguyên nhân)

I- CLAUSE OF REASON (Mệnh đề chỉ nguy ên nhân)
Definition: Là mệnh đề chỉ nguy ên nhân của hành động được nêu trong mệnh đề chính. Bắt đầu bằng: Because
(vì) + clause.

Because+ Clause (S + V …)

Because/ As/ Since S + V, S V

Ex: He came ten minutes late. He missed the first train.
He came ten minutes late because he missed the first train.
Main clause Clause of reason

II- PHRASE OF REASON: (Cụm từ chỉ nguyên nhânï)

Bắt đầu bằng BECAUSE OF (bởi vì) sau nó là một cụm từ (phrase) có thể là cụm danh từ hoặc cum danh động
từ.

BECAUSE OF / Due to/ Owing to + phrase (noun phrase/ gerund

phrase)
Ex1: Because of the bad weather, they didn’t take part in the trip.
Noun phrase
Ex2: They stayed at home because of being sick.
Gerund phrase
CHUYEN DOI TU MENH DE SANG CUM TU
1. Although/ Because S1 V, S2 + V ( Dk : S1 = S2)
Despite/Because of Ving, S2 + V
Although she makes 10 cakes, she………….
Despite making 10 cakes, she……………….
 Because she made great efforts in the exam, she ………….
Because of making great efforts in the exam,…………….
2. Athough / Because DTNX + be + adj, ……………
Despite/ Because TTSH, bo be, adj _ N
Though it is difficult, ……………….
Despite its/ the difficulty,………………………..
3. Although/ Because Danh tu + be + Adj,
Despite/ Because of (bo be, dua tinh tu a truoc danh tu) adj + danh tu
Because the car is comfortable,……..
Because of the comfortable car,……………..
4. Although/ Because DTNX + Vt + ADV
Despite/Because of TTSH N ADJ
Despite/Because of TTSH ADJ N
Because it rained heavily,……………………
Because of its/the heavy rain,……………………………………
Exercise 2: Combine these sentences using: though, although, even though
1. Lion dancing is very popular in Viet Nam. My friend Anny does not enjoy it.

2. Bob always walks to work. He is living in the city.

3. My house is near the beach. I rarely go swimming.

4. My brother is working in Ha Noi. He comes home on every public holiday.

5. Paul is an Australian, he enjoys Vietnamese New year.

Exercise 3: Rewrite the sentences, beginning with the words in parentheses

1. She has plenty of money, but she is very mean. (although)
=> ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2. They have a car, but they rarely use it. (though)
=> ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3. He was innocent, but he was sent to prison. (although)
=> ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4. He has a number of relatives living nearby, but he never visits them (even though)
=> ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5. She never takes any kind of exercise, but she is quite fit and healthy. (even though)
=> ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Exercise 4: Match the sentences in column A with the sentences in column B, using “Though”:
A B
1. Their injury was serious a. She always buys me a birthday present
2. The results seem unlikely b. There is still room for improvement
3. She was tired c. It didn’t keep her out of the game
4. She is poor d. They are nevertheless correct
5. The invention is ingenious e. Sandra walked home
6. They were outnumbered f. Nobody will ever buy it
7. The food is excellent g. They put up a good performance
Exercise 4: Complete the sentences with your own words:
1. Although my mom sings very well,__she never takes part in any contests.
2. Although I know English, I can’t sing English song.
3. Sue didn’t come to my birthday party last Sunday though she really wanted to.
4. Although my school is far from the city, many students still go there to see new films.
5. We really enjoyed the trip to the museum last week though it rained alot.
6. Although my sister can draw very beautifully, she rarely does it.
Exercise 5: Rewrite the sentences with the word given.
1. Although he has a very important job, he isn’t particularly well-paid.
=>In spite of having a very........................,.....
2. Although I had never seen her before, I recognized her from a photograph.
=> Despite never seeing her............................
3. She wasn’t wearing the coat although it was quite cold.
=>In spite of the coldness,......................
4. We thought we’d better invite them to the party although we don’t like them very much.
=> Despite not liking them very much,...............
5. Although I didn’t speak the language, I managed to make myself understand.
=>In spite of not speaking the language,..................
6. Although the heat was on, the room wasn’t warm.
=> Despite the heat being on,/ the fact that the heat was on. ...........................
7. I didn’t recognize her although I’d met her twice before.
=>In spite of meeting her twice before,.............
8. We’re not very good friends although we’ve known each other a long time.
=> Despite knowing each other
9. Although Minh was ill, he still came to the meeting.
=>In spite of Minh’s illness,...........................
10. Although he promised that he wouldn’t be late, he didn’t arrive until 9 o’clock.
=> Despite promising that/ his promise that.............. ...........................,.........................
Exercise 6: Rewrite the sentences, using yhe words provided.
1. Although the salary was low, he accepted the job.
=> Despite the low salary,...................
2. In spite of their quarrel, they remain the best of friends.
=> Though they quarrel,.......................
3. In spite of the bad weather, they went out for dinner.
=> Although the weather was bad,...............................
4. In spite of his age, he still leads an active life.
=> Even though he is old,....
5. In spite of his hard work, Ba he failed his exam.
=> Though Ba worked hard, he
6. In spite of the heavy rain, we decided to go to see the match.
=> Although it rained heavily,............................
7. Although they lost, the home team played very well.
=> Despite losing/their loss, .............
8. Even though it was raining, I still went to school on time.
=>In spite of the rain,.....
9. Although she isn’t brilliant, she studies quite well.
=> Despite not being brilliant,
10. She isn’t brilliant but she studies quite well.
=> Although she isn’t brilliant,.............
11. The house isn’t nice, but I like the garden.
=> Even though the housr isn’t nice,
12. It was raining, but we went out.
=> Though it was raining, he...........
13. Everyone likes Bob even though he is talkative.
=> Even though being talkative,
14. Though I had an umbrella, I got very wet in the rain.
=> Despite having an umbrella,...............
15. We enjoyed the vacation although it rained a lot.
=> In spite of the rain,................................
16. I couldn’t sleep though I was very tired.
=> Much as I was very tired, ..............
17. I didn’t get the job even though I was extremely qualified.
=> Despite being extremely qualified, ................
18. Although she doesn’t earn much money, she spends like a millionaire.
=> Despite not earning much money,..................
19. Tom will not pass the examination although he studies well.
=> In spite of studying well
20. He is still fat though he has been on a diet for 2 years.
=> In spite of being on a diet for two years,.....................
21. Although they lived in poverty, they were always happy.No matter WH S V, S V
=> No matter how poor they were, .......................
22. Even though I admire his courage, I think he is a foolish.
=> Much as I admire his courage,.....................
23. You can use it as long as you like, and it won’t wear out.
= No matter how long you use it, it won’t wear out.
24. Although Judy was severely disabled, she participated in many sports.
=> Despite Judy’s severe disability,.........................
25. However friendly he seems, he’s not to be trusted.
=> Friendly as he seems,
26. I admit he’s clever, but I don’t think he’ll this problem.
=> Clever as he is,......................
27. He had enjoyed the lively company of his friends in Edinburgh. All the same, his work, he felt, demanded
solitude.
=> Much as he had enjoyed ...........,
28. Melissa’s father was very busy, but he still played with her.
=> Busy though Mellissa’s father was,......
29. She didn’t eat much though she was hungry.
=>In spite of being hungry/her hunger,....................
30. Although he had much experience in machinery, he didn’t succeed in repairing this machine.
=> Despite having much experience in.....
31. We did the test well though it was difficult.
=>In spite of the difficulty,
32. Although he is strong, I’m not afraid of him.
=> Despite his strength,...................................
33. The plane took off though the weather was bad.
=>In spite of the bad weather,.................................
34. Though his English was good, he wasn’t chosen.
=> Despite his good English,....
35. Although the streets are narrow, many people drive in this city.
=>In spite of the narrow street,................
36. Mr Pike doesn’t wear glasses though he is over sixty.
=> Despite being over sixty,...................
37. He ate the chocolate cake even though he was on diet.
=>In spite of being on a diet,........................
38. He studies very well though his life was hard at that time.
=> Despite his hard lif at that time,......................
Exercise 7: Choose the best answer to complete these sentences.
1. _______ he likes chocolate, he tries not to eat it.
A. As B .Though C. Since D. Despite
2. He is a very intelligent boy, _______he is very lazy
A. but B. and C. or D. so
3. _______I moved house, I haven’t had much contact with those friends
A. though B. since C. because of D. so that
4. Last night we came to the show late _______the traffic was terrible.
A. although B. despite C. and D. because
5. Lan couldn’t pass the exam_______she was too lazy.
A. because B. because of C. although D. in spite of
6. _______ his broken leg, he didn’t come to class yesterday.
A. because B. because of C. despite D. so
7. _______there is a lot of noise in the city, I prefer living there.
A. despite B. in spite of C. because of D. though
8. _______ the weather, we went sailing.
A. despite B. in spite of C. although D. A and B
9. _______Hudson led early, he lost the race.
A. though B. although C. eventhough D. all are correct
10. In spite of not speaking French, Mike decided to settle in Paris.
A. Eventhough Mike didn’t speak French, but he decided to settle in Paris.
B. Mike decided to settle in Paris despite he didn’t speak French.
C. Mike decided to settle in Paris though the fact that not speaking French.
D. Although Mike didn’t speak French; he decided to settle in Paris.
11. Mr Ba was late for the meeting though he took a taxi.
A. Even though taking a taxi, Mr Ba was late for the meeting.
B. In spite of taking a taxi, Mr Ba was late for the meeting.
C. Mr Ba was late for the meeting despite the fact he took a taxi.
D. Mr Ba was late for the meeting although having taken a taxi.
12. We camt to the meeting on time though the traffic was heavy.
A. Despite the traffic was heavy; we came to the meeting on time.
B. In spite of the heavy traffic, we came to the meeting on time.
C. Even though the heavy traffic, we came to the meeting on time.
D. Although the traffic was heavy, but we came to the meeting on time.
13. Although he took a taxi, Bill still arrived late for the concert.
A. Bill arrived late for the concert whether he took a taxi or not.
B. Bill arrived late for the concert because of the taxi.
C. In spite of taking a taxi, Bill arrived late for the concert.
D. Bill took a taxi to the concert, but he couldn’t catch it.
14. Although she is rich, she can’t afford to buy the car.
A. She doesn’t have enough money to buy the car she likes.
B. Rich as she is, she can’t afford to buy the car.
C. The car is too expensive for her to buy.
 D. She wants to buy the car but it costs a lot.
15. Although Sue felt tired, she stayed up late talking to Jill.
A. Despite feeling tired, Sue stayed up late talking to Jill.
B. In spite feeling tired, Sue stayed up late talking to Jill.
C. Sue wouldn’t feel tired despite staying up late talking to Jill.
D. Sue stayed up late talking to Jill. As a result, she was tired.
16. Even though Trung had a bad cold, he went to the concert.
A. In spite of his bad cold, Trung went to the concert.
B. Trung had a bad cold because he went to the concert.
C. Trung went to the concert despite having a bad cold.
D. Trung had a bad cold. However, he went to the concert.
17. _____it was raining heavily he went out without a raincoat.
A. In spite B. In spite of C. However D. Although
18. _____he wasn’t feeling very well; Mr Graham went to visit his aunt as usual.
A. Although B. However C. Therefore D. Still
19. He was offered the job______his qualifications were poor.
A. despite B. in spite of C. even though D. Whereas
19. ______ we were in town, we often met him.
A. For B. Although C. So D. When
20. She didn’t get the job ____ she had all the necessary qualifications.
A. because B. although C. so D. but
21. I could not eat ____ I was very hungry.
A. even though B. in spite C. despite D. in spite the fact that
22. In pite _____, the baseball game was not cancelled.
A. the rain B. of the rain C. it was raining D. there was a rain
23. ______ he had enough money, he refused to buy a new car.
A. In spite B. In spite of C. Despite D. Although
24. ______, he walked to the station.
A. Despite being tired B. Although to be tired
C. In spite being tired D. Despite tired
25. The children slept well, despite _____.
A. it was noise B. the noise C. of the noise D. noisy
26. She left him __________ she still loved him.
A. even if B. even though C. in spite of D. despite
27. _______ her lack of hard work, she was promoted.
A. In spite B. Even though C. in spite of D. despite of
28. _______ they are brothers, they do not look like.
A. Although B. Even C. Despite D. In spite of
29. We are concerned with the problem of energy resouces ________ we must also think of our environment.
A. despite B. though C. as though D. but
30. ______ some Japanese women are successful in business, the majority of Japanese companies are run by
men.
A. But B. Even if C. If D. Although