MARTIN LUTHER AND THE REFORMATION 07
Use the information in this page to understand the consequences (or results) of the Reformation.
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1 Catholic Counter-Reformation
The Catholic Church reformed
itself to counter the spread of
the Protestant religions. This
happened through the Council
of Trent, the establishment of
new religious orders and the
setting up of the Inquisition.
Results of the Reformation
4 Intolerance and Persecution
Catholics persecuted Protestants,
and Protestants persecuted
Catholics. Rulers believed that
only those of the same religion
as themselves could be loyal
subjects.
In England, Mary Tudor executed
about 300 people as heretics.
Because of this, Protestants
nicknamed her ‘Bloody Mary’. Her
half-sister, Elizabeth I, executed
about 200 Catholics.
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Europe Divided
Europe was divided into
Catholic and Protestant
countries. Southern Europe
remained largely Catholic,
and Northern Europe
became Protestant.
6 Education
5 Art and Architecture
Protestant churches were plain,
without statues or stained glass.
Catholic churches were built in
the Gothic or Renaissance style,
and were often richly decorated.
A new artistic style, the Baroque,
gave expression to this. This
influenced painting, architecture,
sculpture and music.
Wars of Religion
Conflict over religion led to
civil wars in countries such
as France, Germany (the Holy
Roman Empire) and England.
Religious conflict sometimes
led to wars between countries.
Conflict between Spain and
England was caused partly by
religion, and this led to the
failed invasion of England by
the Spanish Armada. The Thirty
Years War, from 1618 to 1648,
was a major religious war,
which involved most of the
main countries of Europe.
Education became more
important. The Protestant
churches wanted everyone
to read the Bible. Protestant
leaders wanted all children
to attend school.
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