ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE > Electric potential, potential difference, electric potential due toa point charge, electric dipole and system of charges: equi-potential surfaces, electrical potential energy of asystem of two point charges and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field. Conductors and insulators, free charges and bound charges inside a conductor, dielectrics and electric polarisation, capacitors and capacitance, combination of capacitors in series and in parallel, capacitance of © parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, energy stored in a capacitor. Electric Potential ) Electric potential Electric potential isthe amount of work done by an external force in moving a unit postive charge from infinity toa point in an electrostatic field without producing an acceleration, > Itis written as x 9 ‘where, W = work done in moving charge g through the field, q = charge being moved through the field > saiare 2 im > The SI units of electric potential are 1, volt, N& sof electric potential are ZL, Vol, NE Potential difference > Electric potential difference is defined! as the amount of work done in carrying a unit charge from one point to another in an electric field Work APE _W [Electric potential difference Charge Charge 9 etween two points A and B, Wap = — Vue 4 where, Vig = Va~ Va is potential difference between A and B. > Ina region of space having an electric field, the work done by electric held dl, when positive point charge, displaced by a distance ds, then, awaqi.dssBimp val =) Tt =gunaxt= on ‘Siuous yenuayed w afuey> = "—"1 ‘onbaos ap suete 0 a8uo w@nong perros psy = 7 we =o’omnoy — opousadf = 1 aw 96 = 0 uayon 9299 ‘0 0p Jo 4 a600u> 96451 : pots ad = np 7 . Sars a sodueyp waists a tp jo uopemsiyuo> ayn se 320} um eS yt 240p yBo% Jo yuTOD aneOU stp ‘ABx9u2 — equnod 291g pede aeyd pened & yoo: “prow ouDepp so uoneaqdde, 64 po aq ueo yoy a0ye]MSUt [eu soem requaiodynta| wnypoua jo yuesu 2994p = _ au JO uoRPEANE Jo Saonoy ayp uo, ganean OK, "SuoMRS 30H (4 Supaey 3} 900K iwop suosa9 “poy uo ue ‘uy posoudxa uayss pe ‘punog Syn ase IY UE “bm ="N, ® Prgamor aft aqumn jg 54 “I0d pons ¥ aysoddo uonsaup © ut ‘aug & yu aouasagss wos a85E4 Rae aod oop OP Dod usa snug =aa Electric potential due to point charge > ‘The electric potential by point charge g, ata distance r from the charge, can be written as, ing r where, ¢is permittivity of vacuum (free space). Electric potential isa scalar quantity. Dimension of Electric potential is [ML2P%A-t} Fora single point charge q the potential difference between A and Bis given by, she vyy alta) SS = Arey Tata Dipole and sytem of charges > Ela dipole consis of two equal bu opps lec charges which are separated by a distance. > The et potential due toa dipole at any pott a it equatorial nei always aero So, work done in moving & charge on an oquloril ni alway zero. > Hectic polenial due to dipole ata point a distance rand making an angle with he dipole moment ps given 1 peaks a iy Pees by V ¥ Potential ata point due to system of charges isthe sum of potentials due to individual charges. > Ina system of charges qy gy qu ty having positive vectors ry ry ry.fyfelative fo point P, the potential at point P due to total charge configuration is algebraic sum of potentials due to individual charges, <0, WAV AV Hoe AV, : Lt Gy Me tala nnn) 14 ve 4, ae |? : > itis known that in a uniformly charged spherical shell, here electri potential outside the shells given as L@ ve re Amey (eR) ‘where, isthe total charge on shell and & isthe shell radius, Equi-potential surfaces > Equi-potential surface isa surface in space on which oll points have same potential. It roquires no work to move the charge on such surface, hence the surface will have no eleetie field, so F will be a right angle tothe surface, > Work done in moving a charge over equi-potential surface is always 2er0, > Electric field is always perpendicular tothe equi-potential surface.% Ffanipmany atl pal clian lin a awa strong and weak cere el > fgupotenal surfaces never Intersect cach other they [ [po _)Pavinoteni intersect then the intersecting point of two equi-potential surtace XX surinces results in to vais of lect potenial at that pint, : ‘which impossible AIS > Potential enerayofasytem of wo charge, i 1 a OO ue Ants nh 4 4 te » Potential energy of a system of three charges, 4, KA > Potential energy due to single charge in an external field 4 Folenial energy of charge gata dslanc nan entra ld, uaqe) Here, {7} ls the externa potenti at point a > Potential energy due to two charges in an external fel ae \ U=aVGa)+ qa ig) +a a \ ty ta > > Potential energy of dipole inan external * When a dipole ofcharge = +4 andlgy = ~@ having separation 2a is placed in an external fel (I). U(8) = —pFeos @ Here, p = 2ay and Os the angle between elects il and dipole. «q Capacitance > Conductors and insulators % Conductors are the materials through which charge can move freely. Examples: Metals, semi-mlals as carbon, graphite, antimony and arsenic. > Insulatorsare materials in which theelectrical current doesnot no flow easily. Such materials ‘cannot be grounded and do not easily transfer electrons, Examples: Plastics and glass, Dielectrics > These are the materials in which induced dipole moment is linearly proportional to the applied electric field, > Electrical displacement or electrical flux density, D = 6, ‘where, ¢,= Fleciical relative permiltivily, f9 = Fleetscal permittivity of free space and Fis electic fel. > Ia dielectric is kept in between the plates of capacitor, capacitance increases by factor 'x’ (kappa) known as 4 oF dielectric dielectric constant, £0. where, A = area of plates dielectric constant of material is also called relative permittivity «=6, ® Material | Dielectric Constant (x) | _ Diclectee strength (10° Vim) i 100059 a Paper 37 16 Pyrex Glos 5a 14 Water o> tnt plaatn and prod ndued hag plas won ds ep nan xe distnen spt i pat Phe eens bene ls Din and E ipo in dtd to vou and te charges itn PDE Le > Interm of electric susceptibility: P= > InMKS: P= F6te, > The dielectric constant xis always greater than 1 asf: > 0 Capacitor > Acapacitoris a device which is used tw store charge. > Amuuntof charge stored by the capacitor depends on voltage applied and size of capacitor > Capacitor consists of Ivo similar conducting plates placed in front of each other where one plate is connected to ‘positive terminal while other plate is connected to negative terminal. lectric charge stored between plates of capacitor is directly proportional to potential difference between its plates, i, 6 Q=cv where, C = Capacitance of capacitor, V= potential difference between the plates > In capacitor, energy is stored in the form of electrical energy, in the space between the plates. Capacitance > Capacitance of a capscitor is ratio of magnitude of charge stored on the plate to potential ference betvoen the plates, written as C= 2 slferencebetveen the plates, written as C = > ‘where, C = capacitance in farads (F), Q = charge in Coulombs ((), AV = electric potential itforence in Volts (V), ‘ST unit of capacitance is farad (F) 1c 10" stat farad, Where, stal-farad is electrostatic unit of capacitance in CGS. system > Capacitance of a conductor depends on size, shape, medium and other conductors in surrounding, > Parallel plate capacitor with dielectric among its plates has capacitance which is given as: Cane, a whore, ey = 885 % 10" Fm > Capacitor having capacitance of 1 Farad is too large for electronics applications, 0 components with lesser values of capacitance sich as (ier), (nano) an p (pic) are applied sch as: PREFIX MULTIPLIER a 10° (lion) Tak = 10°F * 107 (housand-milionth LaF = 10°F r 10” (milion-milionthy 1p = 107 F Combination of capacitors in sories and parallel Capacitors in sories > @If a number of capacitors of capacitances Cy, Cy, Cy, ‘connected in series, then their equivalent capacitance is given by: 1 fh mee Se Ga GG G aa & & Inseries combination, the charge on each capacitor is same, but the potential difference on each capacitor depends on their respective capacitance, ie., are v DE A= Apes y= 4 Vy Vy Vy, Vi, Be the potential differences across the capacitors and V be the emf of the charging ballery, then +Y, VeVi tV,t Veto[As charge on each capacitors same, therefore TEVGEVIG=VG the potential differenceis inversely proportional tothe capacitance, i, vet = > Inseries, potential difference across largest capacitance is minimum. > The equivalent capacitance in series combir Capacitors in parallel tion is less than the smallest capacitance in combination. > (Ia number of capacitors of capacitances Cy, C2, . C, are connected in parallel, then their equivalent capacitance ie givon by, C= FG HOt 4G, > Inparallel combination, the potential difference across each capacitors same and equal to the emf of the charging, baltery, ie, VaVie Nae =V,=V while the charge on different capacitors may be different. Uh gi, 997 omens tg be the charges on the different capacitors, then atatat + 4= VG, ii > As potential drop across each capacitor is same, 0 = haa fa ‘eo e = é He, » The charges on capacitors are directly proportional to capacitances, i, qo C > Parallel combination is useful when large capacitance with large charge gets accumulated on combination. aa Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates > Parallel plate capacitors a capacitor with two identical plane parallel plates separated by a small distance where > Toreofataiondereen super wise! = [7] = gra Qiehaeon pate space between them is filled by dielectric medium, @ Charge > The electric field between two large parallel plates is given as on plate Plate area E=2, | % Where, @ = charge density and ¢9 = permittivity of free space Surface charge density, 2 T a where, Q = charge on plate and A > Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor with area A separated by a distance dis written as *Q ¥ fa dielectric slabs placed in between the plates of acepacitor then its capacitance ‘will inerease by certain amount > Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor depends on plate area A, distance d betiveen the plates, medium between the plates (x) and not on charge on the plates or potential difference between the plates, > If we have number of dielectric slabs of same area as the plates of the capacitor and thicknesses ty, l,-..and dielectric constant x,y Ky. between the plates, — then the capacitance of the capacitor is given by A = cy . *% 4Where d= +b tis + > slab of conductor of thickness ts introdsiced between the plates, then fod fo een (o> T t ir fA ce (+ «= fora conductor) > When the medium between the plates consists of slabs of same thickness but areas Ay, Ay, Ayn» and dielectric constants &, x2, Ky.» then capacitance is given by 1+ KA, HK Ay a Cu _ Capacitance in medium G)_ Capacitance in vacuum, co nt > When space between the plates is partly filed with medium of thickness ¢ and disletric constant; then capacitance willbe: __%A © a4! ‘When there is no medium between the plates, then > Capacitance of spherical conductor of radius Rin a medium of dielectric constant kis given by, C= nega Energy stored in capacitor > In capacitor, energy gets stored when a work is done on moving a positive charge from negative conductor to positive conductor against the repulsive forces, a = ae > Polar atom: Atom in which positive and negative charges possess asymmetric charge distribution about its centre. Polarisation: The stretching of atoms ofa dielectric slab under an applied electric field > Diclectric strength: The maximum value of electric field that can be applied to dielectric without its electric breakdown, > Dielectric Its an electrically insulated or non-conducting material considered for its electric susceptibility, > Permittivity: Its a property of a dielectric medium that shows the forces which electriecharges placed in medium ‘exerts on each other u Y oR This the measure of resistance that is encountered when forming an electric field in a particular medium. More specifically, permittivity describes the amount of change needed to generate one unit of electric flax in a particular medium, tat arte Cet) tae Mnemonics: Exclusive peace and No war Noble India is super power Interpretation: Exclusive peace and: Electric field is perpendicular tothe surface No war: No Work is done on moving a charge on the surface Noble India ist Never Intersects Super Power: Same potential everywhere on the surfaceKey Formulae > Electric Potential, Joule / coulomb, > tc ni diese ge? (Y= =1 Pcie potent de toa pin charge at adtnce rays Y= 7 > Potential energy of two point charges in absence of external electric eds U = [] > ental energy of two pint charger in presence of enteral etre eld iV) +4504) fe Note All symbols have ther sal meanings. Concept: Characteristics ofequipotential surface. Exclusive peace and No war Noble Indi is super power. Interpretation: Elect feldis perpendicular othe surface. No Workis dont in moving a charge onthe surface Never intersects, ‘Same potential everywhere on the surface > Capaciance,= ©, measured in Farad, 1 F= 1 coulomb Parallel pate capacitor core a > Cylindcal capacitor : fi Caley Inih/ay where, = length [ml, b= radi ofthe outer conductor [en], 4 = radius of the inner conductor [x] > Spherical capacitor: as where, b = radius ofthe outer conductor [m], a = radius ofthe inner conductor [7] Maximum charge on a capacitor: g=ve > For capacitors connected in series, the charge @ is equal for each capacitor as well as for the total equivalent. Ifthe dielectric constant x is changed, the capacitance is multiple by x, the voltage is divided by and Q is ‘unchanged. In vacutim, x = 1 and when dielectrics are used, replace ty With x. > Electrical energy stored in a capacitor: [Joules ()] AVG? OF > Energy density: (© Hlectric energy density is also called Electrostatic pressure. 1 Electric force between plates of capacitor,‘© Enengy stored in terms of Energy density, Bee alae ‘Axd "2°" usteye 2 where, U = energy per unit volume [inh Capacitors in series: © Capacitors in parallel: Cy = C+ So STAND ALONE MCQs iyo fee space, = 885 x IP CN? E = energy LT] even ast) Qi. The electrostatic potential on the surface of a charged conducting sphere is 100 V, Iwo statements are made in this regard , :Atany point inside the sphere electric intensity ‘S;: Atany point inside the sphere, the electrostatic potential is 100 V Which of the following is a correct statement? (A) 51s teu, but $s false, (B) Both, and 8, are false. (©) 5, istrww, Sis also truvand isthe causeof S, ()5; is true, 5 is also true but the statements are independent Ans. Option (C) is correct. Explanation: The relation between electric field intensity E and potential (V) is, w 7 Where, Electric field intensity, E sphere w So tha * ir inside the 0 ‘This means that V = consiant. So, if E = 0 inside charged sphere, te potential is constant ‘or V = 100V everywhere inside the sphere and it verifies the shielding effect ako. So, it verifies the option (©) Q.2, Equipotential a a great distance from a collection cof charges whose total sum is not zero are approximately. (A) spheres. (©) paraboloids. ‘Ans. Option (A) is correct, (6) planes (Dyetipssds Explanation: For equipotential surface, these surfaces are perpendicular to the field lines. So there must be electric field, which cannot be without charge, So the algebraic sum of all charges must not be zero. Equipotential surface at a great distance ‘means that space of charge is negligible as compared to distance. So the collection of charges is considered as a point charge. Flecisic potential due to point charge is, vent which explains that electric potentials due to point charge is some forall equidistant points, The locus of these equidistant points, which are at same potential, forms spherical surface. Q.3. A positively charged particle is released from rest §n an uniform electric field. The electric potential ‘energy of the charge (A) remains # constant because the electri field is uniform, (B) increases because the charge moves along the electric fel. (©) decreases because the charge moves along the electric field, (D) decreases because the charge moves opposite lo the electric fieldAns, Option (C) is correct Explanation: As we know that, an equipotential surface is always perpendicular to the direction bf electric field. Positive charge experiences the force in the ditcetion of electric field. When a postive charge is released from rest in uniform electric field, its velocity increases in the direction of electric field. SoK.E increases, and the PE. decreases due to law of conservation of energy. ‘Q-4. Figure shows some equipotential lines distributed in space, A charged object is moved from point A to point B, wiv aivaovaly sav ov a0 Sov Ady a ov Fe. ig.) 5g (8) (A) The work done in Figure (is the greatest () The work done in Figure (i) is least, () The work done is the same in Figure (i, Figure and Figure (i) (D) The work done in Figure (i) is greater than Figure (ij, but equal to that in Figure Option (©) is correct. Ans. Explanation: The workdoneby the electrostatic force is given by Wi, = 4 (V2— Vi) As the potential difference between A and Bin all three figures are equal, 20 Y, so work done by any charge in moving from A to B surface will be equal The work done to move a charge along an ‘equipotential surface from A to B (A) cannot be defined. () isa negative quantity. (C) is zero, (D) sa positive quantity. Option (C) is correct. Explanation: For an equipotential surface, | Ans. Va= Va 9, work done = 0 ‘The shape of equipotential surfaces due to an isolated charge is, (A) Concentric spherical shells and the distance between the shells increases with the decrease im electric field () Concentric spherical shells and the distance between the shells decreases with the decrease in electric field (©) Equi-spaced concentric spherical shells (D) Changes with the polarity of the charge. ‘Ans. Option (A) is correct, Ans. Ans. Qs. Explanation: Concentric spherical shells and the distance between the shells increases with the decrease in electric field. Itdoes not depend ‘on the polarity of the charge . Electric potential inside a conducting sphere (A) is zero. (B) remains constant, (©) decreases from contre to surface. (D) increases from centre to surface Option (B) is correct Explanation: Inside the sphere, E = 0 ‘Again E = —dVidr So, dVidr ‘This is posible when Vis constant . The electric potential at point on the equatorial line ofa electric dipole is (A)direetly proportional to the square of the distance (8) indirectly proportional to the square of the distance (©) directly proportional tothe charge. (D)None ofthe above Option (D) is correct. Explanation: The electric potential ata point on the oquatoral line of a electric dipole is zero, A capacitor of 4 4 is connected as shown in the ‘circuit Figure. The internal resistance ofthe battery is 05 0 The amount of charge on the capacitor plates will be uP i roa EV ya 20one (©) 154 suc (D)8 uc INCERT Exemp. Q. 2.1, Page 10], Ans. Option (D) is correct, Explanation: As capacitor offer infinite resistance for DC circuit. So current fram cell ‘will not flow across branch of 4yF and 10.0.0 ‘current will flow across 2 ohm branch. a] te IV 20V 30V 40V SOV Fig. () a | fo IOV DV 30V 40V SOV Fig) a | te 10V 2V 0 GV 50V Fig, (i) So Potential Difference (PD) across 2.0 resistance V = RI-= 2 x 1 = 2 Volt, As battery, capacitor and 2 branches are in parallel. So PD will remain same across all three branches. As current does not flow through capacitor branch, so no potential drop will be across 10.0. S0 PD across 4 uF capacitor Volt Q= CV =2uF x2V=8 uC Q.10. A parallel plate capacitor is made of two dielectric blocks in series, One of the blocks has thickness 44, and dielectric constant &, and the other has thickness d, and dielectric constant ky as shown in Figure, This arrangement can be thought as a ielectricslab of thickness (= d+) and effective dielectric constant k The kis UU WY kd ard, dtl, Oy Krk, edad) ih, (9 hath) OT ‘Ans. Option (C) is correct. Explanation: Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor filled with dielectric of constant ky and thickness di, A oa Similarly, for other capacitance of » parallel plate capacitor filled with dielectric of constant ‘and thickness dyis, ‘dy Both capacitors are in series so equivalent capacitance Cis related a8 ila, dy te Teak aegh ® iy where,d = (+d) Comparing eqns. (i) and (i), the dielectric constant of new capacitor is a hikald +) (hyde + kaa) Q.11. In the circuit shown in Figure, initially key Ky is ‘closed and key K, # open. Then K; ie opened and Kyis elosed. Then Il fod (A) Voltage across C, (B) Voltage across C, > Voltage across Ca , if ag Voltage across Cy (©) Charge on C, = chargeon C, (D)None of the above Ans. Option (A) is correct, Explanation: Since C, and C, are in parallel, Voltage across C, = Voltage across C,@.12,Capactnse of » parallel plate capacitor can be (A) increasing he distance seven the plates (@) decreasing the distance between the plates, (C) decreasing the area of plates {D) increasing the thickness ofthe plates. (Option (B) is corzect Explanation: C= hegh /d So, capacitance does not inerease by increasing the distance between the placs (a) oF decreasing the area of the plates (A) Thickness of plates has no connection withthe ‘capacitance ofthe capacitor A parallel plate capacitor is charged by connecting it toa battery. Which of the following will remain constant if the distance between the plates of the capacitor is increased inthis situation? (A) Energy stored () Hleetre field (©) Potential difference (©) Capacitance Option (C)is correct. Explanation: As the battery remains connected with the capacitor, the potential difference remain constant, Ans. Q.14 4 capacitors, each of 2 uly are connected as shown. ‘What will be the equivalent capacitor aeross the points A,B? a a cH Directions: Inthe following questions, statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reavon (R), Mark the correct choice a. (A) Both A and Rare true and R is the correct ‘explanation of (B) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A (©) Aistrue but Ris false (D) Ais false and Ris True Q.1. Assertion (A): Hlectric field is always normal to ‘equi-potential surfaces and along the dizection of decreasing order of potential, Reason (R): Negative gradient of electric potential is electric field ICBSE SQP 2020.21] ‘Ans, Option (A) is correct. ASSERTION AND REASON BASED MCQs (1 Mark each) (ay05 ae (O8nF ‘Ans. Option (C) is correct, (206 (aur Explanation: All the capacitors are connected in parallel. So the equivalent capacitance will be 8 HE. Q.15. The capacitance of a parallel plate eapacitoris 10 wl When a divlectric plate is introduced in betwoen the plates, its potential becomes Lth ofits original ‘vale, What s the value ofthe diclectric constant of| the plate introduced? ay 25 Ans. Option (A) is correct, 40 (Dyrone ofthe above Explanation: C= KC (where Kis the dielectric constant) (= QIC! = OKC = VIK Q.16. Tivo spheres are separately charged and then brought in contact, 50 (A) total charge on the two spheres is conserved. {W) tolal energy ofthe two spheres s conserved. (© Both (a) and &) (D)None ofthe above ‘Ans. Option (A) i correct. Explanation: According to the law of conservation of charge, total charge on the two spheres is conserved. Explanation: E=-¥V So, The electric field is always perpendicular to ‘equipotential surface Negative gradient of electric potential i electric fic So, direction of electric fold must be in the direction of the decreasing order of electric potential Q.2 Assertion (A): Hlectric field inside 2 hollow conducting sphere is zero. Reason (R}: Charge is present on the surface of conductor Ans. Option (A) is correctExplanation: Since no charge resides in the surface of a hollow sphere, the elects field also cero inside. So assertion is true, For hollow conducting sphere, the charged reside on the surface only; So, reason is also true and it explains the assertion properly. Q.3. Assertion (A): Work done in moving a charge between any tie points in a uniform electric field is independent of the path followed by the charge between these two points. Reason (R): Electrostatic forces are conservative, ‘Ans. Option (C)is correct. Explanation: Work done in moving a charge between any two points in a uniform electric field = charge * potential difference. So, it is independent of the path followed by the charge, Hence the assertion is true. Flectrostatic forces are conservative type. rence, the reason is false. Q.4 Assertion (A): Hleciric potential and electric potential energy are two different quantities. ‘Reason (R): Fora test charge Q and a point charge Q. the electric potential energy becomes equal to the poter ‘Ans, Option (C)is correct, Explanation: Electric potential and electric potential energy are two different quantities. Hence the assertion is true Flectric potential is defined as the potential ‘energy per unit charge. Hence V = PE dg So, the reason is false. Q.5, Assertion (Aj: When the distance between the parallel plates ofa parallel plate capacitor i halved! and the dielectric constant of the dielectric used is ‘made three times, then the capacitance becomes The Himes Ronson (Rt) Capacitance doesnot depend on the ature of mater Ans. Option (8) i correct xplenation ita capacitance = C, = 480 a Ag 3k Fly hecapactane = ¢,= ASE $0, C= 6C, Hience the assertion is true CASE-BASED MCQs ‘Attempt any 4 sub-parts out of 5. Each sub-part ‘carries 1 mark. [IL Read the following text and answer the following {questions on the basis of the sam Super capacitor: Super capacitor ‘a high capacity From the exprettion of the capaciance, we find that capacitance depends on the area of the pals, delectre constant and the distance between the plates Ie doesnot depend on the nature of the material ofthe pats, Hence the reason is alo true But the reson cannot explain the aeertion Q.6. Assertion (A): Circuit containing capacitors shouk bbehandled very carefully even when the power is of, Reason (R: The capacitors may breakdown at any tine Ans. Option (Cis core. Explanation: Bven when power i off capacioe may have soned charge Which may docharge through human body and thus one may gal & shock $0, assertion is true Brealdown of capaci requires high voliag Soy reson ae. Q.z.Aswatinn (A) Capacity of 9 conductor i independent on the amount of che oni Reason (R: Capacitance depends on the dilectic constant of surounding medium, shape and size Tht am Spon isco taplantinsc= In the expression, there is no involvement of charge. So, capacitance is independent of charge. Hence the assertion is true. I depends on permittivity of the surrounding, ‘medium and the area ofthe plate. So, reason is also true. Reason explains the assertion, Assertion (A): Two parallel metal plates having charge +Q and -Qare facing aa distance between them, The plates are now immersed in kerosene cil and the electric potential between the plates decreases, Reason (R): Dielectric constant of kerosene oil is les than 1. Ans, Option (C)is correct, Explanation: Electic field for parallel plate capacitor in vacuum Flectrc field in dielectric = B' = oe. Since the value of K for Kerosene oil is greater than 1, then E’< E, Hence the assertion is true. Diclectrc constant of Kerosene ail is greater than 1. Hence the reason is false. Qs. ‘eapacitor with @ capacitance value much higher than normal capacitors but with lower vollage limits, Such capacitors bridges the gap between ‘electrolyte capacitors and rechargeable batteries In automobile, bus, train, crane, elevator suchcapacitors are used for regenerative braking, short term energy storage or burst-mode power delivery. Super capacitors have many advantages over balteries: they are very low weigh! and generally don't contain harmful chemicals or toxic metal. ‘They can be charged and discharged innumerable number of times without ever wearing out. ‘The disadvantage is that super capacitors aren't well-suited for longterm energy storage. The discharge rate of super capacitor: i significantly higher than lithium-ion batteries; they can lose as mich as 10-2095 of their charge per day duc to acl discharge. Q.1. Capacity of super capacitor is (A) very low. (8) medium. (C) very high. (yay have any value, ‘Ans, () Option (C) is correct Explanation: per capacitors a high capacity capacitor wih a capacitance value much higher than normal capaciors but with lower vllage limits (0.2. Super eapacitor makes a bridge between: (A) eloctolytic capacitor and rechargeable battery. {B} single use batery and eleciroltic capacitor (©) electrolytic capacitor and dynamo. {D) electrolytic and non-electolyic capacitors. ‘Ans. (i) Option (A) is correct. Explanation: Such capacitore bridges “| gap between electrolytic “capacitors and Fechargeable batleries £4 Super capacitors can be charged and discharged: (A) few numberof times {B) onceonly (©) several umber of times but less than rechargeable batteries, (Dyseveral number of times much more than rechargeable batteries ‘Ans. (if) Option (D) is correct. Explanation: Super capacitors can be charged and discharged innumerable number of times without ever wearing out Q.4. Selfdischarge rate of Super capacitors: (A) 10-20% of their charge per day (B) 1-2% of theircharge per day (C) 0% of their charge per day (D) 100% of their charge per day ‘Ans, (iv) Option (A) is corre. Explanation: The disadvantage is that super capacitors aren't wellsuited for long-term. fenergy storage. The discharge rate of super ‘capacitors is significantly higher than lithium. jon batteries; they can lose as much as 10-20% of their change per day due to self-discharge, Q.5. Super capacitors are used for (A) degenerative braking, (B) regenerative braking. (C) small appliances. (D) long time charge storage. Ans. (x) Option (8) is correc. Explanation: tn automobile, bus, train, crane; elevator such capacitors are used for regenerative braking, short term energy storage or burst-mode power delivery. AL, Read the following text and answer the following ‘questions on the basis of the same: Capacitor Colour Cod Capacitor values as written on small capacitors are sometimes misleading. Letters like p (pico) ‘orm (nano) are used in place ofthe decimal point to identily its position and the value ofthe capacitor. For cample, a capacilor labelled as 1n83.= 033nF, 82 = 82nF, 22n = 47nF and so on. ‘Sometimes capacitors are marked with the capital letter K to signify a value of Kilo pico-Farads. AAs for example, a capacitor with the markings ‘f 100K would be 1000 x 100 pF = 100 Kpf = 100nF. Sometimes, a three letter code consists ofthe two value digits and a multiplier. For example, the digits A71 = 47 > 10 = 470 pk, 332 = 33 % 100 = S30 pe “To reduce these confusions en International colour coding scheme was developed almost same as that ‘of resistance colour code Band | Digit | Digit? | Multiplier (Colour Black a o x Brown 1 i x10 Red 2 2 100 Orange 3 3 1,000) Yellow a 4 10,000 Green 5 5__|_xi000.00 Blue é © _ | 1,000,000 Violet 7 7 Grey a a 3001 White 9 9 x0. ‘The value obtained from colour code is in pf. Q.1. Whats the value of the capacitor if n27 is written onit? (A)027 nF (8) 027 pF ()27nF (D)27 pF Ans. Option (A) is correct Q.2, Two capacitors marked as 221 andl 220 respectively are joined in parallel. What isthe tolal capacitance value? (a) 4a pe (8) 242 pF (©) 22aF (Dadi ar ‘Ans. Option (B) is correct.Ans. 4. Ans. Ans. Explanation: The value of the capacitor marked ‘as 221 is 220 pF. The value of the capacitor marked as 220 is 22 pl. When connected in pazallel, the total eapacitance = 220 pF + 22 pF 242 pF. 3. 68k is written on a capacitor. What is its value? (A) pF (0) iF Option () is correct. planation: The value ofthe capator = 1000 sc OBpl = 68 kpE = eb nl ‘What isthe value ofthe capacitor bearing «colour code: brown, geen brown? (4) Be (@) snk (9 BHF (50 pF Option (Dis correct (8) 68 nF (D)None of these. Explanation: Brown, Green, Brown 15% 10 | 130 pF ‘What will be the colour code of 27 nF capacitor? (A) Red, violet,black —(B) Red, violet, own. {C) Red, violet, orange (D) None of the above Option (C)is correct. Explanation: Red, violet, orange > 27 « 1000 = 27000 pk = 27 nF Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: Power factor corrector capacitor Power factor correction is a method to reduce the lagging power factor in induetive Toads by fixing a high value eapacitor across the phase and rreutral line close to the load. When the Voltage and Current arein phase with each otherin an AC circuit, the onergy irom the sources fully converted into another form to drive the load and in this case power factor is in unity. When the power factor Grops, the system becomes loss efficient In inductive londs, current “lags’ the voltage leading to “lagging power factor’. Power factor correction is the method to reduce the lagging power factor in inductive loads by fixing a high value capacitor across the phase and neutral close to the load, These capacitors have leading power factor so that it will neutralize the lagging power factor ofthe load, Power capacitors are huge non polarized metal film electrolytic type capacitors Capacitors should be sufficiently rated to the load capacity, It should be connected to the lines, only ‘when the loads are running and drawing current ‘What is meant by power factor correction? (A) The method to reduce the lagging power factor in inductive loads (B) The method to enhance the lagging power {actor in inductive load (€) The method to reduce the lagging power factor in capacitive loads (D) The method to enhance the lagging power factor in capacitive loads Ans, Option (A) is correct Explanation: Power factor correction is the method to reduce the lagging power factor in inductive loads by fixing a high value capacitor across the phase and neutral lose to the load, Q.2. When the energy from source is fully converted into another form, the power factor is (ayos (B) 10 0 O» ‘Ans. Option (B) is correct. Explanation: When the voltage and current are in phase with each other in an AC circuit, the tenergy from the source is fully converted into another form to drive the load and in this case, power factor is unity. When the power factor {cops the system becomes less efficient Q.3. Power capacitors for power actor correction are (A) polarized metal film electrolytic type. (B) non-polarized motal film electrolytic type. (©) non-polarized metal film non-clectrolytic type. (D) polarized ceramic non- electrolytic ype Ans, Option (8) is correct. Explanation: Power capacitors are huge fnon polarized metal film electrolytic type capacitors 9.4, Power capacitors for power factor correction have (A) lagging power factor (B) leading power factor. (C) leading or lagging power factor depending on the value of the capacitor. (D) leading oF lagging power factor depending on the type of load. ‘Ans, Option (B) is correct. Explanation: Power factor corrector capacitors hhave leading power facior se that they neutralize the lagging power factor of the inductive load. Q.5, Power factor comector capi connected (A) across the phase and ground near the inductive load. (B) across the phase and neutral away from the inductive Food (©) across the phase and neutral near the inductive Toad, (D)across the neutral and ground near the inductive Toad. Ans. Option (C)is correct, Explanation: Power capacitors are connected across the phase and neutral near the inductive load such as motor tors should be