CHAPTER 2 THE DENTAL EQUIPMENT[READING FOCUS] Before you read: 1. Can you name some of the instruments used by the dentist? 2. When you visit the dentist, in what position is the dental chair used during the dental procedure? Key words: dental unit, mirror, probe, excavator, root elevator, dental forceps, excavator, bur. THE DENTAL EQUIPMED The dentist, solely, or together with the dental team, works in a dental surgery (or dental office). The basic equipment of the surgery is the dental unit. It consists of a dental chair (or an operating chair), a dental engine, a high-speed handpiece (air rotor), a low-speed handpiece (micromotor), an air-spray, a water-spray, a suction (aspirator), a saliva ejector, a spittoon (cuspidor), a beaker tiller, a curing lamp, a working surface (tray), an operating light. an X-ray viewer, and two mobile operating stools (one for the dentist, the other for his assistant). In the dental surgery, there are also the sterilizing apparatus (autoclave), the X-ray machine, and some cabinets for the storage of instruments, drugs and dental materials. The dental chair serves both as a chair and an operating table. The chair is used in the upright position for some procedures, such as radiography and certain prosthetic measurements. The supine position (lying on the back) is used for the majority of treatment procedures. The headrest of the dental chair is movable, so that the position of the patient's head can be changed. All parts of the dental unit should be flexible enough for the convenience of both the patient and the dentist. The dental operating light, which is the main source of illumination for the oral cavity, should be focused directly on the patient’s mouth and have horizontal and vertical adjustability. All hand instruments are made of stainless steel. ‘The hand instruments necessary for examination and treatment are: © A dental mirror is used to view the gum tissue and the surfaces of the teeth which cannot be seen by direct vision. | Fig. 8. A dental mirror * Dental probes are used to explore the tooth surfaces, to detect cavities and unsound fillings. 10 Professional English in Use - DentistryZY ~) Fig. 9. Dental probes ? * Periodontal probes are used to detect gum disease and periodontal disease and measure the depth of a periodontal pocket. | Fig, 10. Periodontal probes © Excavators are used to remove debris and decayed dentine from the cavities. Fig. 11. Excavators * Dental forceps (also called extracting forceps) are used to grasp and extract the teeth SS Fig. 12. Dental forceps Professional English in Use - Dentistry 11Dental root elevators are used to raise and loosen teeth in their sockets and remove the teeth which cannot be gripped by forceps. . a Fig, 13. Dental elevators * Scalers are used to locate and remove stains, plaque, debris and calculus from tooth surfaces. eee ES ————— Fig. 14. Scalers * Cotton pliers (or dressing forceps) are used to place or remove cotton pellets or cotton rolls from patient’s mouth, Fig. 15. Cotton pliers In order to prepare a cavity the dentist uses the instruments described above as well as a hand piece with a suitable bur. A bur is a rotary cutting instrument with small chips of diamond the hardest mineral used in a dental handpiece for cutting hard tooth tissues in cavity preparation and trimming the restorations 12 Professional English in Use - DentistryEXERCISE A. Answer the following questions 1, What are the components of the dental unit? 2. In which position is the dental chair used for prosthetic measurements? For which procedures is the dental chair in a supine position? 4, How should the operating light be adjusted? 5. What instrument is used to remove carious dentine? 6. What instrument is used to remove the teeth that cannot be gripped by forceps? 7, What are burs used for? EXERCISE B. Make definitions matching the two columns below. Use the sentences as in the example. Example: Elevators are used to loosen and pull out a tooth Or Elevators are used for loosening and pulling out a tooth. 1. Dental forceps v Dental probes . Periodontal probes 4, Burs 5, Excavators Professional English in Use - Dentistry 13EXERCISE C. Complete the sentences with the words listed below. air-spray; cotton pliers; curing lamp; sealer, water-spray; viewer; suction; cuspidor; saliva ejector 1. In order to suck out the saliva while preparing the cavity, a/an is put into the patient’s mouth, 2. After rinsing the mouth, the patient must spit out the water 10 4/8 scene 3. After a tooth is washed with water from a/an . blown from a/an , it is dried with the air 4, To remove the debris, blood, and water that has accumulated in the mouth during the dental procedure, a/an .. is used. 5. To place a cotton pellet in the patient’s mouth, the dentist needs 6. The light emitted from a/an .. harden 7. Alan... I .. makes the light-cured composite materials s the dentist have a clear view of X-ray pictures. 8. In order to remove gently the tartar that has accumulated along the gum line, the dental assist ant uses a/an .. [LISTENING FOCUS| wi Oo) Listen & answer the following questions 1. Why did Mr Conner make an appointment at the surger 2, What time did he arrive at the surgery? . Was it difficult for him to find the way the surgery? Why and why not? s |. What did Patricia give him & ask him to read if he wanted to? . Does he have a health insurance? 6. What did Patricia ask him to do with the registration form? 14 Professional English in Use - Dentistry7. Where is the waiting room? 8. Why did he want to go to the restrooms? 9. Does he like going to the dentist? 10.How did he feel when he was sitting the waiting room? ERTGINI BTA eEeTS Task 1: Listen to the dentist’s explanation of the procedure in filling and complete each question with words or phrases from the recording. WRITE NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS FOR EACH ANSWER. Good moming. Come in, Sit yourself down. Now I'm going to give you a small routine filling. First, I need to give you an (1) Before the injection I'm going to put some (2) on your gum to make the injection less painful. I could use a 8) but this time I'll use cream. I'm going to put this cream on a small (4) ‘wool roll /swab/ and put it next to your tooth. Now, just leave it for a few minutes and then when it starts to (5) ., because it's an upper tooth, I'm going to put the injection next to your tooth. If it were a lower tooth then I would put the injection in the back of the mouth and that would make the whole of your jaw (6) Now I'll put the injection next to your tooth here, and that will take about two minutes before it takes effect on the tooth. In the meantime, what I'll do is I'll scale and (7) your teeth, and that means I'm going to take off the (8) that grows around the salivary glands, and polish them up. Task 2: Listen to the recording and complete the following sentences. take out the old filling (D eee wear my protective glasses Q) T’'m going to | put the ejector into your mouth | (3) ..........--- use a slower drill (4) ceecreeeeees use an excavator () Task 3: Listen to the recording and arrange the following steps in correct order. a) I'd like you to bite very gently on the filling. ) I'm going to put the matrix retainer around the tooth. Professional English in Use - Dentistry 15__0) Ihave removed the old filling ____d) I'm going to grind a bit off the filling. __e) I'm going to put in a lining layer. __ £) I'm going to put in the amalgam, _____g) I'm going to take out the decay under the filling. REVIEW Write down the names of five instruments mentioned by the dentist and then explain what they are used for. You may refer to the listening script for your answers. INSTRUMENT FUNCTIONS 5 [GRAMMAR FOCUS| INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE Read the following sentence from the text and say the meaning of the phrase in bold. In order to prepare a cavity, the dentist uses the instruments (...), as well as a hand-piece with a suitable bur. > ‘To prepare’ (to + infinitive) is called the infinitive of purpose or reason. Task 1: Study the following examples and complete the rule in the box with gerund or infinitive. * Probes are used by dentists for searching / so as to search / to search for cavities. # She uses a floss for removing / so as to remove / to remove the plaque and food particles from between the teeth, > To express purpose or reason we can use to +. soasto+. Task 2: Make questions to which the parts in bold are the answers. What question word is used in all of them? 3for+.. 1. After a long walk she sat down to have a rest. 2. He took a tablet in order to relieve his toothache. 16 Professional English in Use - Dentistry3. The dentist amputated the pulp to save the tooth, 4. He moved to a new flat so as to be near the university. Task 3. Match the halves of the sentences using the phrases in order to so as to to 1. He needs an antibiotic a) report a crime, 2, She was told to go ona diet b) take care of her children 3. It's very cold so put a jacket on ©) lose weight 4, She called the police 4) combat an inflammation. 5. She reduced her working hours ¢) improve English. 6. My daughter is wearing orthodontic braces f) keep warm, 7. He is going to England g) have straight teeth. Task 4. In pairs, ask and answer the following questions. Use various infinitives of purpose. 1. Why do you study dentistry? 2. Why are you learning English? 3, What would you like to do this weekend? Why? 4, What are you doing after this class? Why? 5. Why do students want to obtain high scores in their exams? [SPEAKING FOCUS| Discuss the following questions. 1. What would you think about a career in dentistry? 2, What do you think would be the positive and negative aspects? 3, What do you think would be the most difficult part of a dentist Professional English in Use - Dentistry 17