Professional Documents
Culture Documents
miscarriage
Prof. Aboubakr
Elnashar
Benha university, Egypt
elnashar53@hotmail.com
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Contents
Introduction
Causes
Evaluation
Treatment
Conclusion
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Definition
Miscarriage
Spontaneous loss of pregnancy before the fetal
viability.
includes all pregnancy losses from the time of
conception until 24w.
ectopic and molar pregnancies are not included.
Recurrent miscarriage
3 or more consecutive pregnancies
(RCOG, 2011)
2 or more
(ASRM, 2008)
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CAUSES
1. Possible
2. Doubtful
unexplained
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Possible: strong correlation between the cause and
miscarriage
I. Anatomic:10%
1. Congenital uterine malformation.
2. Submucous fibroid
3. Cervical incompetence
4. Severe IU synechiae
II. Endocrine: 5%
1.Uncontrolled DM
2.Uncontrolled thyroid disease
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III. Infection:
1. Brucellosis
2. Bacterial vaginosis
IV. Atiphospholipid antibody syndrome
V. Inherited Thrombophilic Defects
1. Factor V Leiden mutation
2. Prothrombin gene mutation,
3. Protein s deficiency
VI. Genetic: 25%
1. Parental chromosomal abnormalities
2–5% of couples with RM
2. Embryonic chromosomal abnormalities
30–57% of further
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Brucellosis and pregnancy outcome:
Higher rate of
Abortion
PTL
IUFD
Causes of spontaneous abortion and IUFD
Maternal bacteremia
Toxemia
Acute febrile reaction
DIC
Diagnosis:
IgM: 1 : 160 - non endemic area
1 : 320 - endemic area
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Bacterial vaginosis
Risk factor for PTL and 2nd TM
[Leitich et al, 2007]
Vaginal swabs as screening tests during
pregnancy in high risk women with previous
history of 2nd TM.
[Trojniel et al, 2009]
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2. Doubtful causes: weak correlation between the cause and
miscarriage
I. Local:
1. Oocyte:
Premature ovarian aging: reduced oocyte
quality and quantity.
2. Sperm: Paternal causes
DNA fragmentation
(Vissenberg R, Goddijn, 2011)
3. Embryo
Aneuploidy
4. Endometrium
Normal endometrium can distinguish between
good-quality and poor-quality embryos.
(Teklenburg etal, 2010)
Chronic endometritisABOUBAKR ELNASHAR
SDF
MA: significant increase in RM
(Robinson et al, 2012)
85% of u RM
(Maynou et al, 2012)
DFI
•≥30: male infertility
•15-30: RM.
•≤15: Excellent to Good fertility potential
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II. Systemic Factors
1. Anatomic:
Arcuate uterus
Not: RVF, Mild IU adhesions, Subserous
fibroid
2. Endocrine:
1. PCOS
2. Endometriosis.
3. Inadequate luteal phase
4. Hyperprolactinemia
5. Obesity
3. Thrombophilia
1. Hyperhomocysteinemia
2. Protein c def
3. Antithrombin ABOUBAKR
III def ELNASHAR
4. Infections:
Chronic endometritis
TORCH test
not recommended
(Evidence level II).
Not:
Toxoplasmosis, Mycoplasma
L. monocytogenes, C. trachomatis
HSV, CMV
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Chronic endometritis (CE)
Diagnosis:
Histopatholgy: plasma cell
Office hysteroscopy :
Oedema
Micropolyposis
Hyperaemia
Culture
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5. Immunologic
Autoimmune antibodies
Immune reaction against self
Antithyroid antibodies
Alloimmune factors
immune reaction against another
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6. Environmental:
1. Alcohol & smoking
2. Herbicide spraying.
3. Electromagnetic field
4. Radiation
7. Inhalation of anesthetic gases
8. Exposure to solvents, heavy metals & industrial chemicals.
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EVALUATION
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HISTORY
Obstetric
Gestational age
Chromosomal and endocrine defects: 1st TM
Anatomic or immunological: 2nd TM
There is significant overlap.
Embryonic/fetal cardiac activity
chromosomal abnormality: RM prior to detection
of embryonic cardiac activity
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Surgical:
uterine instrumentation (intrauterine adhesions)
Menstrual:
Irregular menstrual cycles (endocrine dysfunction).
Galactorrhea (hyperprolactinemia)
Family:
Eenvironmental (toxins)
Venous or arterial thrombosis (APA synd)
Previous investigations
Laboratory
Pathology
imaging
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Physical examination
Signs of endocrinopathy
Hirsutism
Galactorrhea
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INVESTIGATIONS
1. Anatomical factors
Pelvic ultrasound and/or HSG or
sonohysterography
initial screening test
Hysteroscopy, laparoscopy or 3DUS
definitive diagnosis.
2. Endocrine
TSH
3. Infection
IgM for Brucellosis
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4. Antiphospholipid antibodies
Diagnosis:
2 positive tests at least 12 w apart for either
LA or
ACL or
Anti-B2 glycoprotein-I antibodies
of IgG and/or IgM
medium or high titre over 40 g/l or ml/l, or
above the 99th percentile.
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5. Thrombophilias
Screening for
factor V Leiden,
factor II (prothrombin) gene mutation
protein S deficiency
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6. Karyotyping
Cytogenetic analysis of products of conception
of 3rd and subsequent consecutive
miscarriage(s).
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TREATMENT
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I. Treatment of possible causes
1. Anatomical factors
1. Congenital uterine malformations
uterine septum
hysteroscopic resection
2. Submucosal fibroid:
Hysteroscopic myomectomy
3. Severe IU adhesions:
Hysteroscopic surgery
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4. Cervical incompetence
Cervical cerclage:
Indication:
1. one or more 2nd TM or PTL before 24 w.
TVS: cervix is 25 mm or less
2. Three or more previous PTL and/or 2nd TM.
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2. Treatment of hypothyroidism
Eltroxin
Objective
TSH: 2.5 mIU/L
Dose
Non pregnant:
1.7 μg/kg/d or
25 μg/d adjusted by 25 μg/d every 2 to 4 ws
until euthyroid state is achieved.
Pregnant:
Increase 30%
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3. Treatment of Infection
Brucellosis
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Asymptomatic abnormal vaginal flora and
bacterial vaginosis
Oral clindamycin
•early in 2nd T:
•300mg PO BID x 7 days
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4. Antiphospholipid syndrome
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5. Inherited thrombophilias
Heparin
R 1st TM
insufficient evidence may improve LBR for
these women
R 2nd TM
improve the LBR
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6. Genetic factors
Abnormal parental karyotype:
I. Referral to a clinical geneticist.
1. Prognosis for the risk of future pregnancies
with an unbalanced chromosome complement
2. Familial chromosome studies.
3. Proceeding to a further natural pregnancy with
or without a prenatal diagnosis test
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II. Treatment of doubtful causes
1. PCOS
Metformin : debatable.
MA: preconception Met did not reduce RM
Small retrospective: reductions in RM.
(Glueck etal, 2001; Jakubowicz et al, 2001)
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2. Euthyroid women with high serum thyroid
peroxidase antibody
RCT: [Negr et al, 2006].
levothyroxine (50 mcg daily): decreased
miscarriage rate (13.8 to 3.5%)
PTL (22,4 to 7%).
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3. Hyperprolactinemia
RCT
[Hirahara et al, 1998].
Bromocriptine
significantly higher rate of successful
pregnancy (86 Vs 52%)
Treatment of hyperprolactinemia and RM, even in
the absence of overt hypogonadism : recommend
(Up to date, 2013)
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4. Chronic endometritis
Regimen:
Ofloxacin: 400 mg daily for 2w
Doxycycline: 100 mg twice daily for 2 w
Persistent CE:
Ciprofloxacin: 500mg and
Metronidazole: 500 mg twice daily for 2 weeks.
III. Treatment of unexplained RM
No evidence-based tt.
Low risk, simple, and cheap
Caffeine reduction
No RCT.
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3. Decrease SDF
1. Oral antioxidant
4. Consider TESA-ICSI
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4. Progestogen
Cochrane Database S R. 2013
4 trials, 225 women
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3 or more consecutive miscarriages
Progestogen tt:
significant decrease in miscarriage rate
compared to placebo or no tt
(Peto OR 0.39; 95% CI 0.21 to 0.72).
2 prior miscarriages.
a trend but not a significant reduction in
miscarriage rates
(Peto OR 0.68; 95% CI 0.43 to 1.07).
Limitations of MA:
these 4 trials were of poorer methodological
quality.
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5. Aspirin with or without heparin
No improvement
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6. Combination therapy
An observational study
before and during pregnancy with
Prednisone: 20 mg/d
Dydrogesterone: 20 mg/d
Aspirin: 100 mg/d
Folate: 5 mg/second day
[Tempfer et al, 2006].
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8. HMG
observational study:
effective for tt of endometrial defects in
women with RPL
[Li et al, 2001].
Mechanism:
correction of a luteal phase defect
stimulation of a thicker endometrium: better implantation
site.
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Intralipid Therapy
Form:
20% IV administered fat emulsion routinely used as
a source of fat and energy for patients in need of
extra intake
Composed of :
purified soybean oil, purified egg
phospholipids, glycerol, and water.
Side effects
No
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Endometrial scratching
When:
cycle preceding the actual treatment cycle.
(Friedler et al., 1993; Barash et al., 2003; Raziel et al., 2007; Zhou et
al., 2008).
7 days prior to the onset of menstruation,
immediately before the start of ovarian
stimulation for IVF tt.
In the follicular phase of the index cycle : no
benefit
(Karimzade et al., 2010; Zhou et al., 2008).
Not on the day of OR:
significantly reduce CPR
(Nastri et al, 2012)
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10. ICSI and PGD
Not recommend
(Visenberg, 2012)
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Investigations
After two or three consecutive miscarriages:
1. Pelvic US (or HSG or Sonohysterography)
2. TSH
3. Brucellosis IGM
4. Antiphospholipid antibodies
5. Factor V Leiden, factor II (prothrombin) gene
mutation and protein S.
6. If the above examinations are normal: karyotype of
the abortus: unbalanced structural chromosomal
abnormality: Parental karyotype
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Treatment of possible causes
1. Uterine septum, submucous fibroid, severe IU
adhesions: Hysteroscopic surgery.
Cervical incompetence: cervical cerclage
2. Subclinical hypothyroidism: Eltroxin
3. Brucellosis: Rifamycin
4. APA: Low dose aspirin & heparin.
5. Inherited thrombophilias: Heparin
6. Karyotyping abnormalities: Clinical geneticist.
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Treatment of doubtful causes
1. PCOS
2. Autoimmune thyroid
3. Hyperprolactnaemia
4. Chronic endometritis
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Treatment of Unexplained miscarriage
1. TLC
2. Life style modification
3. Decrease SDF
4. Progestagen
5. combination
6. Aspirin, Heparin
7. HCG, HMG
8. Intralipid, Endometrial scraching
9. PGS
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Aboubakr Elnashar Lectures.
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