3 3.5 LAPLACE EQuaTion IN TERMS OF POLAR COORDINaT,, Let us suppose that the boundary of the region oR isa circle. Then, we uss, £ Polar coordinates as follows : Let x=reos@, y=rsin@ Then, P=xt+y? and @=tan*y/x coso 22 Sin O| (=sin@ oor r eu sin , du sine er rele Fe 950 -M sing- Su sind _ T Similarly, Fu. (Fa, @u cos® au cosé ie (oe. am ara a8 a Jone +{ anes Meare, Zusond_du sing cos ; or oro 0 eles Adding (3) and (4), we get The Laplace lest al ati i ian coordinates has constant coeffi" t r or ce ~22088sin Ocosg 32 " ne rae Sag Se Beingcone, Bu : ¥ sin? +sinte au a T Opt RD Ou | sin? g atu singcosd® Psind 09 * 2 Bea ea ra ag sin? @ 99? sin @Eliptic Differential Equations 195 du _du dr | au 20 | aura6 dy dr dy a0 ay? Bay, -%, sindsing + 28 a cos@sing +32) Also, : 0p| rsin® ae a cosh or r 9 rsin@ a6 which gives au _ 9 (au)_ sin@sing 2-4 2086sind 9, cosh 9 or «8 sin ab in Osin 924. £080sino du, cosd du [snsuino de esdane a, ent Be) 4.2Sin@cos@sin? 6 d7u_ r or 00 _ 2sin@cos@sin? du 4 28in cos eu | r 0 are one. | _ sin ocoso u_, cos? Osin? du , cos? @sin? 6 Ou re r or a 307 cos@sincos@ d°u _ cos? Osindcos> du rsin@ | 080 rsin?@ a0 cos? ¢ du , cos@cos* du, cos’ d*u_sindcosd du ya wind 00 rsin?O ay? rsin?@ a ‘ . 42407 =sin? @sin? or +2 du _au dr, du 2, du % _U Og, du az ae eb et 8 sin@ 0 4 sin? 6 Fu oe wei 196 oe eu ty’ ae which is he requi Remark @ = Theabove ee Advanced Partoy pi, ere 2, 2. 92 oe au, 2 du +5 oe, 20 du ru oe = Eo ee BO topo at at oe 2 20 tc equation can also be written as (si Ada 2 (sino™ | Or) r?sin6 01 20)” rsin20 a2 -- Tun MIMENSIONAL Lapiarne ~| | | 3.10 SOLUTION OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL LAPLACE EQUATION IN PLANE POLAR COORDINATE (r, 0) [DELHI-1994] itis known that in polar coordinates (r, @) , the Laplace equation oe oy + = Baie mats. . - a... ~ommntel a) reduces to au ldu, 1d°u incest eaaniheat Gia Sek =f) scaa(2) a rar Oe © By method of separation of variables, let solution of (1) be of the form u(r,@) = R(x) ©(8) 2 where R and © are respectively the functions of r and @ alone. Putting the values from (3) in (1), we get R'@+2R'0+4RO"=0 oe @ . ¥. Which can also be written as Meee. 676 ee (5) Tand @ are independent, therefore, we can writeeet = n?, where nis any integer. Thus, we can write PR"+rR'-n?R=0 and = 9"+n7@=0 Equation (6) can also be written as 2, pete CNR Oe ee ae (8) at at which is a linear homogeneous equation. ded To solve (8), let r=e and D=r<-=3> Then (8) gives [D;(D; -1)+D; -n? ]R=9 or (D; 0 = Denn SptyRa0. gene (9) The auxiliary equations of (9) are D?=n? Therefore, solution of equation (9) is given by R=A, e™ +B,e™ => ROea sb 8 eee ee (10) Similarly, from (7), we can find (6) = C,, cosn6+D,, sinn® w---(1]) Putting the values of (10) and (11) in (3), we get u,(r,6) = (Agr +B, F")(C, cosné + D, sinn®) seseee(12) Therefore, the more general solution of (2) is given by u(r, 6) =D, (Agr +B, 1) (C, cosnd + D,, sin n@) oh S(03) ‘This solution can also be written as u(r, @) = (Ar® +Br“)e""? Remark © The solution given by (12) is known as circular harmonics of degree n. "Special Cases I Let n=~?. In this case, we have the following equations 2#?R=0 and #0 _oe~o i de? e solutions are given by R=C, cos(Alog r) +C, sin(A log r) O=Cye” +Cyeeniptic Differential Equations =0. In thi: case II. Let n = 0, is case, we have fan UR, ad Tar ode - ret RY(r)= VEE), we get on integrating, we get log Vr =logC, = vaSr aR 3 cera onintegrating, we get R=C, logr+C,. Also 9"=0 On integrating twice, we get O=C,6+ Ce. re, u(r, @) =(C; logr +C,)(C,6+C,) Now, since logr is not defined at r = 0. Also, the periodicity condition in @ implies Ccosa8 + Cy sinA® = C; cos(A(8+ 2n)) + C, si sin(A(6+ 2; = —C;[cosA@-cos(A0 + 2An)] + C, [sin do - sin(ae rs m or 2sinAn[C, sin(A8 + An) —C, cos(.0+An)]=0 > smag=0 = =n, n=0,1,2,.. Therefore, the acceptable general solution is given by u(r,@) = (Car® +dyr™) (ay cosn® +b, sin nd) n=0 Atr=0, solution will be finite, which requires d, =0 Thus the form of appropriate solution is given by u(r,6) = >) r"[A, cosnd +B, sinn6] no which is a full range Fourier series. Now, we have to find the value of A, and B, such that the boundary condition u(a, @) = f(@) is satisfied, i.e., (0) = s a" (A, cosné + B,, sinn®) 1% Ay==f, £(8) de 1p aA, = J , (8) cosnodo “0d ..(15) Sie . B,=-|, {(0) sind de, n=1,2,3,-~zs I TT Replace the dummy variable & oO oe weg) =f ana S[575 =)f- = sey sinfnd) f(o}do a seation and egaon we (On integrating the order eee ~ goyes 3 «o> 2 eofi-E (5) cxne-8)| 2 teen's Integral Formula (5 ye foosmecosne +sin nosin nf-ze - —%Zen 3.41 SOLUTION OF LAPLACE Equation COORDINATES IN CYLINDRICAL [DELHI-1995, 97, 2000, RAVISHANKAR-1995} (1) Solution of Two-dimensional Laplace Equation IKANPUR-1986,91,97] ‘The Laplace equation in cylindrical coordinates is given by au, 1du, 1 du, du Side ee tO ee eee x af rar ae az a Ifwe assume that us is independent of z, then (1) can be written as 2 ou 1du, 194, vevee(2) or ordr r 0 Now, clearly u is a function of rand @ only. Now suppose 5 u = R(r) O(8) ee ae ‘bethe solution of (1). Putting the values from (3) in (1), we get wf)of 248 Advanced Partial Differentiay [DUateg The general solutions of (5) are given by ©=Acosné + Bsinnd 6) R=Cr"+Dr" 0) where A, B,C and D are arbitrary constants. an 3S If n = 0, then the equations (4) and (5) become: Ps my eR FAR oy whose general solutions are given by tr ©=A,0+By } and logr + Do ee : Rs Further, equation (5) is homogeneous equation with variable coefficient Put r=e 2 Then, (5) reduces to o =n?R=0. Z Therefore, R=Ce™ +De™ = Cr" +Dr™ , Hence, the general single valued solution of Laplace equation for all possible values of nis given by u = ay logr+ ) (A, cosnd +B, sinn@)(C,1" +D,r™) Remarks © The solution of Laplace equation in cylindrical coordinates when wu is independent of z are called circular harmonic and n is called the degree of harmonic. © Circular harmonics of degree zero are ug = (Ag® + Bp) (Co logr + Dp) © Circular harmonics of degree n are ao Un = (An cosnd + By sinn@) (Cyr + Dar”) (2) Solution of Three-dimensional Laplace Equation IMEERUT-1991(P), 2001,03; DELHI-1997,2000; Oe aaa RAVISHANKAR-1995, We know that the Laplace equation in cylindrical coordinates is given by Hu 10, 1 Fu, au Fr a 08 ago Let us suppose that (1) has solution of the form BOOM () where R, © and Z are functions of r, 8 and zal - y 01 _ Putting the values from (2) in (1), we have rans .u(l) ‘spectively.enliptic Differential Equations | 1d°R,1dR eee eR as a2 | R dr? "GR dr “Fo ggrt ez a9 which can also be written as z ade +1, 1 ao Rd mdr Pega ties where kis the separation constant, Z dz (say) From (3), we have 1d’R @R ae AR 1 ae Rar GR dr *Reags kK 2 wd SE-KZ=0 Bquation | (4) can also be written as £ak tA ap. 1g Rdr Rdr Saer=™ Gay) where m is again a separation constant. from this equation, we can find ao 2 eet ae O=0 rd?’R +r dR cada 2? -m?= Te 2 2fR Qe? m m2)R=0 Let kr = x, then dtd gpd GR OR de _ aR a& k dod dr d d d (dR d Thus, 2 =k and —|— |=k—|k— eae a) altar) 2 2 Baek 2 dR dr? dx? Putting this value in (7), we set Beg TR Xo Bao -m?)R=0 eae k aR gat i. oy ed ae et] ae Sl solutions of (5) and (6) are given by =A,e* +B, e cosmé + B, sinm@ 249 vs(6) (8)1 a0 Advanced Partial Differential Equy ong Also, equation (8) is a Bessel’s equation, therefore, its general solution may, written as R=Ag J (x) + BaJ-m(*): AgIn (Kt) + BgJ_m (K8) and — R=AgJqy (kr) + By Yo (kr), Whi Hence, the general solution of (1) is given by u(r, 0,2) = (Aye + Bye) (Az 08 m0 + Bz sinm9) (A3Jm (kt) + BsJ_.y(kr)) | where m is not an integer and k = 1, 2,3, where m is a fraction ere mis an integer. emark © Here, Ja(ka) and Yq(kx) are the nth order Bessel’s functions of fits ang second kind respectively.we REE: ogee Example 16. Find the potential function u(x, y, z) in a rectangular box Z| defined by OS xSa; OSy a = OSB Gwe 0 ee ©) IY) Z2Z) + xouyiey Bet 2), 210) agg 7 * XoNeha0 Y() © Ze) “Xp = MF (oay) Now, we get Xx) +APX(x) <0 After the second Separation, we h, 2"z) 42 “yyy aS ae ZS yg) = YY) AZY(y)=0 Bo OWN ae a ee (6 The general solution of (4), (5) and (6 X(x)=C, c0s4,x +, sin yx V(y)=C; cosdry +C, sindgy 22) =Cs coshhz+C, sinhigz Using the boundary condition gi xi Kah i ion given by (2), we get Y(0) = Y(b)=0 Z(0) =0 Now, X(0)=0 > C, =0 X(a)=0 = Aja=mn ) are given by ee; m=1,2,3,.4 a Ina similar manner, we can say that ¥(0)=0 gives C,=0 Y(b)=0 gives A,b=nr . and Z(0)=0 > Cs5=0 ; | = 22, (say)Advanced Partial Differential Equaye,, Therefore, the required general solution is given by WO ¥, 2) = Xx) Yoy) Z@) => Ycw sine sin“ sinh Rega Z msl n=t a Finally, using the boundary condition f(x, y) = ¥0% ¥ c), we get £3, y) = LE Cyn Sith gy Cin sin = which is a double Fourier sine series. ee : 4 pay? | MMX RY ay lence, Co Sin gg = f, J, Seen py EXERCISE -1