Reading and Use of English Part 1 [ACTION PLAN 1 Look at the ttle and think about what the subject ofthe tex willbe. 2. Read thewhole text quickly to get a general idea athe topic. 3. Look carefully a the words before and after each gap. le there word you can think ofthat would ft the gap? 4 Look carefully at the options for each question fmdelininate those you know areincorrect. {6 Sometimes only one option s correct. {grammatically so look closely at words such as Prepositions before ar aftr the ga. 7 you get stuck on one question, move onto the ‘next one. You may havea better idea ifyou g0 back to it after you have completed the whole text {8 When you have chosen an answer for every gap, ‘ead through the text again and make sure that tach word males seneain the context of the tat 5. Theoptienshavesimilar meanings soyouneed to *82W*0le choose the word that combines with the words on either side ofthe gap, Follow the exam instructions, using the advice to help you. For questions 1-8, ead the text below and decide which answer (A,B,C, oD) bestfits each gap. Thereisan example atthe beginning (0). Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet tame GA mppon —B picue = cane «ene orate Would you rather win a silver or bronze medal? ‘Try to (0)... yourself as an athlete in an Olympic event We can (2)... 28SUme you'd want to win, and, if that wasn’t possible, you'd prefer to (2) up second rather than thir. However, research (3)... thatthe reality may be diferent. In one study, volunteers assessed athletes’ faces as they wated for their medals. In particular, they looked out for athletes with a‘Duchenne smile, which s thought to show happiness and is (4)... by a raising ofthe mouth and a crinklinground the eyes. Gold medal winners were rated as happiest, but those in second place seemed less happy than bronze medallists. Researchers also found thatthe (5) by which a medal was won orlost appeared Importantsilver medallists who (6). ‘the thir placed athlete ~ lostouton gold were significantly lesshappy than those who onlyustbeat Do silver medalists (7) on how they might have won gold, whereas bronze medalists just feel lucky to win something? We can't be sure, but researchers think comparative performance may greatly affect the (8) of happiness. MET vars Proctice Test Reading and Use of English Part)1A soundly B steadily © safely strongly 2A take B come © make D end 3A exposes B suggests © notifies D admits 4A characterised ——_—B featured € constituted specified 5A distance B area © she D limit 6A tightly B finely © closely D narrowly 7 ® wonder B reflect € consider D evaluate 8A impact B conclusion feeling D search 1 Oniyon of these esverbsclocoes wih ssune night apo hina he active haters bebe a lrmedrom= ‘these hich one ser to fet inh pret. taaeeume tet ne o:nas prota arb mes wentul frie ay ana tere eaeieanomalcafecton with Yeo Thnk bout the meoing hare The caret word ih by meons Ns the folowing pict quote nef nace wore ifn usedin cnmectin with ree. Oni one tae drerbe sleet ith oe Day net thes vores whe prepasion ‘Ths bout he mening hae ich of these nouns would yuna inkat in cemncton ithe words come tr the ono? FOLLOW-UP |s there anything that you would add to or change in the Action pl Reding endUseot Englehart cramPoctice Tet! =Reading and Use of English Part 2 ACTION PLAN T Look at the title and read the whole text quicklyto 6 Makesure you spell the words correctly geta generale ofthe topic 7 you get stuck on one question, move on tothe 2. Lookcarefllyat the words before and aftereach _nevtone. You may have a beter idea if you go gap and decide what type ofword each gap needs. _backttit when you have completed the whole '3 Write one word ony in each gap. Don't write text Contractions, as these count as two words. {8 When you have chosen an answer for every gap, 44 Read the sentences before and after the gapped _fead the text again and check that each word phrase to check your answer makes sense. ‘makes sensein the conte ofthe whole text, '5 Sometimes more than one answers possible (eg oithough, though Follow the exam instructions, using the advice to help you. For questions 9-16, read the text below and think ofthe word which best fits each gap, Useonly one word in each gap. There san example atthe begining (0). ‘Wirt your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS on the separate answer sheet » I@AIMOOOOOOOOOoOn0onnonAo Blue diamonds Blue diamonds are the world's most expensive diamonds, with some valued (0) over 350 milion US dollars. However, no one knew (9) pred thewhae snaps ond ine recently precely where these rare stones came from, es caren eres santo Most dlamonds are formed from pure ctbon unde etreme Reb 15010. gh tty 200 Kilometres underground, and (10)... is thought that volcanic Theetnamen sues ‘eruptions bring them to the earth’s surface. Research by scientists has. i i reveled, however, that blue diamonds were probly foe somewhere lu erratauretemmenarea (11)... 600 and 900 kilometres down, in» part ofthe ear’ interior | we yovpetdeepoatnts 6p known (22). the lower mantle, ed 18 Thewordhwe root 8 ‘These researchers analysed 46 blve diamonds, lof (12)... contained ™ pornos ctinealsony fund nthe lower mantle (4)...only were these stones flo lf serene iemeaaerretas Conca seem dejsiocmanancinetaledbrondatcnayondenteents | hapmdecnenc sc tater tstnctppee ()—teteremaces ti | Lan aft name moreno he ats nce pte and weeny | Page eta al formed four times nearer the earths core (15).....normal diamonds, but billions of years ago, rocks containing boron were carried down nto thelower returned tothe surface by voleanic action FOLLOW-UP Did you follow all the steps in the Action plan? I cr rncce tests Feaing and Use of EglshPart2iar lad ACTION PLAN 1 Lookatthe ttle and ead the whole tex quickly to seta general idea ofthe subject. 2 Lookcarefuly atthe words before and cher each ‘sap and decide what type of word eachone needs 3 Sometimes you will needto read a sentence ora Longer section to know what type of wore is needed, 7 4 Lookattheword in capital etterstotheright of @ the gap and decide whether to adda prefs or sfixor make some other kind of change Follow the exam instructions, using the advice to help you, Reading and Use of English Part 3 You will sometimes need to make more than cone change, For nouns, check whether they should be singular orplurl, Foran adjective or adverb, check whether it should havea positive or negative meaning. Make sure you spell the words correctly. For questions 11 ~ 24, read the txt below. Use the word given n capitals at the end ‘ofsome ofthe lines to form a word that isin the gap Inthe same line, There isan ‘example atthe beginning (0) Write your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS on the separate answer sheet. tame: [3] @Oeawooooooooo ‘Araucaria trees in South America Large areas of Chile, Argentina and Brazil have (0) been covered by forests of Arucaria, or monkey puzzle trees as they are often called. A valuable source of timber, fue, resin and nuts for eating, the Araucara has played a key roe in the cultural and (27)... development of local communities However, many ofthe forests ae now (18)... by loging and modern farming, and 5 out af the 19 species of Araucata are (ag) The factis that some forest owethr (20) nnn t@humans. ‘Arecent study in the region found there had been two major forest (21) n=. The frst, 4,500 to 3,200 years ago, was due to climatic changes and higher evel of 22) _Thesecond, between 1,400 and 800 years aga, coincided with the development Of (23) onvomnns COmpleX societies in the region. Through ‘excavations and soil (24) the researchers found that local populations had modified the land, protected seeclings ‘and even planted trees to help the forests grow. The researchers hope their findings wll help efforts to conserve the ancient partly man-made Araucaria forests, FOLLOW-UP wistony 17 What ypeot word oten bere oun? 18 Thiktout he passe sition inte setence ECONOMY juno operat THREAT form cede rth ora 18 Til werdis on ees ond wt pacer aed opretionda sui 20 hot pf word wiaow exist es 21 Seo spr orpual nord EXPAND redetbon MOIST — 22 Doyounsedo verpora run ere? INCREASE 23 Thewordatrthe opis on ANALYSE tslectve so wtp of word lenessad ere an many hangs wll youneedio mote? 26 Here ouneedaroun that Ineo th preess f ewambing “meting Did you read through the text atthe end to make sure your answers made sense? WERE eer rocco Test Reading and Use of English Part’ae tear Reading and Use of English Part 4 ACTION PLAN 1 For each question, read both sentences careful, 6 You-cen use contractions (eg. m or dont), but 2. Look carefully atthe words beore and aterthe gap. _ remember that these count a two words, 3 You will need to make various changes, eg 1 Check your spling carefully negative to positive, active to passive verb fo noun. 8 Check that you havent missed out any ideas rom 4 include the given word completely unchanged. _thefirst sentence or added any new ones, ‘5 Make sure you write thee to si words Fallon the exam instructions using the vie to el you. Forqutstone25 20 complet the second sentence so that thas ilar meaning the fis sentence, wsingthe trord ven o not change the word ven. ou mut se between tree an sh wos ning the word en ‘Here is an example (0). arp . Tn sony goto the pry sola Joana sido er end, 1 usncconptnesrcte avin bagi tha wien Janna apologised the iend.—..—-upsolate a the party. rem reeset The gap canbe file with the words Yor having tuned to you wrt Pa ee ere ater fxample: (6) (FORHAVING TURNED ed te nly the missing words IN CAPITAL LETTERS onthe separate answer zy Yosnangonoorestun sheet. eae mesg oe romeng 28 ih ester 25 Vsting Tortuga Beachis easier than used tobe. Seven donee ectve as ound to id at Wevomioter san Tortuga Beach isn't __._.._..itused tobe. 26. 'mnot in contact with any of my primary school frends. 28 nich roa varb win up reo tr plang spor? Toucr icnreoetoscone Wve my primary school ends Ty rset tour 27 was suprised when my brother was suddenly promoted. reer come onl My rather’ Sudden nen ME 28 Timsure customers wil eomplin about the new shop layout Bouno There. fom customers about the new shop layout. 28. Kery only started playing badminton becouse you sugested pa FOLLOW-UP Kerry. upbodmintonfyouhadntsuggesedit. — Pvesen eeston id you 30 Everyone alk to thinks cars shouldbe banned fom the ety centre Reaaaee warisaeecl Favour sentencehas the same Breryone tak toi - carsiromthecitycente, meaning asthe first Reading nds of English Part 4 Exam Practice Test! EERE 3@ Reading and Use of English Part 1 Read the Action plan on page 12. Then follow the exam instructions, using the advice below tohelp you. For questions ~ 8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B,C, orD) best fits each gap. There isan ‘example at the beginning (0) Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. Example: 0A stand 8 experience © support D bear ae ° When audience members save the day ‘Ata recent performance ofthe opera Lo Bohéme, the singer playing the main male role began to (0)...problems ‘with his voiceand was unable to carry on. Fortunately, an audience member, Charles Castronovo,offered to stand in, and the evening's performance was (2) Infact, ‘sudlence member doesnt quite (2)... justice to Castronove. Heisa tenor f some (3)... Castronove sag rom thesideo the 1 Respro nt erst sage while te normal singe acted, Aker the ral ac, Castronovo eiynet aot orrore aoe Joined the cas:on stage and recelved oud (4)... om theaudience. _PTGMENLEMAHU NETO Infact, the ocasion was so emotional that many tears were (B)....in 8 Thecarect vrbie por cfr rhaxe ‘neasteat! ‘0. peter osoreon : 3 Th wrdreede area sear eaningt one Such tum 6)... rae, butin 2004, the barton an Vayne inmeeeeemes atendedaproducton fthe para Carmen andendedup(7).the ‘ate earth eo role oF Fscamilo ater the origina singer suddenly eli inAct1. More __Shomtarelags recently, acorcrtinLondon wassaved by thelast minute substitution ©. Sire cths rs oferta wi ‘of Milly Forres, the venue'scloakroom attendant Willy was aso, 3sit |g Ta salarcconthinggon reer (2) vaned soprano singer. peter barter ea 1 A presered 8 rescued C maintained D secured a ea nna 2Agve 8 put © do D make 7 youre excreta tng 3 Arrenown 8 position mark —_—D reputation sat atone ses pot 4A consent 8 regard © honour 0 applause tesa opal 5A droppee 8 shed Cast Dd spit ‘pbcgannecntinajnotre? % Aevents 8 matters incidents affairs © Themisng ore portfofieedphose 7 A filingout 8 bringing about € takingover D coveringup A goes B occurs © appears happens QI exe racicetet2 ding Use ot Enlsh PartReading and Use of English Part2’ Read the Action plan on page 16. Then follow the exam instructions using the advice tobelow help you. For questions 9-16, reed the text below and think of the word which best its each gap, Use only one word in each 2p. Thereis an example atthe beginning (0). \Write your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS on the separate answer sheet. fame ()E)EEIMOOIO0OO00000000 Anurse on the night shift 18 (0) nn 2 nurse for almost 30 years and I've pretty much seen everything, (9)... you may be part ofthe happiest time of someone's if on one day, the next day you're helping patents through very ough experiences. Ups and downs are normal, (10)....is shift work. In a unit (22)... ours, we alternate between day and night shits. There tend to (12) fewer managers and office staff around at nigh, but my job stays the same. ‘The secret to mahing it through the night i sleeping well between shifts, There's (12)... worse than being ‘exhausted, but nesding tobe awake and alert at three in the morning. You can't falter, because you're responsible (14) the lives of women and their babies, m generally @ good sleeper, (25) ...it beat night or during the day, but fsomething goes wrong at work, it canbe difficult. (16) ...long you've done thejab, certain things can "upset you. The goéd thing is that babies are generally very robust. 8 Iyaulookat tm mle ofthe secondsetene you wi ne that he wir is mina contest Wich wrt arb sed tbe "Hor of etc ork wo corrstng ese? Thre rerethan on pose arsver 10 Ties oxprened nth sntence tat Ups nd downs ae neo and sofware nrmal tod: Can ys thnk ofa word to puter i ih geste! ere? 1 Youneeda retro mone rir hare 12 when vera ons Thee? 1 the wit tating bout something that rely dca rearing taro eo Bod? 1 Youtelooking feo prepostionnere 1S, Youneeda orator introduces ma posi ies night or uring they? 18 Thewardjuneedhare meons no mat how ln. WEEE, cers Prctice testa Reading nd Ute of Cglah PortReadingand Use ofEnglishPart3 ‘ead the Action plan on page 20. Then follow the exam instructions, using the advice below to help you. For questions 17 -24, read the teat below, Use the word given in capitals at the end ‘of some ofthe lines to form a word that fitsin the gap in the same line. Theres an example at the beginning (0). Write your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS on the separate answer sheet, example: (0) R)EIPIRIEL Ooews0000 The wild animals we love most (0) os n-sinn Of Wid animals such 25 elephants, tigers REPRESENT ‘and pandas, are everywhere in movies, books and ty stores --mayhave POPULAR of how PERCEIVE ‘much at isk these animals are in nature, n a survey carsied RISA ete ‘ut by French ecologists, people were asked which animals nets at eeebenoun they considered most (19) The tp fen CHARISMA sadecne were: ons, elephants, giraffes, lespards, pandas, cheetahs, (trated fed romaty polar bears, wolves and gorilas. (20) ———w—men th IRONY Spent But research suggests that this (27). nn 2 problematic effect on public (18) 8 ‘ost seeds portaf@ Digs fas of hese animals ew vere sb thee Eancevasen (21) prospects ~ the sad truth being that SURVIVE Fates alc manyottem ce posble(@2)..---nthecoring EXTINCT. —_ 3p inane go decades see tees vernon) The rowan sagt tu te wld presence anna ‘of these animals in popular culture makes people think a Rare wae thr populations in th wil are ron, and his my ead Cerne ‘to (23) ‘One of the researchers has said © COMPLACENT ee ‘that ‘companies using giraffes, cheetahs or polar bears for 22 Fee predanmertese uit matting maybe contig (4) =the TENTION 24 tompotts tase idea that anil ppuatosin thew are sear and ‘lca far rri ‘mot in need of conservation.” ea reee WEE cr rrscce tee fending nd Use of Egish PrtSfeluiemcsieal Reading and Use of English Part 4 Review ‘Answer the questions about Reading and Use of English Part 4 fyou need help, ead the Task information fon page 24, 11 How mary marks an get fr each question? 2. Whatis the minimum number of words | can write in the gop? 22 What s the maximum purmber of words can writ nthe 225? {4 What haapens if change or don't include the key word? '5 How mary words does a contraction ke dont count as? USEFUL LANGUAGE: UNDERSTANDING PHRASAL VERBS 1 @ Match the verbs onthe let withthe phrasal verbs that have the same meaning. turndown btn ee toreplace enorme 1 resped bbecore fashionable or popular ‘compensate absorb b bumpinto ero ith phaser nen 29.The rence morager em ‘onceled he meting becouse seis stem from ofthe conmitments. Te ‘meet someone unexpectedly make up for ‘nance menage aldo refuse @ iookiip to ‘the meating becouse of other h develop as result of sane soakup 2 © Wserthe correct forms ofthe phrasal verbs from the box aboveto complete the allowing sentences. This games so complicated to play that don tinki wil. with eléren. Paloma =the oferf job in London because she wanted to sty inSain. Many othe compeny'sprobiems... not vesting enough in new teéology Atweekends, Adam mainly keto stay athome nd... --nw.—-»- this brother nd sister. We spent the day walking around the historic centre of Naples trying 0 =e nnomethe atmosphere ‘tthe spermaret yesterday ~a teacher rom primary school wha had seen for yrs. 1 2 3 4 5 6 USEFUL LANGUAGE: BEING ACCURATE IN THE WAY YOU USE LANGUAGE (©. Thee entences contain mictakeethat student often make. Findand carect the mitake inaach tontence ‘The bus stoaped to allow passengers going to the shops. We hes 3 4 s 6 Reading anne ot EngishPat + Ting Test? EEReading and Use of English Part 4 Readthe Action plan on page 23. Then follow the exam instructions, using the advice below to help you. For questions 25 ~ 30, complete the second sentence so thatithas a similar meaning tothe first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use betwen, three and si words, including the word given, Hereis an example (0). Example: (© “Vmsorry got to the party so late; Joanna said to her rend, Having Joarna apologised to her fiend........_..up so late atthe party, ‘The gap canbe fled with the words or having tumed; so you write: example (0) [FORMING TURNED 4 ‘Write only the missing words IN CAPITAL LETTERS on the separate answer sheet. 25 Liyinsvery tte chance of getingnio the rao the competion hiya I ea a wea Sees 27 | alweys found the way George spoke on the phone annoying, but don't ‘iteconma in thasecond vse eres soe eee a Tete Ti otters ot 28 Youneedoposshe severe 29 We expected Ed to ative home by 9 oclock, but he didn't get there till 10, epee pore echre) SUPPOSED ‘he wl ofthe etence Ed_._..._.._ arrived home by o'lock, but he dd’t get there til 30, Hinpenel 30 Yovneed arose ncing le mast consider several important things before wecan decide whetheror te WordBecout whi 30 Wemust consid important things bef decide wheth thewerd iran) not tobulld anew road. inane sa Se Account bjt of th sentence, 20 ‘Seven important things have before we can decide whether ee lornatto build anew road, MED exer ractice restz Reading nd Us of Enlsh ParReading and Use of English Part 1 For questions 18, read the text below and decide which answer (A,B,C, atthe beginning (0) Mark your answers onthe separate answer sheet. D) best fits each gap. Thereisan example ample 0A pases» fenoued creed died ee Violins and the human voice ‘The sxteenth-centuryinstrument-maker Andrea Amatiis (0)... withinventing the modern violin. Over a hundred years later, another italian, Antonio Stradivari introduced adjustments to Amati's designs, creating violins tha: are now (1)... considered tobe the finest ever made. But why do these violin sound so beautiful? Where does the secret to thei briliance (2) o-? Recent research suggests that it (3) from the way their sounds (4)... to the human voice. Scientists recorded antique violins and compared them withthe sounds of male and female vocalists, Their (8)... focus was on ‘formants, harmonic tones characteristic of human voices, and they found that Amati violins produced ‘formants’ similar to those of bass and baritone singers, while those of Stradivari violins were similar to tenorsand altos. ‘Stradivari violins clearly possess female singing qualities; sald one researcher, ‘nd this may well(6).—to theirperceived sweetness.” The (7) ..nbetween the violins and human voices is nt aeldental, ary violins accompanied songs and dances) said the researcher. ‘t's conceivable that Amati and Stradivari wantedinstruments that could (8)... nto the music byimitating human voces: 2A highly B widely © greatly D strongly 2A stand B rest © sit D ie 3A stems B flows © runs D grows 4 approach B comply © correspond D accord SA speci B prevalent © eminent D accurate 6 A deliver B generate assist D contribute 7 sympathy B resembiance © coherence D sameness 8 A suit B match blend D mingle es Reading and Use t Engin oti Reading and Use of English Part 2 For questions 9-16, read the text below and think ofthe word which best its each gap. Use only one word in each ‘gp. Thereis an example atthe beginning (0). Wate your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS on the separate answer sheet. camel ()EIOOOIOOOOOOOOO00000 Effective learning ‘tone time, many experts believed that students would become more effective earners (0).__.___they were ‘made evare of learning styles that suited them. (9) ‘the 1980s onwards, theorists identified amumber of learning styles, some of (10).-n..—-.--u.were visual verbal, auditory and kinaesthetic fearing. A kinaesthetic learner, fr example, would bene from using theirbody and sense of touch when learning (overtime, however, these concepts have fallen out of favour. They're (12) nnn longer up to date’ says ‘educational psychologist Or Lorna Mutha. Taking a flexible approach (12)... than sticking to one particular leaning style makes better sens. in my experience, (13) .....anactve eamer Is usually the key Research shows that (14)... ofthe best ways to learn something isto imagine teaching it. ‘Think about (5) you will explain it to someone in a classroom; says Or Mulhall. “To teach something, you need to understand it! Br Mulhall also recommends some basic principles. These include finding the right environment, ficient nahin av ling breaks, (26) om Cones @ point where you cen abnor any more | information and you need to do something afferent? Reatng ond es of Eien Pat2 ressReading and Use of English Part 3 For questions 17 -24, rea the text below. Use the word given in capitals atthe end of some ofthe lines to form a ‘word that Fis inthe gap inthe same line. There san example at the beginning (0). ‘Write your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS on the separate answer sheet. ye example: [OEM OOOO00oR8oo00 ‘The world’s oldest known bread ‘Archaeologists working ata site in Jordan recently found the oldest reported (0) EVIDENT ‘of bread. Identifed by means of new (17)... developments invohing the METHODOLOGY. magnification of tny fragments of food, the bread is about, 14,400 years old and (29) the advent of agriculture by atleast 4000 years. DATE ‘The (19}_...---was madein location used, overthousands of years byeariyhunte DISCOVER gatherers A that time, humans gathered and consumed food for purposes that were (20)... nutritional, but archaeologists think the huge effort required to produce PRIMARY bread meantit was probably reserved for special occasions. “The (21) ofthe ancient remains of burned fod inthe fireplaces at this ste PRESENT gives us some (22)... useful insights said one researcher. ‘Bread represents EXCEPTION. a major change in eating practices, away from food as merely source of energy to the (23)... of food for socal and cultural reasons We used to think agriculture led CONSUME to the development of bread, but now we think bread-making, with wld grin, may have influenced the (24) wun of the practice of growing cops - in other words, the EMERGE beginning of agriculture? a: Readag and 1 of Engeh PartReading and Use of English Part 4 For questions 2 ~ 30, complete the second sentence so thatithas@ similar meaning to the fist sentence, using the ‘word given, Do net change the word given. You must use between three and six words, including the word given Heres an example 0) example: (0 ‘Ymsorry got to your party so late Joanna said to her friend, Havin Joanna apologised to her fiend nnn nnn Up slat ater party ‘The gap can beffled with the words for having turned, so you write ample: [B) CFORRADG TURNED \Write only the missing words IN CAPITAL LETTERS on the separate answer sheet. 25 My grandfather can't pay any complicated tunes onthe plano any more. cAPABLE My grandfatherisno... - any complicated tunes on the piano. 226 Wherever you buy petrol, the prices always the same. DIFFERENCE Ie doesnt nnn nnn YOU by petrol because the prices always the same, 27 *Vmnot feeling well, sol wort go to my dance class for once Jule sald owe Jule sai she wasn't feoing well and that she. : miss for once. 28. Beppectten appears to lack confidence, bute’ just shy. Across Beppe Of nner renee OMe, but he's jus shy. 28 The train was cancelled because ofa staf shortage. RESULTED Asta shortage cancelled 30 Sara's father sad she shouldn't quit the course, but she still went ahead and didi. BEEN Sara quitthe course inspite, ~~ not to by her father. ening nd Use of Eglsh Prt vosReading and Use of English Part 5 You are going to read an article about the spert of indoor climbing, For questions 31 ~ 36, choose the answer (A,B, © (or) which you think fis best according tothe text. Markyour answers on the separate answer sheet Climbing walls John Greene visits a climbing cote, called The Crag, to investigate a spor thats Becoming increasingly popular 1Wsa Saturday moming an I'm just four motes from the ground clinging toa wal and suddenly remembering that 11am terrified of heights. Although my ascent was fr from effortless, it was basicaly fine while I was moving But now I've reached the top and can’t ind foothold o start back down, My bear ie hammering and my whole body is eld. 1 could just let go and drop to the thick, soft stay mats below; but although I know that wouldn't hur, somehow it sem inconceivable fam hereto ind out why so many people ae filling in love wit indoor climbing. There were recently estimated to be over 35 million climbers worldwide, ad inthe UK alone the numbers are growing by 15-20% a year I red it ce before, fo decades ago It was ina converted warehouse ~ as with so many climbing centres, enthusiasts had seen the potential in large empty industrial structures, In those days, climbing was a fringe activity, and venues were few and far between Lite had changed since the 19605, when the first walls were erated so that proper mountaineers could get ome practice when weather, o lack of time, kept them fom their usual haunts. Numbers have exploded since those tmesand there are now 300 o so walls in different cities around the UK. ‘Sam Bailey as volunteered to show me sound The Crag Like many indoor climbers, he focuses on ‘bouldering’ — tackling walls of no more than five metres, fee ofthe usual heavy climbing gear designed to prevent a fll rather han roped climbing, where lines (to which you're atached with a harmess and various metal lips) let you zo highe, but with considerably more fff If that sounds like a sof option, i's nat: the band. and fecholds for bouldering can be itl nore ‘han bumps in the wal, and that wall sometimes tits back on itself so hat it overangs the foo, So, what’ the ataction?*l fin it realy hard not to tink bout work all he time,’ says Katia Lennon, who has been ‘Any major shift in the way we produce food is bound to have certain undesirable results for some people, and ‘apposition to large-scale GH farmg is, toa degree, understandable. The evidence forthe value of developing, herbicide-toleront and insect-esistant traits In certain key crops is overwhelming, however. They don't require early so much spreying of crops of ploughing and tiling ofthe sol, which, in turn, helps to conserve soil moisture “and control erosion, italso means that GH farmers use heavy machinery les than thelr non-GM counterparts and this lowers their carbon footprint. Higher yields and lower pest management and labour costs mean that GN crop producers gain enhanced revenues. Ther is also great potential inthe engineering of plants with superior eves ‘Of protein, essential fats and mineals. They are yet to be commercialised, but will bea valuable addition t» our future dts ‘Which expert asa diferent view rom C regarding whether more GM cops are necessary to feed the world? Ea shares 6: vewon whether GM crops cause environmental damage? Ea wpressesa diferent view from the other three experts aboutthe impact GM cropshavecntarmers? [BB] has diferent view rom O regarding the effect GM crops may have on human heath? i Reading and Use of gen Part res EEReading and Use of English Part 7 Youare goingto read a magazine articleabout volunteering at an orangutan research centre in Bomeo, Six paragraphs hhave been removed from the article. Choose from the paragraphs A= G the one which fits each gap (@1 46). There Isoneertra paragraph which you de net need to use. Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet, Helping out with orangutans - a holiday with a difference lve got a hammer in my hand when the ery goes up “Orangutan in the camp’ Nine people down tools and grab their cameras. Tis is a chance to snap one of the critically endangered primates that we are here to help at the Pondok Ambung research 2ost run by the Crangutan Foundation in indonesian Borneo a it’s not the Fist time it's happened since our arial at the research centre, which is surrounded by towering Ironwood trees forming a canopy 50 metres above our heads, Blocking out sunshine, but tranping moisture and heat. We had reached it afer a leng drive and a four-hour boatridealongthe Suluh Kectriverin central Borneo, & ‘That said, we know we are privileged tobe here. The Volunteer programme runs every surme, attracting adventurers to spend theee weeks sleeping in basic accommodation and building infrastructure for the fulltime Indonesian research staf Over the past 3S years, volunteers have built faces in Tanjung Puting National Park, further south in Borneo, and the Lamandau Wildlife Reserve tothe eat as Others have previously given time elsewhere in animal welfare and environmental programmes. We area part ‘of volunteer tourism, a global business estimated to be worth up to $2bn a year. t's also highly controversial: ‘many volunteer placements are not much more than ‘expensive holidays’ providing healthy eturns to travel companies while doing litle for the causes they are ‘meant to benefit. a J The rebuilding of the Main building housing the laboratory and offices is an example of this, Our work enables researchers to study the wildlife ofthis protected area and to educate people about the risk of extinction faced by the apes and other animals. e's a delicate mission: the palm oll industry is destroying animal habitats; on the other hand, ithas dramatically raised the standard of vig in the region. @ t may not be too long before they start coming to the site we are working on it's certainly popular with orangutans. inthe three weeks | am there, we get severalvsts from the fascinating animals asthey forepe for food and good nesting sites, Proboscis monkeys and macaques also regularly hang around inthe trees ‘opposite our ety. al al What we don't get used to the masquttoes, the one thing | am glad to escape when my stay ends. On the fina day, the centre director tells us we have surpassed his expectations for this year’s programme. We know we haven't solved the socio-economic problems that are driving orangutans to extinction, but we have made a difference to people who are working to save them, Reading and Use of English Part1A Given that most of the work is done by people fhe ‘me who know litle about construction, these are impressveachieverents.Themainmotivationistedo- something positive forthe beleaguered orangutans, although, naturally, we all want to actualy see sone. “Two people in my group are so commited that they have come back ora second year B The centre staff make sure we are aware of the dificult issue. They also take us on trips upriver to a long-established primatology site. Dally feeding time there draws a crowd of orangutans. It aso attracts day tripping eco-tourists on boats from the regional capital Pangkalan Bun, A fellow participant has personal experience of such dubious schemes elsewhere. He says it's hard to find programmes with the high standards ofthe Orangutan Foundation: ‘Finding eco-rips where you can make areal difference isnt simple, But vith thisone, you've gota clear, physical outcome atthe end oft: Apparently, every volunteer group is diferent. Ours ranges from 18 to 60 years old, with eight women and four men when we begin. Despite thesupportve atmosphere, the basic conditions are hard to cope with: one volunteer takes boat back to cvlisatior within a day of arrival, and two more return home aferaweek, E Andthat’sustinthedaytime. Atnightive oon walks to spot tarantula, cvets and tiny huge-eved tasier primates, and we take boat rides at dusk ta lock for saltwater crocodiles. We become accustomed to the low-riding, wobbly motorised cances that ferry everything along the rivers F It’s Rimba, a 17-year-old male, and he doesn't disappoint. He circles the camp, going from tree to tree Just afew metres above our heads for almost 30 minutes, The spectace is @ well-eaned reward atter a week of hard physical work inthe 32°C heat and extreme humidity ofthe jungle, G So remote is it that there's no mobile signal. Our luxuries are rationed biseults, sliced watermelon land oranges, and the conditions are so draining ‘that by the end ofthe ist week we fel as though we've sweated out more toxins than in a year of hotyogaReading and Use of English Part 8 You are going to read an article in which four people who study peychology at university talk about theircourse. For Auestions 47 - 56, choose from the students (A). The students may be chosen more than once, | Mark your answerson the separate answer sheet. ‘Which student mentions festing concerned about th breadth ofthe subject? co unsuce abouthow tll the she developed onthe course would be? a suprised byhow seni the course wast a frusate bya lackot defi answers? mi arsed by cerain perceptions ofthe subject? = inspired the opportunity to workindependent/? = proud tohavemade a ifcult decision? lL appreciative ofthe support vallabe? a impressed the popularity othe course? = fascinated bya parkculr topic are within psychology” % a ..: Reading end Us of English PattStudying psychology A ‘When 1 was at school and sill considering whether to apply to do psychology, a teacher wamed me that it involvod a great deal of science. I didn't realise atthe ‘mg, though, the extent to which it does relate to science, ‘Given the rather superficial understanding of psychology ‘that most non-specialists have, however, perhaps it's 0 ‘be expeced that people have litle idea of the amount of science tt it involves. But whatever area of psychology ‘you're taking about ~ and there are many of them — ‘00n discovered that there are always numbers, statstes, ‘wials and evidence to get to grips with, and in the process ‘of doing 0, you develop a repertoire of competencies. When I fist walked into a psychology lecture and saw ‘that ever seat inthe auditorium was taken, was stunned. ve got wet that over the three yeas of my degre and it's reassuring ina way to think that there are many other people my age who recognise both the practical and sheer Finorest value tobe gained from the subject. 2 “When | tll people I'm studying psychology, they often say things lke *Can you read my mind, then?” of ‘Can ‘you give me some advice about a problem?” This used {get on my nerves. How could anyone beso ignorant, ppaiculady given the large numbers of people that ‘study psychology? | tend 10 see the humorous side of it these ys, though. One plus isthe wide ground that psychology covers ~ more than most would imagine — from genetics to the psychology of organisations, The attr might not sound very glamorous, but i's something ‘that inegues me greatly and, hopefully, i an area T can find empoyment in at some point. Whatever aspect of psychology you look a, however, it's important o take a ‘titel approach. Thats drummed into us from the word ‘go, We've also always encouraged to work with other ‘Students, 5 well as on our own, and to seek advice from ‘ur tulors whenever we're faced with anything we fel we ‘can't dea with by ourselves. This bas been temendous forme personally. Reading and Use of Engeh Part @ © ‘At school, the dea of being a doctor had always aypeated tome. few months into my frst year studying medicine, however, 1 beyan to foc that I wasa’t suited 10 it after all, and T managed to switch 1 psychology It was quite traumatic, giving up the prospect of great carer and isappoiting my parents, They had very litle idea about ‘what my new subject involved and whether I learn anything from it that could set me up for a goed job. ‘To be honest, | was far from convince! myself ial. ‘With hindsight, however, know I did the righ thing, and | derive © certain satisfaction from having gone head with the move. Frankly, it puzzles me why more ‘people don’t end up doing the same. There's so auch to psychology, including ascent emphasis, which, given ‘my background, I'm comfortable with, It can tace you down ll sorts of exiting carer paths. > 1 would be wrong to say tat I had a clear ide about what a psychology degree entailed when I aplied to do one, but | think I made the right choice. At school, ‘loved science and I was advised that, although people often don't think of psychology asa science, it would suit ‘me ~ and that proved tobe the case. Oe thing about my degree is that it's incredibly diverse. The terms seuro-, ‘educational, forensic clinical and sports, or example, all. precede psychology to describe well-established fields, and I must admit that, initially, {found this somewhat overwhelming. {also struggled with the notion that any idea oF “fat” as to be endlessly cross-examined and debated, to the extent tht you doubt whether you know anything for cena. This sil itates me somatimes, but I can live with it I'm in my third year now, and oing a project which involves some research and then Ccelivering a presentation and submiting a writen report. [e's complex, but doing it on my own is exciting end bas ‘made me thnk about a career in which research plays apart TestsWriting Part 1 You must answer this question. Write your answer in 220 260 words in an appropiate syle on the separate ansner sheet. 1 Your class has listened to a panel discussion about diferent ways of learning about another culture. You have made the notes below: ‘Ways of learning about another culture * taking course about the culture * visiting the place in person © veadingaboutthecutture [ : Some opinions expressed in the discussion, “Agood teacher can make sure you undestand a culture” “ityou see something yourself,younever Aorgett | “Reading material about cultures isvery accessible because ofthe internet "Write an essay for your tutor discussing two of the ways of learning about anether culture in your notes, You should explain which way you think is most effective, giving reasons in supportof your answer. ‘You ma, if you wish, make use ofthe opinions expressed the discussion, but you should use your own words as fara possible. Weng PartWriting Part 2 Write an answer to one ofthe questions 2-4 this pat. Write your answerin 220-260 words nan appropriate style con the separate answer sheet. Put the question number inthe boxat the top ofthe page. 12. There has been a decreasein the numberof people shopping inthe town centre and now the town council has asked for proposals on howto improve thssituation. in your proposal, you should briefly state hat you think are the reasons for this decrease, explain what impact thls has had onthe town centre and suggest what canbe done toencourage more people's shop there. Write your proposal. 3 You tee the following announcementon an English-language website Have you recently seen a movie based on a person'stife? so, send usa review! ‘You should tel us briefly about the person te film was based on, explain which aspects ofthe person’ Ife thefilm highlighted and say how accurate you think the flm was. The best reviews willbe published online next month! \Wete your review. 4 You recently organised some activites fr a student ona short visi tothe international college where you study. Now the sollege principal has asked you fora report. You should explain what you organised and evalusce how ‘sucessful you tink your contribution te the visit was. You should also make recommendations for future Wits to thecolege, \Wete your report. Writing Part 2 tests EEReading and Use of English Part 1 For questions .~8, read the textbelow and decide which answer (A, B,C, orb) best fits each gap. There san example atthe beginning (0). Mark your answers onthe separate answer sheet, Penes Saying ‘Thank you” Ifyou do someone a (0)... You might assume they would normaly say “Thank you', However, recordings of ‘more than a thousand casual conversations between friends and family around the world (1) ...that this is not necessarily te (2). A study of how often people (3) ~~ gratitude fora relatively trivial act found that “Thank you’ or words with the same meaning, occurred only once in every 20 interactions. There were some differences between the ight languages recorded, but even in the language which featured "Thank you’ most, it was only observed in 1atbofexchanges. Theresearchers say Thankyou'is(4)....for unusual requests and they also pointtoits standard se in more formal (8). Experts believe the global reluctance to (6)... helpful ats does not indicate rudeness, Rather, it demonstrates that close-knit groups take co-operation for (7)...'Soca if (8)... because itis in our nature to ask for help ‘and pay back in kind, rather than just words} said a researcher. There is an unspoken agreement that people wil co-operate! 1A display B uncover © expose D reveal 2A point B matter © case D event 3 A ascer B express © utter announce 4A ceserved B devoted © engaged maintained 5A backgrounds B settings © sites D frames 6 A admit B realise © perceive D acknowledge 7 Raven B agreed © granted D established 8A thrives B grows booms D shines es Reading and Use of English PartReading and Use of English Part 2 For questions 9-26, read the text below and think ofthe word which best fits each gap. Use oly one word in each 9p. There isan example atthe beginning (0). ‘Write your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS on the separate answer sheet. come: DIAAMEROOIOOOOO00000o Manuka honey Manuka honey, produced in New Zealand by bees that polinate the manuka tee, has become highly sought o asan alternative medicine. tisclaimed tobe effectvein treating alergies, colds, fl, sore throats, infections and wounds. With ajar of genuine, undiluted manuka costing (8) to £100 inthe UK, for example its (20)... wonder that the food industry cals it quid gold aut (1). benelicois manuka in realty? The evidence isimited on (1) _—-ornotithelps with high cholesterol, diabetes and gastrointestinal problems ~ al conditions or (13) mmnenenne it has been marketed as an answer. But reputable studies have concluded thatitcan protect (14)... damage caused by bacteria. However, scientists are generally sceptical. (15) oswu-~nn benefits it may have in theory or may be shown in laboratory trials, you need to think about volume says one, ‘To obtain a significant antibactetal effect, you would reed to consume huge quantities of high-grede manuka, And it's NOt 25 (36) muo-—mnone health benefits of ‘manuka arent available in other much cheaper foods and supplements? To Pesding nd UeReading and Use of English Part 3 For questions 17-24, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals atthe end of some ofthe lines to form 2 Word that fis inthe gap inthe same line. There isan example a the beginning (0). \Wte your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS on the separate answer sheet, eanple: [2 OEWEMWLOOOOOO000000 The songs of the bowhead whales Bowhead whales are the second largest whale species aftr blue whales, and can grow up 0:20 metres in (0). About 10,000 bowheads are estimated to lve inthe LONG. ‘Arctic gion, but becouse they spend most of their time under the polar ic, their ives remain an (27) quantity. Recently, however, oceanographers managed to KNOW record a group of bowheads producing 184 diferent musical (18)...—-vw-durings COMPOSE three-year study ofthe coast of Greenland. Such was the (29) ofthe songs DIVERSE thatthe researchers elt inspired to (20). the whales to jazz musicians. Uke Whale songs are not simple mating calls; they are complex musical phrases that are nat (23) on -snshard-wired, but havetobe learned over a period of time, Only a ene. (22) ‘of mammals - Including some bats and apes are able to vocalise in HAND. ways tht are(23)...~...-..-.tobirdsong. Bowheads are particuarlyimpressiveinthat COMPARE theirsongs are never repeated from one year tothe nest and they appear able to improvise (24). Researchers are now keen to explore why bowheads change their CONTINUE songs so frequently, ME Reading nd Use of EgishPrt3Reading and Use of English Part 4 For questions 25-30, complete the second sentence so that ithas a similar meaning to the fist sentence, using the word given, Do not change the word given. You must use between three and six words, including the word given Here isan example (0) example: Joanna said to he rend, 0 ‘Trmsory got tothe party solate! navING Joanna apologised to her frend : Lup solate atthe party, ‘The gap canbe filed with the words or having turned, so you write: fxample: [0] (“FORAAVING TURNED \Wrte only the missing words IN CAPITAL LETTERS on the separate answer sheet 25 regret not ciscussng things with Fiona before she went away on holiday wish | ne ennnnnenanonnnnnenetings over with Flona belore she went away on holiday. People can promise anything they ke, but my dad will never agree to sell hisbusiness. MaTTER My dad will never agree to selthisbusiness, people make, Itdefinitely won't rain this afternoon CHANCE There's absolutely. raining tis afternoon. ‘The party did't really stat to get going unt Sam arrived. onty [eee Lup thatthe party realy started to get going. Someone stole Kazuo's wallet when he was on a crowded train, aD Kazuo avon ene hen he was ona crowded train, Piotr thought the two cars looked exactly the same. ren. Pit nnn ne two cars Feasingavd sect Engish a4 resReading and Use of English Part 5 You are going to read an article about teenagers For questions 31-36, choose the answer (A, think ts best accordingtothe text. Markyour answers onthe separate answer sheet. {Cor D) which you ‘Teenage brains ouralise Martin Baines als to newosciemist Professor SaralJayne Blakemore about the development ofthe ‘rain during adolescence. Until I read Inventing Ourselves by Professor Sara-Jayne Blakemore, 'd always assumed that what We ne / think of as teenage behaviour i largely an invention of contemporary westem society. [hadn't imagined, for ‘example, that 15-year-old in the Kalahari Deser also complain about having to gel up early bu they do, Iwas forpeople lke me there ae los of us— that Blakemore wrote her book explaining the sience of everything fom why teenagers cant get out of bed in the moring to why they sometimes appear to be irresponsible narcissist, ‘We demonise teenagers more than anyother Section of society, she told me, “And its not right. They're going through an essential stage oftheir development. Most adults don’ elise this. This is arguably inevitable. Blakemore says that until 20 years ago, it was assumed that teenage ‘behaviour was largely down to hormonal changes in puberty and that children’s brains were more or less {ally developed. The findings of brain scans and psychological experiments have now revealed that the realty is very different, however. In fact, the bran continues to change al through the teenage years and well into adulthood, and important neurodevelopmental processes enable it to be moulded by the environment So adolescence isa eitcal period of neurological change, much of which is responsible for adolescent ‘behaviour, Blakemore quotes ffom a tenager’s dary dated 20 July 1969: “I went to ants centre (by myself) in yellow cords and blouse fan was there but didn’t speak to me. Got a rhyme putin my handbag from someone who's pparealy gota crush on me. I's Nicholas, think. UGH. Man landed on the moon”This may look like amazing even jaw-dropping ~ selabsomprion But Blakemore says it's essential neurological development, because the biological funetion of adolescence, today and inthe pas, i the creation af a sense of sel. Teens achieve this through erating new allegiances, independent of theit parents which is why their friendships suddenly become extremely important. What is known on socal media as FOMO ~ fear of missing out ~may look like an irational sense of peorties iit means skipping revision fo ated a vsroPahounl gelgen, but at hat ge, moving raters more than peer approval Blakemore designed an experiment to explore this. Adolescents were asked to play an online ball game, with, hat they believed tobe to other players oftheir own age. In Tact, the game was witha compute programmed to ignore the human participants; these found themselves watching the ball being passed between twe players on the sereen who chose not to include them. She repeated the experiment with adults, nd found that, while the ‘game lowered the mood and increased the anxiety levels of al participants, the effect ws dramatically greater forthe wenagers In her book, Blakemore also diseusses how the neurologically driven preoccupation with peer approval underlies adolescent rsk-iaking and acute se\Econsciousness, and how it determines adolescent sleep patterns Ws fascinating, and I'm curious about the implications. What could be done to accommodate the changes adolescents go through? ‘Blakemore suggests we might hames the power of peer pressure by geting adolescents to run educational campaigns - for example, on healthy eating. She also mentions schools which have altered their sta times to fit in with teenage sleep pattems, though she points out there may be practical issues about implementing this Mo Rein nd Use of Eg‘ona wider scale But generally she's wary about putting forward conerte solutions, This seems regrettable, ‘bul she insists she's scientist rather than & consultant. She doesn’t even ike tobe asked for parenting advice, although she admits her work does inform her own parenting. When she recently visited her teenage son's school he asked he to pretend not to know him, I could've been so offended by that. But I thought: "That's absolutely normal (One thing that makes Blakemore's empathy and affection for teenagers so striking is it ray "Ye, Cm a champion of them,’ she agrees, But why does she think so many other adits feel differently? She often thinks ‘shout why we find it hilarious to take the mickey ou of teenagers’. She punts out that there are whole comedy fine 44 shows mocking their behaviour She wonders if adults doitto cope with the rjection; small children obey ad fin-4S ‘nd wan to be with them, but teenagers, through necessity, lok for independence, andthe older generations fel fine 46 hurt about this. They resent adolescents’ desi to rebel and their sense of embarassment when they're with line 47 parents ‘Our way of dealing with these changes sv sncerat them.” nett 32 Whats the writer doing inthe fist paragraph? [8 outlining how he feels about the way teenagers sre generally perceived B givinghis ceasons for wlting a profile of Professor Blakemore pointing outinternational variationsin teenage 34, The experiment described in the fourth paragraph was designed to provide evidence of 1A howcompetitve teenagers tend tobe. Bhoweaslly teenagers can be deceived, how sensitive teenagers are to social exclusion, 1D howimmersed teenagers can become in video behaviour ‘enim © acknowledging his relative ignorance about ® teenagers 35 Inthesith paragraph, the wrter expresses 32 The ter suggests thatthe way teenage behaviour disappointment at Blakemore's reluctance to |scommonly regarded s unsurprising because [A behavioural development isa complex subject B significant progress in relevant areas of study relatively ecent. people's outiook on fis partly determined by ‘neurological factors. D differences between generations will always cause misunderstanding. 33 Whatdoes the writer suggestis jaw-dropping! about the teenager's diary entry? [A the strong desire for independence that comes B the similarity with what young people talk about today the negative comments about two acquaintances the focus on personal rather than wider events Reading and Use of Engler Parts advocate specific policies 8 enthusiasm forthe idea of giving teenagers ‘more responsibilty amusement at Blakemore’ ficulties wth her ‘own children. doubt regarding the feasibility of changing school hours. 36. Which words inthe final paragraph echo the phrase take the mickey out of in ne 44? 1 copewith ine 45) B feel hurt about lines 46-47) © rresent{tine 47) D sneerat(tine 48) |Reading and Use of English Part 6 ‘You are goingto read four extracts from reviews of a book called Hoppy City by Charles Montgomery. For questions ‘31-40, choose from the reviews AD. The reviews may be chosen more than once, Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet Four reviews of Happy City by Charles Montgomery A “The last twenty years have seen a significant growth in the fleld of happiness studles and a revival of intrest in urban design. Using insights from both fields, Charles Montgomery develops fresh perspectives on a numberof key issues ‘and does son an accessible, engaging manner. Pe-eminent amang his notions isthe view that people are happier if they tea a connected ife, and that connectedness is best secured through regular relationships wth people met ‘through simple residential proximity. Montgomery finds that suburban sprawl in which cars and roads dominate, _mitigates against connectedness i's hard to argue wth the proposition that spending a large proportion of your life in a caris more isolating than walking among fellow citizens or travelling on a bus. Montgomery provides detailed ‘descriptions of such developments as the pedestrianisation of Copenhagen and the enhanced cele lanes and public transport of Bogot toillustatehis themes very effectively. ® My frst challenge in reading Hoppy City by Charles Montgomery was to get past the tile - it suggests something sentimental insubstantial and illusory. Then | had to get past the occasionally overthe-top prose about figures lke ‘the former mayor of Bogets, Enrique Pefaloss, who radically reversed policies favouring motor trafic and instead promoted eycingand buses and invested in publicbulldings and spaces. Montgomery azo gushes about Vancouver, & ‘thriving, partly high-rise city in which people o diferent eves of income lve close together, witht streets animated by multiple activities. Having said that, Bogoté and Vancouver both demonstrate admiraby what Montgomery points ‘out can be done to truly enhance urban lf. The bottom ine with this book, however, isthat it says forcefully what ‘can'tbe sai too much: thatthe growth of low-density, ca-dependent development on the outer edges of cites, for ‘the most part, no recipe for happiness. c “The mast important psychological effect ofthe city isthe way it moderates our relationships with other people? says Charles Montgomery ina typically lucid, thought-provoking fashion, Densely populated ches, which encourage people to travel on foot or by public transport, and offer mistures of housing types, create more opportunities for interaction ~ which leads to happiness. The opposite is true ofthe dispersed urban landscape, in which the car is king ll this seems self-evident, although there's no harm pointing it out. I's unlikely that ya'll never have come across these notions before, however. They've baen debated over the past hall-century. It should alo be sald that Montgomery doesnt strive for impartiality He chooses the worst case of suburban sprawl hecan find -a town whose residents spend four hours a day commuting ~ and atthe other extreme, the ultr-civlised setting of Copenhagen as an unrealistic benchmark for what cities elsewhere can achieve ME es feeding nd Use of Egsh Parte. | admit that | indulged in some wishful thinking when | picked up Hoppy Cy by Charles Montgomery. was hoping for unexpected, acute insights into modern life, Instead, i's more ofthe standard urbanist message that we have long. been fed. Montgomery thinks that living in the city - and here city means a dense, probably high-se urban village ‘where everyone knows your name isthe answer to allour problems with unhappiness, loneliness, l-health and lack ‘of spiritual fullment. He gives short shift to all the legitimate reasons why people might choose “suburban sprawl” ‘over urbanjungle’ Fear ofcrime and esirfor privacy and space justia e feelings of many who choose the suburbs = gt passing mentions, but Montgomery seems to think these ae sly prejudices, The insulting implication is that. people don’t know what's best for them. Laden with stary-eyed, but emoty, tuns of phrase the book is repetitive ‘and at nearly 400 pages too long, Which reviewer shores view bout Montgomery wt Se? a] has a diferent view from B regarding the examples of cities that Montgomery uses to suppor his arguments? ceapresses a diferent view from thecther reviewers ego about suburbs? 1g Montgomery thinking r hasa diferent view from Con the exter to which Montgomery’ ideasare new? a0) ees Resdng and UsReading and Use of English Part 7 You are goingto read an article about a rafting trip along the Colorado River Inthe USA. Six paragraphs have been ‘removed fromthe article. Choose rom the paragraphs A~ G the one which fits each gop (41-46). Theres one extra paragraph which you donot need to use Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. Rafting through the Grand Canyon and beyond ‘Thefiercesun ha litle effectonthefeezing-cold water ofthe Colorado rvarasit splashed over the sides of our ‘aft Ahead lay rapid called Bedrock, The four of us on fur inflatable raft had already conquered numerous ‘cascades in the Grand Canyon, but | was very nervous about this one ‘Go right we shouted at ick, our pilot forthe day, who was desperately trying to steer against the powerful current. a “Go for the channel” | yelled, pointing towards a narrow openirg. Our guides had said this way was “un-runnable’ and we were about to find out. felt the boat twisting nto a whir/pool and knew we were about tofip a Bearing in mind our inexperience, 'm not sure how we did. As we had prepared to leave rom Lees Ferry on the banks of the Colorado in Arizona, our lead guide had asked: How many of you have done anything ike this before? Two ofthe group raised thelr hands. Our guide ‘explained that ahead of us lay 4S0km of white water through one ofthe most formidable environments on earth - and no hone signal fr 17 days. aa For the next twa and a half weeks, weld see few other humans; the Cenyon may be one of the world’s biggest attractions, bu it's also one of the most inaccessible places inthe US and is usually only een from above. ‘We negotiated nearly 90 major rapids in all, and only tea flipped once, although several of us ended up in the water on diferent occasions a Humans hadn't been there as long, of course, but well before tourists came, it was the land of the Navajo and Hualapai American Indians, Thee ancestors left buildings carved into the cif faces, and prehistoric stone engravings in the warren of caves and gorges accessible only from theriver, Some ofthese were filed With luscious palms and others wore so narrow you could touch both sides. a E | ‘As 2 result, we had no idea what was going on in the restof the world, not that we cared, There, onthe river, we were completely focused on the here and now and ‘xtra vigilant every time we encountered a significant rapid. Even the guides were nervous as we approached the infamous Lava Falls, which has a tering 9/10 ificalty rating, Before attempting Lava, we stopped and scrambled up a nearby cli. From the top, we looked down anxiously atthe crashing roar of white water and tried to work out our route, +s] Then, 35 soon as it had begun, itwas over. There were whoops of joy and relieve high fives. We were soaked = but wel all got through it safely. There were still 9 ‘couple more days to go, but after Lava nothing could defeat us. Wewere a team, united bya rver anda great sense of accomplishment Reading anclse of Engish Part?‘A Weld been made aware of this when we booked the tip. But 16 of us had eageriy signed up for the adventure ofa lifetime, renting four rafts, with all thenecessary provisions included. B Fierce winds threatening to blow our rafts backwards and vicious sandstorms driving. grit Into our eyes, nostis and cameras were two ofthe Worst. Our hands, feet and lips were soon cracked ‘rom the constant exposure to water and the dry desert air. © Rwasnouse. We were quickly drawn towardsa rock the sie ofa bus, Then the raft was sucked around ‘he wrong side ofthe boulder and into an eddy. Our padéles were now being bashed against the rock. 1D Eventually, wejust had to go fort. Nervously, we et me ates pullus towards the boling eam, andone byonethefourrats entered the fay, Our raft rocked ‘and creaked and smashed through waves the size of 2 carat one point it was almost vertical, There were 2Wseconds of sheer terror, Reading and Use of English Part” E Inthe quieter stretches ofthis magical setting, we'd fh the rafts, and at night onthe riverbank, there were jokes and storytelling before we fll asleep Under the stars. The internet became a distant remory as the Canyon closed in and the signal isappeared. It was a digital detox othe extreme FF wondered it could hold my breath long enough to ‘survive underwater, and then saw my fiend Jchn belnghurled off the raft andinto the crashing waves Suddenly, too was flung headfirst into the freeze. water. Bad thought filed my mind. But somehow weallsurvves. 'G Aswe progressed, the Canyon grew granderinscele, cutting deep gorge, overa kllometredeep in paces tes a geologst’s dream, with layers of rock datng tack almost to billion years and ancientlava ieids that are some ofthe oldest exposed rockon earth, testsReading and Use of English Part 8 You are going to read an article about being. film and television drama extra. For questions 47 6, choose from the sections (A~D. The sections may be chosen more than once. Mark your answerson the separate answer sheet In which section does the writer {describe how one advantage of the job didn't go according to plan? cia ‘mention experiencinga sense of gilt? ae point out the possible consequences of breabingrules? fer advice to people thinking of applying towork as an extra? refer to times whenthe gap between actors and extras appears to narow? acknowledge how ppropriate certain terms are? explain a common motivation for taking on workas an extra? ‘mention gaining insights into hardships that sctos experienc explain the purpose ofan anecdote? Fefertoanincident when he was disappointed by people's behaviour? EY test Reading and Use of English Par 8The life of an extra ‘Most films and TV dramas require extras, those people we glimpse inthe background behind the main actors. Mike Jones desribes what it's lke to be an extra a During a break inthe filming ofa TV dram | gravitated towards the ible laden with hot coffe and biscuis. As I reached it, however, I was duly informed that it ‘was reserved for the “talent ~ the real actors ~ and was rece towards a riekety lable, on Which st an um of tot water, some sugar packets, and noting else. I tell this al, not just to grumble, but Because it sums up the star divide Between the east and the litle people inthe background. Referring ta us onset by ur technical name of “supporting artistes’ is meant to make us feal more important, | suppose. “Walking background’ and human ops are common, faintly humorous labels For us, but they're fiting. Extras aren't supposed to say anything Autng a tke; we aren’ paid to talk. Nor are we alowed to talk between takes when everyting i being rest. A gle murmur of conversation will inevitably well up ‘mong some groups, t which point one of the assistant directors wil immediatly bellow for silence. 8 ‘There are other non-negotables, and filing to obey them ‘ould result in you being fred and blacklisted from the industry. Your contrect specifically orders you not talk ‘o any of the actors. On one production, | was introduced to the lead actor and tld what my roe would be in that paticular scene. Tsmied at him in a mild amp at ‘camaraderie and he stared right through me. Then, the expression on the face ofthe lead actess made itclear she ud decided not to make an effort with me. knew I vas nly an extra, but they might have atleast feigned some ‘interest. So wy go throug this? Well, whon I ist signed up, 1 like many others T know, saw it ab an interesting ‘ay of earning a second income. The far from generous fees, however, soon meant I regarded itas litle more than ‘hobby, and had {hada fal | probably wouldn't have been able to doit Reading and se of English Part c ‘Occasionally, you'e picked out t play 8 more substan! prt in one sone, nd you fel as if maybe the profesional supporting artist divide isn't so insurmountable after al, ‘Then, when you're finally released 19 go home at am. ater walking. up and down some sitetch of pavement 50 times, and you reais thatthe actors stil have hours ‘more to go, thei job no longer seems quite so glamorous or privileged. Aciually, night shoots tend tobe the worst, although the exa maney you receive almost makes up for it. Once on the set ofa blockbuster, a mixup inthe costume department resulted in me spending two nights in an aireraft hangar, drinking terol coffe and reading books = and geting pai for i Meanwhile, the other ‘extas all ran around outside in the freezing dizle for an ation scene, Every time they trudged back in fom & take, thei very visible fatigue and discomfort made me feel Somewhat fraudulent, aware as was that we wereall ‘bing remunerated atthe same rate fr our efforts. D (One ofthe bonuses of beng an extra isthe free catering, GGeting up at 4am. sn'tso bad when you can gostrightin ‘ora lrg breakfast, anda filing lunch is abwaysprovied, though you obviously aren't allowed to eat anything before the “talent” and th crew. For period dramas, you will also gta free haircut, although this can sometimes make things ‘ward. On one shoot, I had to pone in sick’ to my day 4job, and then had trouble explaining to my bast the next ‘moming why [now hada 1950s-style hares. Another pls ‘may besesing yourself onscreen usually as abluy oulline to oe side ora tny figure inthe distance. That's what extras or blend into the background and ot diver attention from the main characters, Would {encourage anyone to sample this lif? Hardly ide aim sto make money o get ino the industry If however, you like the idea of dressing up, with ‘the possibilty of limpsing yourself on the big screen for & few seconds, welWriting Part 1 ‘You must answer this question, Write your answer in 220-260 words in an appropriate tye onthe separate answer sheet. 4. Your class has watched an online discussion about the factors that should be considered when choosing college course, You have made the notes below: Factors that should be considered when choosing a college course * cost + coreer prospects errr ai tha Couiae ‘Some opinions expressed inthe cussion: "There are lots of grants to help withthe cost of college: "You should only study a subject thats kel to sgetyoua good career” “ies best to study a well-known cours Wiitean essay fr your tutor discussing two ofthe factor in your notes that shouldbe considered when choosing a college course. You should explain which factor is more important, giving reasonsin support of your answer. ‘You may, if you wish, make use of the opinions expressed the discussion, but you should use your own words a¢ faras possible a ‘wing artWriting Part 2 Waite an answerto one ofthe questions 2-4 inthis part. Write your answer in220- 260 words in an appropriate style ‘on the separate answer shee. Put the question number inthe box at the top ofthe page. 2. Themanager atthe organisation where you workhhas invited staff to apply forthe opportunity to de ashort place ‘mentin another iy. You have decided to apply. Write an emal to your manager, describing your curent role in ‘the organisation, explaining why you ae a suitable candidate for placement and saying how the experience will be beneficial forboth you and your organisation, Write your em: 3 You have seen the folowing announcement on an English language website: ‘Shopping online or in-person? Which is better? ‘Write usa review comparing one online and one in-person shopping experience, Evaluate which experience was aeferable in terms of choice, convenience and service. ‘The best reviews willbe featured on our website, Write your review. 4 You study at an international college and help to run a club tha received some funding from the college. Now the calege principal would lke a report. You should describe how the funding you received supported the club's {acthites, and explain how these activities have contributed tothe life ofthe cllege. You should also explain why the lib deserves to receive funding again this year. \Wete your report. Wing Par osReading and Use of English Part 1 For questions 1-8, read the textbelow and decide which answer (A,B,C, or) best fis each gap. Thereisan example atthe beginning (0) Mark your answers onthe separate answer sheet. Example: © A feature B matter ¢-poim’, =D character Goals ‘in obsession with achieving goals is a common (0) of life in many pars of the world today. From childhood, people are encouraged to (2)... goals, and then strveto achieve them, Thismeans people accomplish things they \wouldt otherwise have managed, but such a narrow focus can (2). to problems. (One problem is that after reaching a goa, the (3)... of achievement is often brief, and you'te lef unsure where to direct the energy youve been using to (4) —... your goals. Another isue is that you're so used 10 pushing, often well beyond your (5) ..... that you don't recognise the need for recovery time. Also, while you're so focused on one thing, other demands in life inevitably (6) ... up, and its easy to lose (7)___-ofthose aspects oftife which replenish you- relationships exercise and hobbies. Whatcan be done? Besides allowingtimetorecoverand(8)..... neglected needs, ithelpsifyou dividetheprocessof achieving goal into small steps and reward yourself each ime you reach one t's the process that brings happiness, not the endpoint. 1 Aly B ft © set D mark 2A rest B lead trigger 1D cause 3A flavour B mood tte 1 sense 4A pursuing B searching © persisting 1D aspiring 5A margins B limits + borders 1 restrictions 6 A pile 8 climb © grow 1 vise 7A touch 8 vision sight D mind 8A respond B attend © engage B address TestReading and Use of English Part 2 For questions 9 - 36, read the text below and think of the word which best its each gap, Use only one word in each gap. Thereis an example atthe begining (0). Write your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS on the separate answer sheet, camete: [0)(0) MEI OOOOOOO0O0O00000 The ‘walk’ button at pedestrian crossings Waiting forthe green signa to cross the road can be (0) of the mast frustrating experiences of urban Wie. (9) pedestrian crossing buttons are installed at most traffic lights, many people ignore them, believing that pressing thom (10) ‘no difference. re they right? Taffic lights are controled by computerised systems and vary considerably. (11)... rle, however, a ‘stand-alone pedestran crossing away from a junction, pressing the button will tum the traffic lights red. How long you waits a function f how long (22), the crossing ight was last activated and the volume of trafic (nthe other hand, a mestjunctions and intersections, the system i set so the walk’ button only functions be:ween rmighight and 7a. (13) one-one words for most ofthe day, the timing ofthe lights Fixed At all rossings, however, (4) the time of day oF night, the button (25) ever reeds to be pressed once. Pressing it multiple times will not cause the ‘walk’ signal to appear any sooner = (16). fyou think it might Reading an Uc of gh Fart? esReading and Use of English Part 3 For questions 17 - 24, rad the test below. Use the word give in capitals at the end of some ofthe lines t form a ward that fits inthe gp in the same ine. There fs an example atthe heginning 0) \Wete your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS on the separate answer sheet. fame: OO OME OOIOOO0000005 Does taste in music reflect personality? Ifyou have a strong (0) nose for uncomplicated, relaxingand acousticmusic,the LIKE chances are you willbe an extrovert Atleast, his iswhat the (27) eon Oftesearch FIND Into the lnks between musical tasteand personality suggest, Psychologists conducted worldwide online surveys with over 20,000 voluntary (8) of diferent ages and backgrounds. Each volunteer completed 2 PARTICIPATE standard test that rates the five main components of personality - openness, extrovesion, agreeableness, neuroticism and conscientiousness - and wes asked to state their (a9). ‘rom a selection of 25 pre-ctegorised musical excerpts. PREFER ‘The surveys showed that open personalities liked dynamic music, but were relatively (20)___...--byslow, mellow music. They also revealed thatextoverts, who are very IMPRESS ay ‘and energie, tended to like unpretentious music. Pethaps TALK (22) o-noonnne Agfa people usualy rated most music they Ustened to highy, PREDICT ! (23).....--of genre, wile neurotic di the reverse. Consclentiousness was the REGARD only taitwhich reveled 90 (24). ith musical ype ‘coRRELATE So the researchers concluded that ifyou know someone's musical taste, you can have good ques atthelr personality ~ and vice-versa Ms Pesding and UeReading and Use of English Part 4 For questions 25 ~30, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning tothe frst sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and six words, induding the word given Heres an example (0) Im sorry | goto the party so late; Joanna sad to her frend Having Joanna apologised to her fiend... neon Slate atthe party. The gap canbe filled with the words for having turned, so you write txamole: [6] [FORAAMING TURNED ‘Write ony the mising words IN CAPITAL LETTERS on the separate answer sheet. 25 Iknew nothingat all about who was to blame forthe mistake inthe report. WHOSE Uhad absolutly... the mistake inthe report was. 26 Jackcoulda'tsolve the problem because he didn't have enough time. ABLE Jack would _ out the problem ithe had enough time. 27 Gabi soon learned how to communicate in Romanian every day. tons Be wwe Gab! learn to communicate in Romanian everyday. 28 found Cathetine's commitment to her job impressive How Las. Catherine wasto her job, 28 Frank doesn'tdream of being a professional footballer any more. ven FD being a profesional footballer. 30° Moussa doeset think tht ironing BOTHERED MOUS nen non his Tshirts every time he washes them, iT chins everytime he washes them i important ding and Ue of Eglch Prt rtsReading and Use of English Part 5 You are going to read an article about bilingualism. For questions 31 ~ 26, choose the answer (A hich you think its best accordingto the text. Mark your answers onthe separate answer sheet corp) Bilingualism Whar do we know about the impact tha speaking more than one language has on people? Journalist Jane Morgan investigates, Ina caféin south London, two construction workers ae engoged in cheerful bane. Ther cutlery dances during ‘more emphatic gesticulations and they ocessionaly break off nto loud laughter. They are discussing a rend, that much s lar, but th details are lest on me. I's shame, because it sounds intriguing, expecially to © nosy person like me.I ean' help but intrup to ask what language they ae speaking. Tey bah switch easily 10 English, explaining that they are South Aficans and had been speaking Xhoss, In Johannesburg, where they ‘are fom, most people speak a least fie languages. One of them speaks seven, Was it cay to Team so many Tanguages? “Yes its normale laughs. ‘A weck late, Lam sting in laboratory, headphones on looking at pictures of snowflakes ona computer. ! es pat ofa seemingly simple experiment ~ though there's catch - run by Panos Athanasopoulos, a leading tne?) researcher ofthe bilingual mind. As each pat of snowflakes appears, hear a description of one of them through the headphones. There's nothing ese to Took a. All hve to doi decide which snowflake i being describe. ! ‘The destriptions, however, ae in an invented language called Syotafak, eating no similarity to languages | ! know. The task s strange and incredibly dificult, and by the end, 1 have oad defeat, {join Attanasopoulos and slumly recount my struggle o lear the lngusgs, despite my best fonts, Bat it appears that was where I went wrong: “The people who perform bes on this ask are the ones who don't creat all and just want to get it over wih Interested people ike yous ryt ind a pattem and they alays do Worst” he says. I's impossible, nthe time given, to decipher the rte of the language and make sense of wha's being sid to you. But you rain s primed to work it out subconsciously. That's why if you don think about it youl 440. OK. Children do the best" What ies behind Athanasopoutos’ invention of @ new language for the snowflake testi a desir to look at the connections between language and culture. Part of his research i about teasing out the language rom the culture itis threaded within, ‘Ask me in English what my favourite ood is and I wll picture myself in London choosing from the options I enjoy there. But ak me in French and I transport anys o Paris, where the options 'l choos fom at different, So the same deeply personal question ges a different answer depending onthe language in which you're asking ‘me, This idea that you gain a new personality with every language you speak i a profound one. ‘The interest of Athanasopoulos and his colleagues in the capacity of language to change people's word views builds oneal esearch. Inthe 1960s, Susan Ervin-Trpp ingiet based a the University of California asked Japanese-Engish bilingual women to nish sentences in each Iinguage. She found that the women ended the sentences very differently depending on which language was used, For example, When my wishes conflict ‘with my family." was completed in Japanese as “it isa time of great unhappiness in English, as“ do what | ‘want, Ervin-Tripp concluded that human thought takes place within language mindsets and that bilinguals have diferent mindsets foreach language. I's an extraordinary idea, but one that hasbeen bome out in subsequent studies; nd many bilinguals say they feel ike a differen person when they speak their othe language. ‘To asses the effect that trying to understand the Syntaflake language had on my brn | ook another test before nd afer the snowflake task. This test involved matching pattems of sows and required great concentration, I's not a task where practice improves performance, but when | did the same test again afr the snowflake task, Iwas WUE ests Reaging and Use of Engh artsigniicanly beter ait The arow task involved blocking out impulses and hoodng rls. The part ofthe bran hat anages thisisthe anterior cingulate corex (ACO), Par ofthe brain's “exceutvesysom’, the ACC enables the bran o concent on ‘one tsk while blocking out competing information ando switch focus between different aks, The snowflake test primed my [ACC forthe second arrow ask jus a bilingual activity seems to ai te executive system more generally. In at, steady _sream of studies as shown that bilinguals cuperform monolngualsin a ange of cognitive and socal sks and sugges hat the executive systems of bilinguals are different fom, and in some ways superior to, those of monolingual ‘31, What feeling does the wr ter express about the two construction workers she comes across n a café? [A envy about the skills they possess B iitation ove the dlaurbance they are causing frustration at her limited ability to understana them D embarrassment at the extent ofherinterest in them 32 When the writer describes the ‘snowflake experiment, whats the‘catch’ refered toin line 9? [A theariclaty ofthe situation B thedificulty ofthe auto task the uniformity of the onscreen images D the poor level of her own performance 233 What points made about the snowflake experiment inthe third paragraph? [A Itrequired a degree of commitment that many people are unwilling to give The researcher was unsurprised by the writers lack of success init twas designed with pectic personality types in mind The writer misunderstood the pont oft, 34 Inthe fifth paragraph, the writers, A explaining her own views B introducing a new subject. C ilusrating a point made previously exploring the implications ofa theory. 35. The writer says that Susan Ervin-Tripps research findings [Aare particularly convircing because of how distinct the two languages are. B arein{ine with the inutions that ots of people have. ¢ are bosed on limitedamount of evidence _have been disputed by ather researchers. 36. What point does the writer make about the three tess thatshe did? [A They reflect the impact that speaking more than one language can have on the brain. 'B They highlighthow switching from one language to another can cause dificlties. ‘© Doing them provides insights into how best to learn multiple languages. 1 Theirusefulness depends on having a repetitive structure. eaingandUeot English Pars vosReading and Use of English Part 6 You are going to read four extracts from reviews of a book about sport and philosophy by David Papineau. For ‘questions 37 40, choose rom reviews A~. The reviews may be chosen more than once. Mark your answers onthe separate answer sheet. Reviews of Knowing the Score by David Papineau a In Keowing the Score, David Papineau, an eminent philosopher and a passionate lover of sport, applies his philosopher's bran to various sporting question that interest him. The anecdotal delivery is mare in keeping with 1a dinner table discussion than an exposition ina lecture theatre, but, given the intended general readership, that's no bad thing, Topics addressed include rule-breaking, decision-making, co-operation, andthe extent to which genes ~andjor the envionment determine sporting ally. Papineau points out that when sporting success runs ina family, it tends tobe in certain sports with very specific environments. Formula 1, where access to fast cars enhances yout chances of being good t driving them, isan obvious example, Thisidea makes good sense, though t'snot particularly «groundbreaking. Papineau may have been able to take it further, had he looked at more empirical research onthe subject. Infact, the limited statistical data that Papineau offers sa frustratingly recurrent feature ofthe book. That 3d, Knowing the Scores enjoyable and thought provoking, 8 David Papineauisa professional philosopher whose thoughts on sport are cogent and fluently expressedin everyday English, with specialist references that might deter the non- philosopher rarely intruding. The fir infrequent citation of scientificresearch might be aweaknessina scholarly tet, butit'sanassetina booko' thistype. Papineau examines an array of sporting questions ~ from the disputed question of what actually constitutes port to why people'choke in highly pressurised situations. At times he strays too fa fom sport - his chapter on questions of ethnicity being 2 case in point - but on many questions he is very enlightening, For example, he shows why sporting dynasties are ‘more common in some sports than others. Ince hockey, access to ice and specialist equipment confers advantages ‘on those growing up wit ce-hockey-playing parents, while in equipment.ight sports, suchas football or basketball, ‘genetic disposition will bea more significant factor. c ‘Knowing the Score is not a book on the philosophy of sport as much as a collection of meditations by a philosopher whohappenstobe asportsfan Ata time when data analysis dominates serious ciscussion of port, Papineau felth Jnpurereasoningis particularly refreshing, as heexploces an extensWve lst of sporting issues in informal, enthusiastic, charming prose. Among the sections | relished, was his explanation ofthe moral case for accepting authority while ‘retaining the right to transgress against it, s demonstrated by the professional foul in fotball.On the debitside, the book could do with an examination of gender inthe context af spat, and the relevance of his chapter on race was not particularly convincing. But overall, a Book whichis highly recommended, Mes: eating end Use of EnghthPart8> Knowing the Scores writen by a philosopher who applies his skills to a subject he loves, but it's a seriesof essays. rather than scholarly work. The bibliography is sparse and there are very few references. What's more, apineeu's reflections are mined. His discussions of the nature-nurture distinction are a logical, sensible and instuctve as. ‘anything! have read onthe subject, but his chapter on amateurem consists almost entialy af the tired old cliché that amateurism i elitism in disguise ~ Papineau clearly hasn't looked at other recent studies on the subject. In fact, he rarely backs up any of his claims by quoting from serous research findings, which, to my mind sa law. hhave no argument with the issues that Papineau has decided to look at. However, his eye seems to be cra mass. ‘readership, including people who don'tknow much about either sport or philosophy and, consequently, thebook has. ‘popularsing, somewhat condescending tone. expert shares B's view regarding how appropriate Papineau’s choice of topicsis? | shares i's view regarding Papineau's use of evidence to support his ideas? Ed expresses a diferent view from the others on Papineau’s writing style inthis book? a) has a different view from 8 regarding Papineau’s treatment ofthe issue ofnature versus nurture? Reading andUse of Egat tenReading and Use of English Part 7 You are going to read an article about an architec, called Victor Gruen, who designed one ofthe frst shopping malls In the USA. Sic paragraphs have been remaved from the article. Choase from the paragraphs A G the one which fis ‘each gap (41-46). Thereisone extra paragraph which you de not need to use. Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet Victor Gruen and the Southdale shopping mall According to its cites, the shopping malls central to the mindless, car-bound consumeriem of suburban USA, Yet Southdale Center, the fist fully enclosed, climate-controlled mall from which so many other malls descend, came from the mind of an anticar European idealist. in 1938, Victor Gruen arrived in ‘America from Vienna in Austria with high architecturat ‘aims. He soon launched a career designing storefronts in New York City, but in 1952 he was commissioned to design something else entirely: a shopping centre 15 kilometres outside the city of Minneapolis. in ‘Asomewhat extreme view, perhaps, but it's important to understand the historical background. When Gruen first come up with the concept ofthe shopping mall it seemed very radical. He first publicly submitted such 2 design in 1943 to'a competition run by an architectural magazine, which had called upon architects to imagine the city ofthe future The nest decade saw a shit in thinking. The 1952 ‘commission that brought the Southdale Center into the world came from the Dayton family, a name synonymous with department stores in 1950s Minneapolis. They wanted a shopping centre to house 2 new store planned forthe growing suburb of Edina When itopened in 1956, Southdale contained that new branch of Dayton’s, another large department store, and space fr more than 70 smaller shops in between, eseeeseeteeusecuseeasenenl But where the open-air design of those projects left them exposed totheelements,Southdalesealed off the ‘outside environment In order to better create its own world within. Southdale's vast, blank walls turned their ‘backs tothe street, enclosing tore, cafés, pedestrian boulevards and a courtyard, through whose skylight the sun shone on a fishpond,fliage and a centreplece cagefiled with songbirds But the utter controllability of the enclosed shopping mall had to do with much more than the climate, It both appealed to Gruen’s design philosophy and played straight into the fears of many Americans. They ‘didn’t just want protection from the heat, ran, snow ‘and trafic encountered downtown; they also wanted ‘protection from the people encountered there To this end, he designed Southdale as one element of a masterplan, including hundreds of hectares of residential, commercial, medica, offe and mived-use projets around a lake and public park. The developers, however, ignored most ofthis wider vision and, instead, setthe precedent forall the hug, uimaginatve-ooking malls surrounded by enormous car parks - 1,500 of which appeared across American the hall century ater Southdale’ unveiling. a6 Hence the nostalgia that often accompanies the 2st century’sdesertions,oreven derlitions,ofsomeof the United States’ enclosed malls. ut suburban Americans ‘ow have a host of revtalised genuine downtowns to choose from, as well as a new wave of high-cesign, urban flavoured, outward-looking shopping malls: Time has moved on forthe mall. Reading and Use of English Part?[A By then, the concept had some precedents around America, These included the Northgate Mall in Seattle, which opened in 1950, Valley Fair Mal in ‘Appleton, Wisconsin, which opened in 1354, and Gruen’s own Northland Mal ouside Detroit. 8 Despite this, when the renowned architect Frank oye Wright visited Southdale, hewas sceptical. He believed that Gruen’s nation af moving ‘downtown’ to the suburbs was unrealistic. Victor Gruen's real aim, however, was to build a new kind of city, not Justa shopping centre, and he late claimed that his Conception of the shopping mall never came into being Those social concerns were somewhat at odds with Gruen’s own, He was interested in creating not just 2 ‘gigantic shopping machine, buta community centre where, free fom ‘the teror of the automobile, people could stroll,congregate, debateand enjoy the human experience. D Unfortunately, Gruen’ entry, with its fll enclosure and lack ofa central square, struck even the most forward-thinking judges as a bit much, So Gruen ‘went back othe drawing board, Reading and Use of Engch Part 7 E Gruen would eventually criticise, even disown, this formthattheUS shopping mall took Localresiente, however, loved Southdale, and across the county, subsequent generations growing up fer from genuine city centre tuned to places like Southdsle for the closest thing to an urban experience they couldfind, IF The writer James Lileks says ofthat early Southdele aesthetic: Yau have no idea what an innovation i ‘was in the 1850s; there wasn't any place where you ‘ould sit‘outside”inyour shire sleevesin themidele ‘of iter least ofall ina place where it gets as cad ‘sit doesin Minneapols 'G This was Gruen’s opportunity to realise Ns long:imagined vision of an indoor cty centre that would import the urbanity of his native Vienna into his fastgrowing adopted homeland. Southdele itself was censtructed. Nothing else went as he'd envisaged, however, and by the 1970s, Gruen had returmee to Austr, having concluded that he's ‘created a monster TesReading and Use of English Part 8 You are going to read an article about ultramarathons. For questions 47 ~ 56, choose from the sections of the article (&-D) The sections may be chosen more than once. Markyyour answers onthe sepsrate answer sheet, In which section does the writer mention a sense of nostalgia or what utramarathons used tbe the? z 2 view hat there'sa misconception about how mos unnes approach ltamarathens? a a method for desing with excessive umber of race applicants? mL a belief that an increased demand for ultramarathons to take part in is inevitable? 50. an issue thatmanyltamaathon runerdelibertl ener? a an india’ intial mate fr runing anultamarathon? = a conast between every lleandtheutramarathon experience 2 2 stato mind hatultramaration runners seek? mi a gene shin perceptions about what constute2 genuine challenge? mal atheorexlalongthe opi sein the popula of utramarathons? = MY es Roading once of Gn PaUltramarathons Ar S0 kilometres oF more in length, alramarathon races area last double the length ofthe traitiorel marathon. Yet the number of people runing ulramarathon is rising ast. Longdistance runner Louis Ad investigates. a [About a year ago, I was standing atthe office tex pot ‘ven a colleague, who had hoard L was a runner, asked ‘ne if did ultramarathons. He looked put out when | 1 him F didn’t, “Triathlons?” he asked, I shook my head, ‘Oh, jst marathons” In tems of impeesing colleagues, family and frends, it seems marathons no longer cu i. ‘Weare inthe post- marathon age, when everybody knows somebody who has run a marathon. Now, it seems, for 2 feat 0 impress, it's better if you can reel off numbers in the hundreds, and preferably over an insanely steep ‘mountain range ora desert. The lst decade has seen a explosion in the number of races. “In previous years” fone ultramarathon race organiser, Kar Lang sai, "you ‘could jst tum up on the day and ener, but now the most Dopular races sellout in minutes” Many ofthe world's ‘most oversubsribed evens, such as the Utra-Trail de ‘Mont-Blanc in France, have had to implement lottery systems to manage the hordes wanting to take part. a | myself have now completed five ulramarathons. 1 had ‘un six marathons, when someone suggested I run the six- day, 165km Oman Desert Race. In strict running tenn, the race held litle appesl, but the notion of erasing a ‘vast stetch of barely charted land, wih only myself and ' backpack of energy bas 19 keep me going, lured me fn, While adventre has always appealed tothe human Spirit, Lang puts the almost overnight Boom down to the ‘row of social medi, which spreads the word and fires imaginations: “People se their fiends" piewres and go, “Wow, I want to-do tha” Some inthe ulramarathon ‘world, however, ste disdainul ofthis, saying it has given tise 16 people Tooking for kudos by’ calling themselves ulta-runers snd thatthe sport has lest its edge a result "Once all uleas had a sense of danges,’ one rae director ‘old me wistfully. "Now so many races make it easy for runners to achieve thi ‘stats with ‘everyone-that-emers- isa-winner'and fnisher-hand-holding events. Reading and Use of English Fart 8 © Experinced ult-runner Josefina Gomez sees things Somewhat differently. ‘So many peeple have done a marathon, that now if someone tls you they're running, tone, you ask if they're doing it in a pands out oF Something,” she says. ‘I's not thatthe marathon is no longer a sf est Because ii. 1s just, over time, that there's @ kindof natural race ination, The human spirit will always want more Iwill always crave tat feeling of pushing itsel? to the edge.’ often hear ultra-runners talking about pain. As the world becomes ever more sanitised and automated, there's a deer sting 10 get out of our comfort zone. At one event I met a Swiss couple in thei late 6 They lnk completely shatiered afer three days pushing themselves through seorching heat Sth ultra. “Why do we do this?” Melanie ly. "We have such a nice home." Her husband, Ralf, looked at her and said simply: “Because wwe have such a nice home, D Afr completing his fist ulra, Omar Nase logged that “the race pounded me almost into submission before somehow I was lied on 2 wave of euphoria’ Veteran ultra Keiko Sato ecogsises the experience. “You move from agony toa place where the beauty and timelessness fof the present moment come inlo sharp focus ~ you actively chase that." A numberof recent studies, however, including a widely publicised one led by James O'Malley, suggest thatthe obvious health benefits of running begin to tail off, and even reverse, if you run ‘excessively’. ‘An irreversible hardening ofthe tissue around the heart isthe main concer, Physiologist and wlia-runner Greg Smith says ‘the evidere is there, and we ~ the ultra ‘community -ofien bury ou heads inthe sand over things like this” But researches like O'Malley tend to confate intensity and duration of exercise (© define ‘extreme’ Ulta-running may, onthe surface, sem extreme, bu, in practice, iis usually undertaken ata low intensity with walking forming a large chunk of most ultra races for the majority of competitors. “Anyway,” says one runner, “i's dificult to do enough to pu you at greater isk than couch potatoes”Writing Part 1 You must answer this question. Write your answer in 220 - 260 words in an appropriate style on the separate answer sheet 1 Your class has watched a television discussion about the qualitiesthat contribute to people having a successful life. You have made the notes below: ‘Qualities that contribute toa successful life «= ambition honesty Mesibiity ‘Some opinions expressed inthe discussion “t's so importantto have goals” “if you'enet honest, people can't trust you” “These days, the sls you needchange so fast” ‘write an essay for your tutor discussing two of the qualities in your notes that contribute to a successful life. You should Identity which quality Is more important, giving reasons (o support your opinon, "You may, ifyou wish, make use ofthe opinions expressed inthe discussion, but you shoud use your own words as ‘ras possibie, teats veting PetWriting Part 2 Write an answerto ane ofthe questions 2- in ths part Write your answerin 220 - 260 words in an appropriate style ‘on the separate answer sheet. Put the question number in the box atthe top ofthe page. 2. Youarea student at an international college. The course you are following does not currently have a work exper- ence element to it. Write a proposal for your college principal in which you describe the course you are on, and ‘explain why you think a period of work experience would be beneficial. You should also suggest how work exper ‘ence could best be included onthe cours. Write your proposal 3 You work for an intemational organisation whichis located outside a major city. Your manager has asked you to lwrte3reporeon the Impact of commuting o this location, You should briefly say how your colleagues get to and from work, and evaluate the impact ofthe daly commute on them. Also, you should make suggestions apoutsuit- able ways to deal with the issues related to commuting. Write your report. 4 An international website that you enjoy has asked readers ta contribute reviews of places of natural beauty. You have decided to write 2 review forthe website You should briefly describe a place of natural beauty thatyou know ‘and evaluate its significance. You should alsa say how this place could imprave is accesiilty without damaging its beauty. Write your review. Weng Pat 2 |Reading and Use of English Part 1 For questions 1-8, ea the textbelow and decide which answer (A, B,C, or) best fits each gap, Thereis an example ' atthe beginning (0), Markyour answers on the separate answer sheet. example: © A informed announced © reported © notified Te eee oo Alost Amazonian civilisation In the early years of the 26th century the first Europeans to travel tothe Amazor regon (0)... seeing widespread settlements, including cities and roads. These accounts were subsequently (1)....as fantasies, however, and for centuries the region was considered a largely untouched wilderness. In recent decades, however, deforestation has helped revel evidence, mainyin the (2).....of arg earthworks, of extensive ancient settlements. In one recent study ofa (3)... emote partof the Amazon researchers (4). satelite images and identified 61 ancient sites, (5)... from single hamlets to lrge fortified villages. The team also Visited many sites and came (6)... ragments of ceramics and other traces of human presence ‘These discoveries have added (7) othe idea that populations in the Avazon were much greater than once ‘thought, and itis now estimated thatas many as 10 million people ved there What happened to them all? According to one expert, ‘Diseases travelled faster than people, and populations were weakened by European diseases, Uke ‘smalipox, even before Europeans ever (8)..footin the area? 1A Gectines B ismissed © denied D dispelled 2A fom B model © pattern D feature 3A virally B roughly © practically © eelatvely 4A soughe B probed © scoured D peered 5A ranging B lining © covering D grading 6 A over 8 about © aeross through TW ste B force © charge D weight B Alek B set © put stepped Md ss Readngand Useot Engen PartReading and Use of English Part 2 For questions 9 - 16, read the text below and think of the word which best its each gap. Use only one word in exch tp. There isan example atthe beginning (0) ‘write your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS on the separate answer sheet. example. [0] Mm@@oooooooooo0o0ooo Birds as ‘language’ learners _-..some of what they know is imate, some is acquired by direct i (9) nan ‘ids gain fe sil in various ways (0). experience. Scentsts in Australia have been exploring a tid way: a type of socal learnt Inividul birds learn from others (10) than through direct experience. Like many wit animals, birds listen tothe alarm calls of other species, (14) ..—--.----it possible for them to take advantage of many eyes looking out (22) ..--.-=-~-anget. The Australian scientists have found that the fairy cen, a small songbird, can learn those unfamiliar calls, (23). the bird that made thecal een being visible, ‘The researchers tained fairy wrens, (14) uu. the absence of any predator, by broadcasting familar sounds together with the alarm calls of other fairy wrens and other bird species. Initially the fairy wrens didnt flee. {rom the unfamiliar sounds. But after training, they usually (25). so, The results show the rapid way learning can occur. One researcher says’ something that can come in handy, given (16). harditcan be to see predators and callers in many environments: Reading andse of Engsh Fart 2 vosReading and Use of English Part 3 Forquestions 17-24, readthetextbelow, Use the word given incapitas atthe end ofsomeof the lineste form a word, ‘hat its inthe gap in the same tine Theres an example atthe beginning 0). ‘Write your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS on the separate answer sheet, ramet DM OESSOMEOOAI0000000 ‘Too much exercise? How do you stop yourself from doing an (0) ‘amount of exercise? EXCEED 7), sthisisa question that doesn't worry too many of us. Healthexpers are ADMIT. ‘often mocked for changing theiradvice (18)... fromonedey tothenest,buton DRAMA ‘one thing the message has been constant: the more exercise you do, the beter, ‘A major recent study, however, found that while those who exercised regularly flt better than these for whom the norm was (1). people who regularly exercised for ACTIVE ‘more than 30 minutes at atime reported a (20) . oftheir mental heath WoRSE Personal trainer Liam Shelby believes that exercise is Just as important for our mental (21) .on--n 3 Fr Our physical fitness. Bute acknowledges there are people who ‘don'tknow theirimitsand (22)............-it.Somepeople'vemet,forexample,confuse DO (23) with tacking strength or motivation ~ and t's not the same thing” TiRED Liam agrees that people can have an unhealthy (24)............to exercise ‘Stl forthe ADDICT ‘majority of people, the compelling ssueishow to do more exercise, not less Ms Reading and Use of EngishPart 5Reading and Use of English Part 4 For questions 25 ~ 30, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the fist sentence, using the word yven, Do not chenge the word given. You must use Uetwreets Uiree ail ix word, including the word given. Hereis an e«ample (0) Example: © sony! got to the party so late; Joanna sai to her frend having Jeannaapologised toher fiend nu up late a the party “The gap car be filled with the words or having tuned so you write: example: (6) CRORHAMING TURRED ‘write only the missing words IN CAPITAL LETTERS on the separate answer sheet. 25 Thepalice did't allow the visting team's fans to leave the stadium until an hour ater the match PREVENTED “The visting team's MS. enn eet stadium by the police until an hour ater the match 26 don't get the impression that Gareth is particularly disorganised. STRIKE Gareth nae particularly disorganised. 27 Alexisand John ae trying to spend less money on fastfood. EFFORT [lenis and John too onthe amount of money they spend on fastfood. 28 _Wemustremember that the organising group is planning to make changes to next year’s festival ‘BEING Wie must B29F oon nee planned by the organising group for nest yer’ festval 29 What he charity most wants todo is make teenagers more aware ofthe importance of regular exercise. RAISE. The ctarity'smain ims... ofthe importance of regular exercise 30 _Nocone else apart from Keith complained when he had to work ate, ‘opsecteo Itwasonly Keith alate. Reading ands of Eglh Prt reasReading and Use of English Part 5 You are going to read an article about opera. For questions 31 - 36, choose the answer (A Mts best according to the text Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet Cor D) which you think Opera today Journalist Laura James meets three young composers of operatic works ‘We're crammed in along one wal of studio in London as two singers rehearse a shor scene from a new opera. From If | 2 plano jammed between members ofthe assembled team, a pianist plays simple harmonies soon to be played by an orchestra. The singers sound iyrcal, but bestaly so, fxating on just a handel of note: they are playing a mother and son struggling to communicate. I's moving to watch, even inthis raw form bat i’ also constantly evolving. Pusat withthe pacing, the conductor stops the singers mid-phase. “We've lst some reality now because it's become “opera,” she says. There are nods all round. Hang on a minute, We're in a rehearsal fora new operatic work andthe conductor is ‘worried i's sounding like opera? ‘Then | understand, She wants to avoid the age-old model of European opera as over-the-top melodrama fil of improbable plot twists the stff that has long fed the genre's eputtion fr elitism, prejudice and all-round silines, When I arive atthe rehearsal, the performers ae just speaking ther lines, searching for an unafeced-sounding

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