Utilizing Outward Influence by Jin Jiang and Zhao Zheng Yutopian Enterprises CaliforniaPublished by Yutopian Enterprises 2255 29th Street Santa Monica, CA 90405 1-800-YUTOGO-3 yutopian@netcom.com http://www. best.com/~webwind/go/gostuff html © Copyright 1995 in the U.S.A. by Yutopian Enterprises ISBN 0-9641847-6-1 All rights reserved according to international law. This book or any parts thereof may not be reproduced in any printed form, nor stored in any electronic retrieval system, nor recorded in any other medium without the written permission from the publishers, except for short excerpts as part of a written review. Translated by Sidney W.K. Yuan Edited by Craig R. Hutchinson Proof Assistance by Dianne Cartledge, Louise Ingram, Roy Laird, and C.C. Yuan Diagram Preparation by Craig R. Hutchinson and Dianne Cartledge Originally published in Chinese by People's Sporting Press, Beijing, China under the title of Utilizing Outward Influence Man looks at the outward appearance, but the Lord looks at the heart. 1 Samuel 16:7 NIV First Printing November 1995 Printed in AmericaEditor’s Note Outward influence consists of broad or narrow thickness or thinness. The power of outward influence is measured by its direction, broadness, narrowness, thickness, and/or thinness. Outward — not directed towards the edge of the board Broad — long strings of stones Narrow — short strings of stones Thickness — strongly connected strings of stones that cannot be disconnected Thinness — weakly connected strings of stones that can be disconnected Power — range of influenceTable of Contents Chapter 1 — The Basic Concept of Outward Influence ......... 1 1) Analysis of Outward Influence in Common Joseki ...... 1 2) The Balance of Territory and Outward Influence ... . a) Some Basic Shapes ...........- 000s eee eee ee b) Gaining Power by Ko Fights . . c) Sacrifice Tactics ........... Chapter 2 — Outward Influence Problems and Solutions .. . 27 1) Elementary and Intermediate Problems . . -27 Elementary and Intermediate Solutions - 39 2) Advanced and Dan Level Problems .... . - 70 Advanced and Dan Level Solutions - 80 Chapter 3 — Good Players Seize Control of the Center and Skillfully Utilize Outward Influence ....... 110 1) Constructing Large Moyos -. 110 2) Seizing Control of the Center . .. 116 3) Whole Board Positional Judgment . . . 125 IndexChapter 1 - The Basic Concept of Outward Influence Chapter 1 The Basic Concept of Outward Influence The outcome of many games is determined by a margin of one or even half a point of territory resulting from the battle between enclosing territory and obtaining outward influence. Although strategies for securing territory and obtaining outward influence often contradict each other, they should complement each other. A game begins from the four corners. Regardless of what opening one picks, there is always the question of whether to secure territory or take outward influence in the corners. The balance of territories and outward influence decides the outcome of the battles in a game. Territory is easy to see and the profit is clear at a glance. On the other hand, how much does one gain by taking the outward influence? It’s not possible to explain the potential of outward influence in a few sentences. Converting outward influence into territory is a long and winding road and depends on the skill of the player. Sometimes, to achieve even better results, one has to go through a fierce battle. It is commonly seen that players don’t know what to do with developed thickness and end up forming overdeveloped shape and very little territory. It’s a pity. Section 1 — Analysis of Outward Influence in Common Joseki Diagram 1 (An Even Exchange) — This is a 9 common star point joseki. White approaches with 1, jumps into the corner with 3, and extends with 5. Through black 6, both sides Prt split the comer. It seems like black gets more territory. However, the structure of the three © [ — white stones are more solid and white also gets { the initiative (sente). In the future, a is a point Diagram 1 both sides will strive to occupy. White b is an excellent point for gaining outward influence.Diagram 1a — (White gets territory; black gets outward influence) To coordinate with the lower left comer, black plays the pincer attack of black 4. Through black 12, black captures a white stone (black must make sure that the ladder is favorable ahead of time) and gets the outward influence, white gets the corner. From then on, the large knight’s jump of white a and the sente of black b are vital points for territory. Once black captures at ¢, the outward thickness of black is even more overwhelming. Diagram 2 — (Black gets both territory and outward influence) The spacious pincer of black 2 can be played if there is either a black stone or a white stone on the star point of the lower left corner. In the former, black gets the outward influence. In the latter, black and white split the influence. White approaches on both sides of the comer with 1 and 3. Black 18 cannot be neglected, as it prevents white a from taking the base away. Black 16 extends from the comer to the center, keeping an eye on the white groups on either side. (It’s even better if there is a black stone on the lower left star point.) Diagram 2a — (Black’s territory is remarkable) The thrust of white 1 and 3 is unreasonable. Black 8 forms a rigid and effective shape. Black secures territory on the fourth line flawlessly. This outweighs white’s outward influence.00 -b I@ @ 01905 Diagram 4 Chapter 1 - The Basic Concept of Outward Influence Diagram 3 — (Black is ahead in both territory and outward influence) The thrust and cut of white 9 and 11 are also unreasonable and result in a chaotic battle. Black confines white with 22 and reinforces with 24. On the left, the white stones are on a low position and on the upper side white lacks an extension move. On the other hand, black gets the corner and the hugging turn of a is an absolute sente. Black is thick on the outside. Diagram 4 — (An Even Exchange) If there is a black stone below, one can consider this as an even exchange. Point a is the important pivot point for expanding and restraining the competing moyos. Point b is for territory. Diagram 5 — (Equal Division) Black plays a one-space low pincer attack in reply to white’s approach move (keima kakari) at the comer. When white jumps at 1, black refuses to play submissively along the third line. Black thrusts and cuts with 2 and 4. Through white 9, it is an equal division of the corner. In the future, both sides will fight for territory by being first to play black a or white b. Point ¢ is a vital pivot point for both expansion and restraint of the outward influence.Diagram 5a Diagram 6 Diagram 6a Diagram 5a — (Black is profitable on both sides) The game tums into a chaotic battle with the press of white 1 and the extension of 3. Black 6 and 8 crawling along the fourth line are profitable. White 9 is a common attack. Though the extension of 10 and the turning move of 12 forms a bad shape, it’s also common practice. White is powerless to seal off black. This is generally followed by white a, black b through white g. Diagram 6 — (An even outcome) Black 1 is a one-space low pincer attack. White plays a diagonal move with 2, and through 10 white gets both the comer and the outward influence. The connection of black 5 aims at playing the attachment at a for connecting underneath. White 6 blocks the black connection. White can established a base with b. However, black is not unhappy by profiting on both sides. Diagram 6a — (An exchange of territory for thickness) White 2 to black 5 are common responses. White 6 is a key move. Black plays an atari with 7. Through 15, black loses sente and ends up with an unimpressive exchange.OG t Diagram 6b #3 t Diagram 7 t Diagram 7a Chapter 1 - The Basic Concept of Outward Influence Diagram 6b — (A clear cut division of territory and thickness) When black plays an atari with 1, white 2 is not eager to connect at 4. It seems that white plans to capture a stone in retum. Black extends at 3 and white is forced to connect at 4. A clear cut division of territory and outward influence results. Both sides can expand and restrain the buildup of outward influence at the pivot point a. It is noteworthy that the pressing moves of 6 and 8 cannot be neglected. Diagram 7 — (Entering the center with a suppressing or diagonal move) The one- space pincer attack of white 1 aggressively challenges black. Black should play a diagonal move with 2 or press at a, never giving white the opportunity to seal off black at b. The variations are vast and won’ t be discussed here. Diagram 7a — (Kitani Joseki) This is the famous “Kitani Joseki’. Black makes a diagonal play followed by the hane of 4, and the connection of 6 is a typical move for seizing territory. White jumps with7 and seals off black and takes the outward influence. From this point on, the key is how white utilizes the outward influence.Diagram 8 Diagram 8a Diagram 8 — (Taking both outward influence and territory) Black 2 plays a diagonal move to secure territory and attack white 1. White 3 is too close to the opponent’s stones. Black secures the corner and pushes out with the suppression attack of black 4 and the extension of 6. White 7 through 12 are a common response. Im- portant points for attacking are at a and b. Diagram 8a — (Black’s shape is weak) Black attaches with the diagonal move of 2, and then jumps out with 4, allowing white to form good shape with the three-space extension from two stones. Black loses the opportunity to attack white, and the corner is not completely alive. Black 2 at a or b are too timid.Chapter 1 - The Basic Concept of Outward Influence °" SOTO Diagram 9 Diagram 10 Diagram 9 — (Weaknesses in the outward influence) Black can play the important wedge move at 2 if the ladder is favorable. White 3 through 7 are the correct response leaving white thin atc. If Black plays a in place of 8 gaining sente, white will connect at b and black will lose the Opportunity to cut at c. Diagram 9a — (White’s mag-nificent wall) Black 2 is uninspired, as it allows white to build up a magnificent (broad and thick) wall. Black 10 is an important territorial point. White 11 is a vital point for developing the upper side. Black clearly got the worst of this exchange. Diagram 10 — (Excellent coordination) This is a variation of the two-space high pincer attack. Black 2 is patient, and white 3 and 5 are the correct responses. The two-step hane of black 6 is a finesse (tesuji). Black gets the excellent point of 14. If black plays 14 at a to seal white in, white will assuredly make a splitting invasion in the vicinity of b to neutralize black’s moyo.HH retets] Diagram 11 : sates Diagram 11a 6 Diagram 11b oo Diagram 11 — (What’s the choice?) When white jumps into the corner with 1, how should black respond? Diagram lla — (Using outward influence flexibly) The pincer of black 1 is good. Through the ladder trap of 9, black coordinates with the three stones on the left to form overwhelming (broad and thick) outward influence. Diagram 11b — (A Go Proverb's taboo) Black ‘ impulsively plays a diagonal move at 1 according to the go proverb (all diagonal moves are good). Black develops the right side with 3. White 4 and 6 secure the corner. Although black 5 appears to be thick, there is no potential for forming territory.Chapter 1 - The Basic Concept of Outward Influence Diagram 12 Diagram 12a Diagram 12 — (Both sides are childish) White 1 attacking black’s strength is unwise. Black jumping and blocking with 2 from the strong side is also not desirable. Most beginners believe that one should attack (white 1) and protect (black 2) thickness. This is because beginners don’t understand how to utilize thickness. Diagram 12a — (Utilizing thickness) Black uses the thickness by playing a pincer attack with 2. White is forced to jump with 3. Black attacks again with 4, followed by a double attack with 6 and 8 on the left white group. Finally, black returns to attack at 10, obtaining huge profit on the right. Black reinforcement at a would be ideal. If white 3 jumps toward the comer at b, black simply plays a diagonal move at c.Diagram 12b ba+M-+-a@ 8 Diagram 12c -10- Diagram 12b — (U thickness) When white 1 approaches the upper right corner, the pincer attack of black 2 using the thickness on the left is an excellent move. White jumps out with 3 and caps with 5. Through 15, black gets territory on both sides and can afford to play elsewhere (tenuki). The numerous variations that can ensue from white 3 and 5 are beyond the scope of this book. Diagram 12c — (Splitting invasion is correct) The splitting invasion of white 1 is more appropriate for this situation. White can extend from either side escaping black’s fierce attacks. The sequence of black 2 to 6 is excellent. If black 2 at a, white extends at b. White can either jump into the corer at ¢ or invade the upper right corner.Chapter 1 - The Basic Concept of Outward Influence a-b@c Diagram 13 DF 8 Diagram 14 -ll- Diagram 13 — (Staying away from the opponent's strength) White is thick on the left. Black 1 is a good move trying to develop the small knight’s corner enclosure in the direction of white's influence. A white extension at a would be too cramped. If black 1 at b, white can use the thickness by successfully invading at c Diagram 14 — (A far ex- tension from thickness) White uses the thickness on the left to make a maximum extension with 1, not worrying that black can invade. Black 2 defends the comer. White builds up a large moyo with 3 and 5S.Diagram 15 E TSU ee Diagram 15a -12- Diagram 15 — (Black 2 is a slack move) White 1 attaches and tries to settle the marked white stone by playing lightly and flexibly (sabaki). Black 2 defends the corner and gets territory. White draws back with 3 forming good shape with the marked stone. Regardless of whether black plays at a or b, white has achieved a position within black's influence. If white 1 at 2, black will block at 1. As a result, white gets the corner and loses the outward influence. Diagram 15a — (The black 2 outward hane is beneficial) If black blocks at 2, white enters the comer with 3. The black 6 two- step hane is a_ finesse (tesuji). As a result, white’s shape is slightly overdeveloped. However, white gets sente and an acceptable result, having successfully established a position within — blacks influence.Chapter 1 - The Basic Concept of Outward Influence a-b y ? 4 +f + Diagram 15b re FOF Diagram 15c Diagram 15d -13- Diagram 15b — (Black 4 is the correct move) Black 4 is a vital point for confining white to the comer and cutting off the single stone on the side. Although white makes life in the corner with sente, the loss outweighs the gain. In the future, it will be profitable for black to play at either a or b with sente. Diagram 15¢ — (Black is still thick) White 5 through 11 patiently make life in the comer. Although the single white stone on the upper side still has potential, black comfortably makes a hanging connection with 12. Black is satisfied with his magnificent outward influence. Diagram 15d — (White’s counterattack) The cut of white 3 in reply to the hane of black 2 is a counterat- tack. Through the rein- forcement of 14, black forms good shape and can concentrate on attacking the four weak stones in the cen- ter. White has more poten- tial than in the previous diagram. For example, white can escape at a or employ a sacrifice tactic by capping at b, etc.oo © Oe Diagram 16a coe 4 Diagram 17 -14- Diagram 16 — (Well prepared for the attack) The jump of black 1 is a top notch move for creating good shape and expanding black's influence. White 2 dares not invade deep. Black 3 makes a large knight’s jump and constitutes a large moyo with lots of potential. Diagram 16a — (Poor coordination) Black 1 is too greedy, resulting in the poor coordination of his stones — they are too spread out. The slang says, ‘the eye is bigger than the mouth’. White 2, 4, and 6 neutralize black’s outward influence. Diagram 17 — (Perfect outward influence) Black 1 makes a hanging connection forming an overwhelming outward influence. Playing at a to develop the influence in the lower side is not bad for black. Black can also fiercely attack the upper white group by thrusting at b.Chapter 1 - The Basic Concept of Outward Influence -15- Diagram 17a — (A fatal weakness) Black 1 of the previous diagram is played as an extension move instead. White plays a_ timely shoulder hit to suppress black. White naturally cuts with 8 and 10, resulting in the attack on the upper black group. If white gets to play at a, black’s lower left group is threatened. At this point, black does not have the luxury of forming territory. The most urgent maneuver is to make life for the upper black group.Section 2 — The Balance of Territory and Outward Influence One should not be obsessed with blindly obtaining territory or building power (outward influence). Besides enclosing territory, one should also pay attention to the amount of power obtained by the opponent, so that the gain won’t outweigh the loss. On the other hand, in building up influence, one should also pay attention to the size of territory being secured by the opponent. This requires clear reading of the total board situation. a) Some Basic Shapes Diagram 1 — (White gets real territory) White 2 attaches from the outside in reply to the high approach of black 1. Through 12, one side gets territory and the other side builds up influence. A clear cut result is formed from this common opening. The extension of black Tl 5 which aims to get power, is the key move. Since white reserves the right to play an atari Diagram 1 at a, there are close to 20 points of territory in the comer. On the other hand, the thickness formed by black 3, 5, 7 & 9 is not quite solid. It is important to prevent the cut at b. If coordinated with a two-consecutive- star-point (nirensei) opening on the right, a magnificent moyo can be formed. However, how much actual territory can be made is not clear. It depends on black’s skill in converting outward influence into territory. Diagram 1a — (Even exchange of territory for power) Black 5 tries to get both territory OO) + and influence. White plays a pincer attack at 6 and then descends at 8 to protect the comer. a In the future, black can jump to a to expand the outward influence. The total territory in the comer is only 12 points. Therefore, white usually plays 6 and 8 elsewhere (tenuki). In Diagram 1a actual games, this joseki favors black and is commonly used. -16-1 Diagram 1b Diagram Ic Chapter 1 - The Basic Concept of Outward Influence Diagram 1b — (The variation of white 1) In the previous diagram, if white 6 is played at 1 to seize more territory, after black 2 through 5, two cutting points are created. It’s a bad omen. Please see the following diagram. Diagram 1c — (Not enough territory) The cuts of black 1 and 7 are in the correct sequence. Black 17 seals off the side with sente. The wrapping technique from black 19 to 25 (with white 24 at 19) is a finesse (tesuji). Black 27 through 31 unveil another brilliant sealing off technique. Let’s analyze the pluses and minuses as follows. White’s territory together with 8 captured black stones equals 26 points. This number is straightforward to calculate and will not increase. On the other hand, black’s overwhelming outward influence covers a quarter of the board. If black's influence is supported by a two-consecutive-star-point (nirensei) opening on the right, then the potential territory is far more than 26 points! Of course, realizing this potential depends on experience in utilizing outward influence. -17-Diagram 2 Diagram 2 — (Black is greedy for territory) Black extends into the comer in reply to the diagonal attachment of 1 to seize territory. Although — the corner is big, black needs to keep an eye on white’s outward influence. Black needs to pay _ particular attention to maneuvers with respect to the stones in the upper right corer. The one-point jump of black 6 and the nose hit of white 7 are the key moves in the sequence. White 7 should never be played as a hane at a. Diagram 2a Diagram 2a — (White’s magnificent outward influence) White 1 threatens to capture the black stone, and uses sacrifice tactics to gain influence. Through the sente of 9, white seals off black from both sides. Playing a knight’s jump at a is a basic response to protect the cut. However, in doing so, black gets to play the excellent two-space extension at b. Not only does this establish a base for black, it also neutralizes white’s outward influence. Therefore, white plays a pincer attack at 11 instead. If black plays c, then white answers at d. The two black stones will be a burden. -18-Chapter 1 - The Basic Concept of Outward Influence (E FF capture the important strategic point on the T Diagram 2b Diagram 2b — (White 2 is in the wrong direction) Black 1 jumps into the comer avoiding white’s strength. The direction to block is extremely important. In this situation, white 2 is the wrong direction. After settling the upper right comer, white loses the initiative and black can right side nullyfing white’s influence. White fails, and moreover, black’s cutting at a is severe. Diagram 2c Le T © D+—+O e T a © t@ Diagram 2d -19- Diagram 2c — (White is thick and deep) White 2 blocking from the other side is a more efficient way to develop outward influence. White 10 and 12 form a large moyo like two open arms embracing the territory. Of course, black can play black 11 elsewhere in order to neutralize white’s power, or cut at a to create turmoil. Diagram 2d — (Black 2 is correct) The draw-back of black 2 toward the outside is basic knowledge. The joseki ends with the knight’s jump of black 6. In the future, white can defend the comer at a and wait for the opportunity to invade the upper side. The block of b and the diagonal play at ¢ are sente for black.as Diagram 3 — (Black 1 is 4 crucial) Due to white’s a outward influence on the e tight, a two-space pincer @ attack at 1 or a one-space pincer at a would allow white to take the initiative. Diagram 3 ZA Diagram 3a — (Black 1 is questionable) Black plays the one-space pincer attack to develop the outward @ influence on the upper side. After white 2 and black 3, white blocks with 4. Through white 8 is a joseki. Diagram 3a White 10 and 12 gain the initiative. If white gets to play at a, he is satisfied. A Diagram 3b — (The a variation of white 4) White ¢ 4 to black 15 completes the joseki. As far as the coordination of stones in the C upper side is concerned, Tt white is better off in the f ry { previous diagram. This is Diagram 3b because white’s thickness on the right is not fully developed. White 16 is an extension move in the middle of the influence of both sides. Although this is not small, it’s more like a big end game move. It’s quite tasteless for white at this point. QS @ +e - 20 -Chapter 1 - The Basic Concept of Outward Influence Diagram 3c — (Black 1 is o questionable) Notice that a-b. @ the thickness on the upper right comer has been reversed. Here, the two- space extension of black 1 is not that appropriate. First H of all, it is a little too low. Diagram 3c Secondly, it looks like a passive way of securing territory. This allows white to play at the excellent point of a or b. Diagram 3d — (White 2 is 8) not appropriate) We have ® discussed the response of white 4 (Diagram 3a). However, the condition on the right is quite different. Black 5 replies differently. Through black 13, white 4 Oe Diagram 3d and 6 are in trouble. Diagram 3e — (The choice L@ of joseki) The knight jump t eo of white 2 provides a more 3 flexible shape than playing at a. Through 8, white splits the comer and applies pressure on Dlack 1. Moreover, it’s difficult for Diagram 3e black to pick the best point for reinforcing the upper side. Therefore, black 5 should have been played at 6 to select a joseki which allows black to cut off white 2 with thrust and cut tactics. -21-Diagram 3f — (White’s applies the wrong joseki) The joseki of white 4 through 12 results in an overwhelming moyo for black on the upper side. In comparison with the previous diagram, white obviously Diagram 3f applied the wrong joseki. b) Gaining Power by Ko Fights Ko fights often result during battles for outward influence. Since the outcome of a ko can make a big difference in the whole board position, one must carefully consider all the ko threats before initiating a ko fight. vl Diagram 4 — This is a common shape resulting from white's invasion at 3-3. Black 2 and 4 try to seal off white with a ko fight. Before starting the ko at a, white must prepare for the consequences of black winning the ko and capturing at b. Diagram 5 — White 1 is a common tactic in handicap games. The cutting combination of black 2 and 4 is powerful. Black 8 and 10 try to seal off white. White 11 initiates the ko. After black captures the ko with 12, he can almost ignore white’s ko threat and play an atari at a. -22-Chapter 1 - The Basic Concept of Outward Influence Diagram 6 — White 1 takes away black’s shape. Black 2 is an effective move. If white plays 3 elsewhere (tenuki), black seals white in with a ko from black 4 through 12. Starting a ko fight at a, imposes a tremendous burden on white. If white loses, he has to make life in the comer with another ko. Diagram 7 — At a glance, one can easily see the importance of this ko. Let’s not argue who is going to win. The important idea is that this kind of sealing tactic get with a ko can be used in many situations. Diagram 7 c) Sacrifice Tactics Using sacrifice tactics effectively to gain influence will help one find a winning strategy. Diagram 8 — (White 2 is a trap) White 2 is a strange move that looks exactly like a trick play. Black thrusts with 3 and thinks that he has gotten the better of it. Through 17, black falls into white’s trap of sacrificing stones for influence. -23-Diagram 8a Diagram 8a — (Black is tricked) White 1 through black 8 (at 3) seal off white’s corner with sente. White 9 (also sente) threatening to capture black, is a crucial move for fencing black in. White's sacrifice constructs a perfect outward influence radiating across the whole board. Diagram 8b — (Breaking the trap) Black 5 is an effective move. Black will play either at a to cut or at 7 to suppress. Diagram 9 — (White’s outward influence is impressive) The thrust and cut of white 1 and 3 are unreasonable. However, after the atari at black 4 and the descent at 6 (correct sequence), white seals off black with sacrifice tactics. Black wedges at 16 to reduce white’s liberties. White fences in black with 17 and achieves the goal of getting influence in the center. ~24-Chapter 1 - The Basic Concept of Outward Influence > -25- Diagram 9a — (Black 4 is a stern move) Black 4 grabs the opportunity to attack white’s +; unreasonable moves of 1 and 3. White 5 through black 16 are inevitable. Black gets both territory and outward influence, and has a much better position than white. The rein- forcement at 14 is an exquisite move, better than the hanging connection at a. Diagram 10 — We would like to use the following example to illustrate the power of outward influence. This sealing technique was invented by Komatsu Kaizen. He was a priest during the Edo period, and he is regarded as one of the three strongest amateur players of the time. White pushes at 4, From a through e, black fails to capture white with a ladder. Diagram 10a — Please note how black uses _ sacrifice tactics to build up outward influence by _ sacrificing layers of stones. Note black’s generosity and the tactics adopted. The attacks continue in the next diagram.Diagram 10b — From 1 to 21, white tries to break out by thrusting and poking. Black 22 captures a stone and forms a monstrous outward influence. If this were an actual game, black would certainly win. t Diagram 10b The formation and power of outward influence have been briefly introduced in the above examples. In go books when one party obtains outward influence, it is often described as ‘the monstrous outward influence’, ‘the magnificently solid thickness’, or ‘thickness that can be used to invade’, etc. On the other hand, some outward influence might better be described as “the wimpy thickness’, ‘the inadequate and overdeveloped shape’, or ‘the useless outward influence’, etc. The Qijing says, “Top notch players emphasize the center”. This does not mean that one should try to surround territory in the center, but rather that one should be skillful in using the outward influence radiating in the center. One should take the initiative, by making appropriate extensions, proper invasions, and initiating timely battles which use the thickness. Low-level players usually don’t know how to handle outward influence. They only know how to convert the outward influence into limited territory and don’t know how to expand and develop thickness. Often times, overconcentrated shapes are formed which yield little or no territory. In the following chapter we have provided 50 examples (with solutions) to help the reader understand and apply outward influence. There are 30 elementary and intermediate problems and 20 advanced problems. The reader should study the problems closely before reading the solutions. This will help the reader to understand various shapes of thickness and how to expand and develop outward influence. -26-Chapter 2 Outward Influence Problems and Solutions Section 1 — Elementary and Intermediate Problems O 9 HH Problem 1 — The stones are about to come into contact in the upper left comer. In problem 1 and 2, should black go for territory or outward influence? Problem 2 — Black is about to attack the marked white stone. However, the structure of the stones on the right is different. How should black mT mr Problem 1 i oH e 4 handle the situation? ot t Problem 2 -27-HH Problem 3 Problem 3 — White | plays a wedge move. How should black respond? Problem 4 — White 1 invades se Problem 5 - 28 - at the 2-5 point. How should black counter the invasion? Problem 5 — White 1 invades the comer. Black is assured to get the outward influence. The question is how to maximize the territory.Chapter 2 - Elementary and Intermediate Problems a Problem 6 — This is a common opening position. tt Black 2 should pay attention to the whole board position. Problem 6 Problem 7 — Black 1 defends the comer. White jumps with 2 and forms a large moyo. 2) Black’s territory is inferior to that of white. How should black have played 1? Problem 7 -29-Problem 8 5 H é [4 ITS Ty 5 mer HE iS s Problem 9 Problem 8 — The marked white stone makes a splitting invasion in black’s influence. Whether one should block at a or b is a tactical question. Problem 9 — After white 1, how does black decide which way to block? aa D8 apenees Problem 10 - 30 - Problem 10 — The position of white 1 is excellent. Black 2 is a little too restricted. White 3 forms an ideal shape. How should black 2 be played in order to be more productive?Chapter 2 - Elementary and Intermediate Problems Problem 12 Problem 13 -31- Problem 11 — Black must make a key move here. If one is not careful, one might fall into an unfavorable position. Problem 12 — White 1 attacks the base of black’s large knight’ s corer enclosure. How should black settle his shape, considering the go proverb “do not take the offense when a position is weak?” Problem 13 — How should black respond when white plays the pincer attack of 1? The three marked stones tadiate influence into the upper left corner.Problem 15 Problem 16 - 32 - Problem 14 — In this position, what’s the best way for black to treat the marked white stone? Compare this problem with the previous one. Problem 15 — As a result of the exchange in the upper left corner, black forms a strong solid wall of outward influ- ence. The only problem is that black lost the initiative and cannot reinforce at a. Where should white play to neutralize black’s overwhelming thick- ness on the left? Problem 16 — One cannot deny that black is thick on the upper left. One should play an extension to consolidate black’s sphere of influence, and attack the white stone. The question is where should black play?Chapter 2 - Elementary and Intermediate Problems Problem 17 — White playing at a is an excellent point to build up a moyo. How should. black play to prevent white playing at a? Problem 17 Problem 18 — Before playing black 4, one should pay 1@ 1 attention to the moyo on the upper side. @ Problem 18 Problem 19 — There is 0; probably only one correct le t J Tesponse to white 1. @ Problem 19 -33-Problem 20 — When white plays 1; from which side should black block? The end result is very different. Problem 20 Problem 21 — This opening is very simple. However when white attacks at 1, to get the correct response is by no mean simple. Where should black play? Problem 21 -34-Chapter 2 - Elementary and Intermediate Problems Problem 23 -35- Problem 22 — This is a common position resulting from a two stone handicap game. What is the most effective way for black to attack the marked white stone? Problem 23 — The marked white stone approaches black's influence in excellent position. From which side should black approach the upper right corner? (Problems 23 thru 28 ask which is the correct side to approach a star point corner.)te ¢ +H to Problem 24 ore 3 | soe rol Problem 25 - 36 - Problem 24 — Black is quite thick on the upper left. From which side should black approach the upper right comer, a or b? Problem 25 — One should keep the marked white stone in mind when deciding from which side to approach black in the upper right corner.Chapter 2 - Elementary and Intermediate Problems Problem 26 — Black should consider how to deliver a e ° fierce attack on white 1. Problem 26 Problem 27 — In +o approaching the upper right corner, white should consider e the two-space extension of +1 @ the two marked black stones. ¢ to Problem 27 -37-Problem 30 - 38 - Problem 28 — Should black 3 be played at a? If not, then what? What are the pros and cons of playing at b? Problem 29 — In this situation, what is the most powerful and effective way to answer white 1? Problem 30 — White extends with the two marked stones to destroy black’s territory. If black plays at a through d, black hands the territory to white on a silver platter. It’s undesirable. Please study the situation closely and come up with the best approach.Chapter 2 - Elementary and Intermediate Solutions Section 1 — Elementary and Intermediate Solutions Solution 1 — Correct An- swer (A reasonable sup- pression) To coordinate the black stones on the sides, black presses with 1. White plays a wedge move with 2. Through white 8, white makes life in the corner with gote, instead of losing the opportunity to cut at ¢ after white a and black b. The latter results in a solid black wall without any weakness. Solution 1a — (Black 1 takes the corner and the side) White plays a diagonal move, aiming to attach at a. There- fore, it is not a good idea for black to ignore reinforcing at b. Neglecting b would allow white to attack the single black stone on the left with various + @-a O@> @ ® + ¢ Solution 1 a @ b. tactics. Solution la Solution 2 - 39- Solution 2 — Correct An- swer (Defending territory solidly) White has a two-space extension on the upper side. Black 1 plays a diagonal attachment, followed by the one-space jump of black 3. Black shows a clear concept of attack and defense by first solidly defending the comer before attacking.QO) Solution 2a 2g oe TH @ Corer Ht a) Solution 3 HH HEH Solution 3a - 40 - Solution 2a — (The thickness is wasted) Black obtains outward influence with 1 and 3. White 8 makes life in the corner. With the two-space extension on the upper side, black’s thickness and influence is wasted. There is also the cutting point at a. Solution 3 — Correct Answer (A magnificent moyo) Considering the coordination of stones on the upper side, black plays the atari from the outside. Through 7, black gives up the corner and takes the outward influence instead, forming a magnificent moyo. Solution 3a — (Obsessed with defending the corner) In trying to save the comer, black must not have considered the black group in the upper right. White gets the excellent blocking point of a. Black’s outward influence is considerably weakened.Chapter 2 - Elementary and Intermediate Solutions Solution 4 © | | seg 4) | @ e+e Solution 4a @ O€ 6 ret Solution 5 -41- Solution 4 — Correct Answer (Global view) Black 1 allows white to make life in the corner and is a wise move with global view. Solution 4a — (This is what white hopes for) The solid move of black 1 is quite common. White leisurely plays light and flexible moves with 2 and 4 giving vivid life to the marked white. Solution 5 — Correct Answer (The variation of white 4) The purpose of playing the hanging connection of white 4 is to play a farther extension jump with 8. Through 11, white makes life in the corner with sente. Although black’s moyo is large, white has the initiative.Solution 5a Solution 6 - 42 - Solution 5a — (It’s not good for white) If white connects at 4 instead he can only extend to 6. Through 16, the comer is alive. However, if black next jumps at a, both white 14 and the two stones at 12 would be under attack. Solution 6 — Correct Answer (A balanced game) The spacious pincer of black 1 is the correct move. White 2 through 10 gets the comer while black ends up with the thickness. Black 11 is crucial. If white reinforces at a, black reinforces at b. Black can be satisfied.Chapter 2 - Elementary and Intermediate Solutions Solution 6b -43- Solution 6a — (Concent- rated on one side) Black defends the corner with 1. White 2 is excellent. Black loses balance in the opening. Solution 6b — This is a Chinese opening for black. When black approaches at 1, the high pincer of white 2 is excellent. After the jump of 11, white 12 is important. If black defends the corner at a, white reinforces with the hane of b.Lore, tee A H Solution 7 AX8XE) O70 OG reco, ot + rt cl Solution 7a i of Solution 7b ~44- Solution 7 — Correct Answer (White gets the worse of it) Black 1 invades bravely. White descends with 2 and protects the side. Black jumps with 3 and defends the comer. Black gets the better of it. Please compare with the original diagram. Solution 7a — Correct Answer (A variation) White plays at 3-3 with 2 for a change. Black settles the corner in sente with 5 and 7 before attaching at 9 to destroy white’s side. Solution 7b — Correct Answer (More variation) White plays the diagonal move of 2. Black 3 through 11 go with the flow. Through 13, black steadily makes life. This leaves the dangerous cut at a.Chapter 2 - Elementary and Intermediate Solutions Solution 8 Potent Solution 8a Solution 8b -45- Solution 8 — Correct Answer (A well-planned sequence) Black 1 attacks the white stone by an extension. The direction was correct. The main purpose was to cover the weakness in the outward influence. Black then secures the corner after White 2 with black 3. This sequence is great. Solution 8a — Correct Answer (A variation) White 2 positively approaches and attacks the upper left corner. Black 3 defends the corer, allowing white to reinforce at 4. White is better off this way. White is solid with an excellent invasion point at a. Therefore, black 3 should have invaded at b instead. Black would get the upper hand because white is outnumbered. Solution 8b — (Black fails) The direction of playing black 1 is wrong. White settles the group with moves through white 8. This also leaves the invasion point of a or b in the comer,Solution 8c Solution 9 Solution 9a - 46 - Solution 8c — (A supple- ment) In Diagram 8, black shouldn’t be afraid of white cutting at 1, This is an overplay. Through black 22 (white 11 at 2), the entire white group is annihilated. Please note the wrapping tactics used by black from black 2 to 10. Solution 9 — Correct Answer (Profits from both sides) Black 1 chases the opponent into black’s strength. White desperately establishes a base with a two-space ex- tension. Black defends the comer with 3 and forms ideal shape. Solution 9a — (White is ideal) Black 1 extending from black’s strength is the wrong direction. White 2, 4 and 6 form good shape. Black should invade at a with 5 and start a battle, instead of allowing white to settle the shape by playing 6.Chapter 2 - Elementary and Intermediate Solutions Solution 10 T Solution 10a -47- Solution 10 — Correct Answer (Developing thickness) Black 1 uses the thickness on the right to invade white’s moyo and also enclose white in black’s sphere of influence. White settles his group with moves through 8. Black’s one-space jump to 9 instead of the two- space extension at a is the correct strategy, emphasizing the outward influence and aiming at the invasion point of b. Solution 10a — Correct Answer (A variation) Black 1 establishes a base with a two-space extension. White 2 is an important strategic point. Black has no choice but to jump out with 3. White plays a forcing move at 4 to make a double threat: developing the influence on the side and sealing off black at a. After black b and white c, white’s side is even bigger.pigicie (Xo) i ie Solution 10b Solution 10c Solution 11 - 48 - Solution 10b — (A mutual attack) White 1 makes an extension attack on black, leading to a mutual attack. Black 2 is crucial. This is no longer an issue of the size of the territory but a fight to establish a base. Black 4 and 6 jumping out lightly and flexibly, are common tactics. Black 12 and white 13 are important pivot points for the expansion and restraint of the outward influence. Solution 10c — (Normal variation from both sides) The extension of white 1 looks okay considering only white’s territory. However, this move allows black to play at the excellent point of 2. White jumps out and expands the moyo. In the future, a and b are great locations for black to neutralize white’s moyo. Solution 11 — Correct Answer (Light and flexible) Black 1 jumping out, is light and flexible. Black shouldn’t overlook white’s solid thickness on the left. White 2 through black 5 are normal responses. Black successfully escapes aiming at the shape point of a.Chapter 2 - Elementary and Intermediate Solutions 53 Solution 1la Solution 11b Solution 12 -49- Solution 11a — (Falling into the trap) Black 1 is too slow. White fencing black in with 2 is a severe move. From then on, it’s a difficult journey for black. When white hanes at 10, black collapses. Solution 11b — (Still falls into the trap) Black tries his best to break out. White plays a severe two-step hane with 6. It’s not optimistic for black. Solution 12 — Correct Answer (Don’t take the offense when in a weak position) Black 1 blocks, forming a _ two-space extension, followed by the two-step hane of 3 and 5. Black 9 and 11 get the big corner. Although this allows white to consolidate the side and form good shape, black’s comer and side are very solid. Black can now proceed to develop the potential.Solution 12a Solution 12b Solution 13 - 50- Solution 12a — (Black’s shape is weak) Black 1 blocks from the other side. Through black 9, white seizes the comer. In contrast, black is weak on the outside and lacks influence for battle. Solution 12b — (The two- step hane of black 3 and 5) After white 6 through 14, if black fences in white at a, white plays sabaki (lightly and flexibly) at b. It’s hopeless for black, disconnected in the radiance of white's influence. Solution 13 — Correct Answer (Making a life) Black 1 and 3 establish a base and life in the commer and avoid white’s strength on the right. White 4 is a mutually important tactical and strategic shape point. Black makes a one-space extension and is assured life.Chapter 2 - Elementary and Intermediate Solutions center, Solution 13a Solution 13b Solution 14 -51- Solution 13a — (It’s damaging to jump out) If black 1 jumps out, white attaches with a diagonal move at 2 which does not allow black to enter the corner and establish base. If black descends at a, white makes a knight’s jump at b. It will be tough for the three heavy black stones to make life and black will have to run toward the Solution 13b — (Black 1 is self-destruction) The suppression of black 1 is an impulsive move. White, using the thickness on the right as a shield, will thrust at 2, followed by a cut at 4. It's difficult for black to handle the situation and through white 10, black collapses. Solution 14 — Correct Answer (A clear concept of the position) The suppression of black 1 is absolutely correct. First, black is strong on the left and is not afraid of the thrust-and-cut tactics described in the previous diagram. Second, it leaves the weakness at a that black can invade later.S By Solution 14a Ett He ¢ Solution 15 aes EHH rH Solution 15a -52- Solution 14a — (The deep invasion of black 1 is unreasonable) White 2 and 4 Jean on black creating the cut at a. If black attaches at b with sabaki (light and flexible move), white hanes at ¢ and it will be difficult for black to answer. If black 1 at 4, white jumps to d. Solution 15 Correct Answer (Erasing influence with invasion tactics) Black is thick on the left. The invasion of white 1 is the most appropriate move. If black 2 emphasizes the territory on the right, the two-space extension of white 3 is adequate. Solution 15a — (Erasing influence with invasion tactics) The value of the invasion at 1 is white can make a two-space extension on either side. If black blocks at 2, white leisurely attacks the comer.Chapter 2 - Elementary and Intermediate Solutions Solution 15b Solution 15c Solution 15d -53- Solution 15b — (Black is satisfied) If white, in the radiance of black’s thickness on the left, makes a large knight’s approach on the upper right comer, black will make a pincer attack at 2. The capping move of 12 is exquisite. Through 16, the thickness on the upper left is fully developed. Solution 15¢ — (Thickness not developed) If black makes a diagonal move, allowing white to make a two-space extension with 3, black’s extension at a is restricted. If there were a small-knight’s comer enclosure (shimari) in the upper left comer, black would have been satisfied. Solution 15d — (Black loses initiative) The approach of white 1 will definitely receive a pincer attack from black 2. After white 3 and black 4, the invasion of white 5 is unreasonable. Black 6 serves many purposes: it isolates and attacks white 5 while threaten- ing to suppress at a or cap atSolution 16 Solution 16a ete 3 oe Solution 16b Solution 16 — Correct Answer (Extension from either side) The invasion point of black 1 is excellent. After 2, 4 and 6, white manages to get to the outside. Black 7 is an exquisite move for both attack and defense. The white group is unsettled without a base. Solution 16a — Correct Answer (The perfect invasion point) The block of white 2 is a good move. Black 3 grasps the opportunity to jump out and build up a large moyo. However, there is still potential for the white stone within black’s sphere of influence. Solution 16b — (Too submissive) The pincer attack of black 1 is too submissive. The counterattack of 2 and 4 is excellent for white. It also leaves a for white to connect underneath.Chapter 2 - Elementary and Intermediate Solutions Solution 16c¢ Solution 17 Solution 17a -55- Solution 16c — (It’s out of the question) Black 1 is too far away from the thickness, and can be attacked with white 2. When black 3 jumps out, white 4 also jumps out by occupying the most important Strategic point for both attack and defense. Solution 17 — Correct An- swer (A perfect extension) This position is different from Problem 16. In this situation, black 1 is the best extension point for two reasons. First, it chips away white’s territory and restrains the development of white’s thickness on the left. Second, it forms an ideal posi- tion for black. Solution 17a — (Difference by one space) The extension of black 1 is one space too far, inviting the invasion of white 2. The press of black 3 is severe. White patiently makes life in the corner with 14. This is not bad for white. Black’s wall is not that thick with the two cutting points at aand b. The potential exten- sion by black or white on the upper side is merely a large end game move.Solution 17b FH Solution 17¢ Solution 17b — (A loose structure) Black 1 extends one extra space compared to the previous diagram. White in- vades with a high attack at 2. Black 3 is a general reply. White 4 is light and flexible, occupying the important strate- gic point. White’s sphere of influence is magnificent. Solution 17¢ — (Not confor- ming to the theory of go) Black 1 is to far from black’s base and cannot be considered an extension. On the contrary, it is too close to white’s thick- ness and is damaging for black. White utilizes the thick- ness on the left to attack with the pincer of 2 and encloses black inside white’s sphere of influence. Through white 6, both sides jump toward the center. Black is weak on the right and will take a beating from white. -56-Chapter 2 - Elementary and Intermediate Solutions Téot Solution 18 Solution 18a -57- Solution 18 — Correct An- swer (A buildup of influ- ence) The diagonal move of black 1 is light and flexible, far better than a suppression. Black 3 conforms to the Go strategy of blocking from the side that can form more terri- tory. Black 5 is an excellent point for building up influ- ence. White 6 prevents the attachment at a. Black 7 and 9 form a large moyo. The overall position is vivid with black influence. Solution 18a — (Neutralizing a large moyo for a change) Black suppresses with 1 and extends with 3. White takes the corner with 4 and 6 for a change. Black’s large moyo has been neutralized.Solution 18b Solution 19 GNC) Solution 19a - 58 - Solution 18b — This is also a joseki for approaching on both sides of the comer. Locally, it is an even exchange. How- ever, from a whole board posi- tional judgment, both Solutions 18a and 18b are inferior to Solution 18. Solution 19 — Correct Answer (Attacking with thickness) Black 1 aims at forming territory on the upper side. Through black 11, white takes the comer. The knight's jump of black 11 creates good shape. At this time, if white reinforces at a, black has developed a large moyo with sente. Solution 19a — (A light and flexible move by white) White's strategy in drawing back with 2 and 4 is to force black to overdevelop his thickness. This strategy does not work as black avoids over concentration with black 5. The two-step hane is a related tactic, capturing three stones.Chapter 2 - Elementary and Intermediate Solutions Solution 19b $ ¢ Solution 20 Black is far better off. 2X4\6) @ on LO Solution 20a - 59 - Solution 19b — (The best response from _ white) Continued from the previous diagram, white 1 tries to develop the left side. After white 7 and black 8, playing at a is sente. Solution 20 — Correct Answer (Forcing the op- ponent to form over- developed shape). The block of black 1 is the correct direction. Black ends up with more territory this way and forces white to overdevelop his shape with the two-space extension on the left. The capping move of black 7 works vividly in all directions. Solution 20a — (Nothing to be gained) The direction of black 1 is wrong. The moves through white 6 are inevitable. Black tries his best to seal with 7 and 9. When white cross cuts with 10, it’s difficult for black to reply. Moreover, the two-space extension on the left side of the board is in an excellent position from whch to attack black.CO) Solution 21 tO4 Torr) : an Solution 21a se Solution 21b - 60- Solution 21 — Correct Answer (A smart exchange) Due to white’s strength in the upper right comer, one should be careful in replying to white’s approach in the upper left comer. The spacious pincer of black 1 is a good move. If White plays at 3-3 to take the corner, white will be flattened on the upper side through 15. However, black 15 is gote (loses the initiative). Solution 21a — (Leaving a weakness) Black tries to get the comer with 1, 3, and 5. Unfortunately, black is weak on the upper side because of the invasion point at a. Solution 21b — (Black is still weak) Black 1 and 3 enclosing territory are still not sufficient as black jumping at a with 5 to complete the territory would be slow-paced (gote).Chapter 2 - Elementary and Intermediate Solutions Solution 22 Ht 4 Solution 23 -61- Solution 22 — Correct Answer (Take the outward influence before attacking) Qijing says, “Get a foothold with outward influence before attacking.” This is a typical example. Black 1 and 3 build thickness before attacking fiercely with 5. When white 8 jumps into the center, black has no effective tactics for continuing the attack. Therefore, black plays at 9 to form influence with excellent shape. Solution 23 — Correct Answer (A perfect invasion) Black invades and approaches the corner for two reasons. First, it leaves room for a two- space extension. Second, the two-space extension of white 6 is contained by black’s corner enclosure on the left.@ Solution 23a 2) @ Trees Solution 23b +© @ HTH Solution 23c - 62 - Solution 23a — (White gets the worst of it) The response of white 2 and 4 is ineffective. Since there is a white stone on the upper side, white should positively attack with a diagonal move as in the previous diagram. Solution 23b — (The white group is slightly overdevel- oped) The pincer of white 2 is followed by the 3-3 invasion of black 3. The joseki ends at 11, The marked white stone is now too close to white's exten- sion. Solution 23c — (White forms good shape) Black follows an accepted strategy of approaching from the outside. White 2 makes good shape defending the upper side. The moves following black 3 are joseki. However, this strategy allows white to capture the excellent extension point of 6 with sente.Chapter 2 - Elementary and Intermediate Solutions tH Solution 24 Solution 24a - 63 - Solution 24 — Correct Answer (Profit from both sides) Here, black's approach at black 1 is the correct direction, chasing white into black’s thickness. Solution 24a — (An overdeveloped shape) Black 1 makes the mistake of attacking from black’s strong side. White answers with 2, 4 and 6. Regardless of whether black connects at a or b, white jumps atc. Black’s group on the upper side forms an over concentrated shape.oo) e Coch ett tt tote Solution 25 titi Solution 25a - 64 - Solution 25 — Correct Answer (Invade using thickness) White's inside approach is the only correct play. Black 2 and 4 are common tactics. White 5 caps black and makes a large scale attack in coordination with the white stones on the lower left. The marked white stone restrains black’s territory on the right side. Solution 25a — Correct Answer (Variation) Black answers differently with 2 and 4. The extension of white 5 still gets the vital point for attack and defense. Black's upper right corner shrinks.Chapter 2 - Elementary and Intermediate Solutions i | = ecole O Solution 25b $2 H+} Solution 26 Solution 25b — (Wrong direction) White 1 is the wrong direction. Black 2 makes the correct response and black 6 extends, creating excellent shape. In contrast, the marked white stone is not efficient because the marked white stone and white 5 are overconcentrated and in a low position. Solution 26 — Correct An- swer (Developing thickness) Planning is very important before an attack. Here, black 1 and 3 suppress white and form outward influence. Black 5 follows with a pincer attack. Through 13, black develops magnificent thickness and white cannot neglect to main- tain the connection with 14 (see next solution). Black 15 through 19 are effective tactics in continuing the attack. Black 21 occupies the important point for establishing a base. White's maneuvers will be difficult from now on. -65-Solution 26a Solution 26b - 66 - Solution 26a — (Not good for white) White 14 in the Previous solution is played as acap at 1. Black 2 through the jump of 10 results in the cutting apart of the white group on the left. Solution 26b — (Black’s attack fails) Black 1 is reckless. White replies with the calm and collected move of 2. Black attacks with 3 and 5, trying to break out. White jumps out smoothly with 6. White turns the table on black and becomes the aggressor.Chapter 2 - Elementary and Intermediate Sotutions Solution 27 +e aca Solution 27a -67- Solution 27 — Correct An- swer (Utilizing thick-ness) White utilizes the thickness on the lower right and plays the ideal moves of 1 and 3. If black defends the corner at a, white jumps at b. Not only does white b attack the single black stone, it threatens to invade the black group on the lower right. Solution 27a — (Invading the corner for a change in strategy) The pincer attack of black 2 is also very common. White invades the corner for a change in strategy. Black 4 blocks, based on the proverb that one should block on the side that creates more territory. After 8, black loses sente. Because of the marked white stone, the potential of black in the upper right is not as large as one might expect. It leaves the excellent point for white to reduce black’s moyo, by playing a shoulder hit at a.ot T cs Solution 28 a AXON: Oc GO Solution 28a Solution 29 - 68 - Solution 28 — Correct An- swer (A compromised posi- tion) The high pincer of black 1 is more flexible than the low pincer. Through black 7 is joseki. At this time, if white plays at a, black replies at b with a solid and powerful move. It’s not easy for white to take control on the upper side. Solution 28a — (Total failure for black) Black invades the other corner with 1. White goes with the flow, suppresses and flattens black. Through 26, white seals off black and forms an overwhelming outward influence. It’s almost impossible for black to recover lost mobility (connection to the center) and influence. Solution 29 — Correct An- swer (Sacrificing stones for influence) The attachment of black 1 is a finesse (tesuji). The two black stones on the upper side are not worth saving and through 5, black obtains outward influence through their sacrifice. The sacrifice only adds a few points to white’s territory.Chapter 2 - Elementary and Intermediate Solutions Solution 29a Solution 30 6 Solution 30a - 69 - Solution 29a — (Refusing to let go) Black 1 tries to rescue the two stones. White forces black into a heavy shape with white 2 and black 3. White 4 and 6 jump out lightly and flexibly. Not only does white neutralize black's influence, the two black stones on the left are under heavy attack. Solution 30 — Correct Answer (Black 3 is a finesse (tesuji)) White 2 prevents a double atari. The attachment of black 3 is an excellent finesse (tesuji). The sequence through black 7 is inevitable. By suppressing and flattening white, black forms a large moyo. Solution 30a — (The mistake of holding on to stones) The extension of black 3 (to rescue black 1) is an error in judgment. Relying on the influence, black thought he could capture the white stones. However, when white escapes with 20, black is left with 4 points on the upper side, and a bunch of unsettled stones on the left. The initial influence vanishes.Section 2 — Advanced and Dan Level Problems Problem 1 — How should black respond to the invasion of white 1? One should consider the presence of the marked white stones on the Problem 2 — It is natural for black to invade in the upper right — but where exactly? Problem 3 — In the upper left comer, white plays the hane of 1. White 5 connects. After the extension of white 9, where should black play? One should pay attention to the position on the upper side. e T ri right side. Problem 1 Le Problem 2 1 3 Problem 3 - 70 -Chapter 2 - Advanced and Dan Level Problems Problem 4 — Black must invade promptly to neutralize white’s large moyo. Where is the vital point? Problem 4 Problem 5 — White to play; although there are only a few + stones on the board, it’s difficult for white to pick the ° location for the next move. It’s a question of whether to play at the urgent point or the big territorial point. Problem 5 -71-TTS Problem 7 -72- Problem 6 — Black’s large moyo is intimidating. However, white’s territory on the left is also substantial. White to play; where’s the focus point? Can one kill two birds with one stone with an effective move? Problem 7 — Despite the two-step hane of white 1, the black group is alive. Since the two marked black stones are within white’s sphere of influence, black must consider their safety when choosing a response.Problem 8 Chapter 2 - Advanced and Dan Level Problems Problem 8 — It’s best for black to invade the upper side. However, the location will make a big difference in the outcome. Problem 9 — It’s time for black to make the move of the game. Where should he play? Black should pay attention to the contrast in positions in the lower left. ° Problem 9 -73-(6 Problem 10 $21 Problem 11 -74- Problem 10 — Should black approach at a or b? The positions on both sides are the key issue for consideration. Problem 11 — How can black completely seal off white 1 and then tum around and deliver the fatal blow to the three white stones on the left?Chapter 2 - Advanced and Dan Level Problems Problem 12 — White ignores black’s thickness on the left e and plays the dangerous move of 1. How can black capitalize on white’s mistake? rears Problem 12 Problem 13 — Please consider carefully where to play black 3. Problem 13 -75-ip y 4 2 Problem 14 Hoe t ‘@ Problem 15 - 76 - Problem 14 — Black a seals off white in sente. How can black use this favorable condition to attack white’s large moyo in the lower right? Problem 15 — White seems to come out with more territory after black 1 and white 2. Therefore, black must attack white’s corner. The question is which side to approach.Problem 16 +© Problem 17 -71- Chapter 2 - Advanced and Dan Level Problems Problem 16 — The extension and pincer attack of white 1 is excellent. The single black stone is almost surrounded. Sacrificing this stone will inflict a heavy loss on black. Should black escape directly? Problem 17 — Black has certain thickness on the right. The marked white stone threatens to extend from either side and neutralizes black’s influence. How should black respond?oe aa 4 Ca {Tt H4 Problem 18 > H for Problem 19 -78 - Problem 18 — This situation is similar to problem 17. Finding the correct answer depends on one’s ability to analyze black’s thickness on the right. Problem 19 — White invades at 3-3 in the beginning of the game. It seems like there is no difference which side black blocks. However, this is a test of one’s global view. Can one also settle the two weak stones on the upper right?Chapter 2- Advanced and Dan Level Problems Problem 20 — When white plays 1, how should black respond in order to convert oe e7>) the moyo on the upper side into real territory? Problem 20 -79-Section 2 — Advanced and Dan Level Solutions Solution 1 Solution la - 80 - Solution 1 — Correct Answer (Take away the base before attacking) Black 1 forms the ‘iron pillar’ in coordination with the two- Space extension on the left to attack white from both sides. The knight’s jump of white 2 is light and flexible, followed by the one-point jump of white 4. Black 5 and 11 grasp the essence of attacking by assaulting the white group from the other side. The reason for choosing black 1 is illustrated in the following two diagrams. Solution 1a — (Weakness in the outward influence) Black attaches and suppresses with 1, allowing white to live on the side. However, due to the presence of the one-space jump on the right, the resulting outward influence is not big. Moreover, there is the cutting point at a.Solution 1b {Ji | O+O-+ ort Solution 2 He -81- Chapter 2 - Advanced and Dan Level Solutions Solution 1b — (Black's wall is thin with two cutting points) Black 1 uses a shoulder hit to seal off white. However, it leaves the cutting points at a and b, which is even worse than the previous diagram. Solution 2 — Correct Answer (Hitting the right spot) It is of course satisfying for black to invade white’s territory utilizing black’s thickness. However, the location for the invasion point is very important. Black 1 delivers a severe attack on the marked white stone. When white forces with 2, the diagonal move of black 3 enhances the attack. If white 2 is played at 3, black makes a one-point extension at 2 with ample room for maneuver.oe T o Het, * @ +e Solution 2a Solution 2b Solution 2c - 82- Solution 2a — (A variation) White 2 and 4 jump smoothly toward the center. Black 5 and 7 surround white with a well thought-out sequence. If white a, black b, white c, and black d, black is well prepared for the battle. If black 5 is played at 7, white extends at 5 and it’s not favorable for black. The role of attack and defense has been reversed. Solution 2b — (The variation continued) White 1 tries to connect from underneath. White 3 is another good move, but white is still not satisfied due to the surrounding circumstances. Solution 2c — (Black fails) Black 1 is not an ideal choice as it falls into a white trap. White 4 jumps out to keep the pressure on the two black stones and neutralizes black’s influence on the left. White can further attack black with a capping move at a. White is not worried about the two white stones on the side.Chapter 2 - Advanced and Dan Level Solutions Solution 2d e, Solution 3 they * Solution 3a - 83- Solution 2d — (Black fails) The invasion point of black 1 is not practical. White can jump out at a and gets to play at either b or c. Black 1 is Jooking for trouble. There is nothing to be gained. Solution 3 Correct Answer (A well thought-out plan) Black 1 is the only good move for getting a foothold to develop outward influence. White plays 6 to prevent black from pressing him down. The turning move of black 7 is powerful. Both white 8 and black 9 fight to establish a base. White 10 forms good shape. The potential for black is big on the left. Solution 3a — (Continued from the correct answer) Black creats turmoil with the hane of 3 followed by the hanging connection of 5. Through black 13, the white group is without a_ base. Although white can play an atari at a, it’s small.Qe) Fie! rH Solution 3b Solution 4 - 84 - Solution 3b — (Black is not sufficient) Black 1, 3 and 5 are crude moves, handing the side to white on a silver platter, by not using the potential (aji) of the black stones on the left. Black 7 and 9 try to attack white. Point a is a mutually strategic point. Due to the fact that white can capture the black stone at b with sente, black’s territory is not big. The two comer black stones are also weakened. Solution 4 —_ Correct Answer (Big change on the side) Black 1 is the correct location to neutralize white’s thickness. White 2 seals off one stone. With black 3 through 9, black naturally uses ko tactics for sealing off white and fighting for thickness and influence on the side.sie Solution 4a O Solution 4b Solution 4c -85- Chapter 2 - Advanced and Dan Level Solutions Solution 4a — Correct Answer (The extension attack of white 6) The hanging connection of black 7 is certain. The diagonal move of white 8 and subsequent moves through 12 settle the shape. Black 13 combines both attack and defense and is a beautiful move. Solution 4b — Correct Answer (The diagonal move of white 2) White plays a diagonal move with 2, preventing black's cut. After black 3 and 5, white forms good shape with 6. Black 7 vividly takes the initiative. Solution 4c — (Black fails) Black 1 tries to neutralize white’s moyo. White 2 is sufficient resistance.Oo Le et Solution 4d a eo; Solution 5 ~ 86 - Solution 4d — (Black fails also) Black 1 and 3 form a heavy shape. Black is digging a hole for himself! Solution 5 — Correct Answer (An urgent point is more important than a large territorial point). To neutralize black’s moyo on the left is the most urgent task. This conforms to the go proverb of “an urgent point is more important than a large territorial point (point a).” The location of white 1 is excellent. It commands the response of black 2. White leisurely makes a_ two-space extension. Not only did white neutralizes black’s moyo, white is also going to get one of the two vital points at a or b.La. Solution 5a orseetot @ Tt e jj i} Solution Sb - 87- Chapter 2 - Advanced and Dan Level Solutions Solution 5a — (Not ideal for white) The invasion of white 1 is not forceful enough. Black makes the perfect two-space extension with 2. White is forced to make a non-attacking two point extension at 3 in order to settle the weak stone. Black 4 occupies the big point. Now the knight's jump at a, to steal the base from black, is not that powerful. Solution 5b — (Black's outward influence is magnificent) White 1 takes the big territorial point on the right. Black plays the one- space high pincer of 2 and the knight’s jump of 4 to coordinate with the upper left corner forming a magnificent moyo on the left.Solution 6 Solution 6a - 88 - Solution 6 — Correct Answer (Killing two birds with one stone) White 1 (a ladder breaker) and 3 (an important strategic move to surround territory) capture the vital points on the whole board. Solution 6a — Correct Answer (A_ variation) When white plays the ladder breaker with white 1, black blocks the connection with 2. White 3 saves the trapped stone and escapes an all-out fight. Black 4 is a common way of running away. Black 6 ignores the turning move of white 5 and attacks where white has to answer. Before reinforcing at 9, white reinforces at 7 with sente. This helps to obtain influence in the center. This is a whole new game.Chapter 2 - Advanced and Dan Level Solutions Solution 6b — (White misses the opportunity) + ° When white plays the uninspired move of 1, black gets the vital point by jumping at 2. The results are like night and day in comparison with the correct answer. Solution 6b 0? black 1 more or less supports the two black stones under white’s sphere of influence on the upper side. Note that the ladder does not work for white here. Through 5, the black group is alive. Although white 6 obtains profit with sente, it allows black to benefit from 7 and 9 before reinforcing at 11. This further supports the two black stones on the upper side. Solution 7 — Correct Answer It is gote if black simply reinforces the upper C] left group. So black should try his best to come up with some benefit. The atari of - 89 -oe abe ei t Solution 7a EHSHeE Solution 7b - 90 - Solution 7a — (Black 1 is careless) Black 11 of the previous diagram is played as a simple reinforcement at 1. Since the ladder is not favorable, white establishes outward influence by fencing-in and sacrificing tactics. From 2 to 14, white encloses further the center territory. Solution 7b — (Black greedily gains small profits and loses big) Although black obtains something by playing 1, 3 and 5, white gains more by strengthening his thickness with 2 and 4. This is followed by the effective move of white 6, threatening the black group on the right and cutting off the two black stones on the left. Black is forced to reinforce at 7. When white 8 invades the three-space jump on the upper side, black’s future is quite dim.Solution 7¢ Solution 8 Solution 8a -91- Chapter 2 - Advanced and Dan Level Solutions Solution 7c — (It’s still not favorable for black) Although the sente of black 1 forces the reply of white 2, after the reinforcement of black 3, white 4 prompts the reply of black 5. Now white 6 invades at the proper location and it’s still not favorable for black. If black 3 is played at a, white suppresses at b. In this case, it’s better to reinforce at 3. Solution 8 — _ Correct Answer (The technique of a hanging connection) Black 1 invades with confidence. After white 2, black hanes before making a hanging connection with 5. Black then pushes out with 9, 11 and 13 before forming good shape with 15. Black lives and white’s moyo is completely destroyed. Solution 8a — (Black fails) The sequence of 1 through 8 results in black 5 and 7 becoming isolated weak stones.AD te Solution 8b 29 e Solution 9 Solution 8b — (Black is not satisfied) The submarine attack of black 1 and 3 does not obtain much territory. Instead, it allows white to reinforce an overwhelming moyo. Solution 9 — Correct An- swer. It's easy to see that the marked white stone, far away from white’s base on the upper side, is affected by black’s outward influence on the lower side. Black 1 thus engulfs the marked stone within black’s sphere of influence. White 2 and 4 jump out smoothly, before connecting with friendly forces through 6, 8 and 10. However, through 9, black successfully obtains new outward influence. Black then tums to another favorable battle field and plays a shoulder hit on the comer 3-3 stone. It’s worth noting that white didn’t get much territory in the center. -92-Solution 9a @ ot e Solution 10 - 93 - Chapter 2 - Advanced and Dan Level Solutions Solution 9a — (Black’s strategy back-fires) Through 11, black encloses territory with sente. However, turning at white 12 is big. Although black can increase his territory by playing at either a or b, white’s territory also increases accordingly. Attacking at c is no good either, because the comer is surrounded by white’s outward influence. Solution 10 — Correct Answer (A perfect shape) Black’s approach at 1 shows good overall positional judgment. Since black’s position is quite strong on the upper side, the choice of location in playing the reinforcement of 5 reveals black’s strategy. On the lower side of the board, whoever extends first is going to get a large territorial point.Solution 10a — (Lacking global consideration) Black 1 and 3 settle shape but miss the opportunity to come up with territory on the left side. Per $15 THe The formation of territory on a the lower side is not adequate either. It leaves the invasion of a for white to - reduce black’s moyo. White @ Ht defends the corner by L198 jumping to 4. Black’s tate t outward influence on the upper left was not fully Solution 10a utilized. This is the main reason for black’s failure. Solution 11 — Correct Answer (A magnificent strategy) Black chooses to block from the side which forces the opponent into black’s thickness in conformance with good go strategy. The two-step hane of 3 and 5 is a finesse (tesuji). After the connection of white 12 at 5, black forms a perfect wall on the upper left. When black reinforces at 13, it’s hopeless for white. Solution 11 - 94 -aS @ Solution 11a Solution 11b Chapter 2 - Advanced and Dan Level Solutions Solution 11a — (Black is not satisfied) Black blocks from the wrong side. Through 11, black’s position in the upper comer is clearly to close to the black group on the right. White can attack further by playing at a. Solution 11b — (Black fails) When white reinforces at 6, black gives up the initiative by playing at 7 instead of at a. White then reinforces at 8, which neutralizes blacks large moyo. -95-Solution 11¢ Solution 12 Solution 11¢ — If black attaches at 2, the hane and connection of 3 and 5 cannot be neglected. Black lacks attacking power becasuse of the cutting points at a and b. If black gets to hane at 5 and connect at 3, the white corner is dead. The reader should verify this. Solution 12 — Correct Answer (Being calm and collected in using thickness) The hane and cut of black 1 is certain. The drawback of black 3 threatens to capture white's cutting stone. White 4 also draws back because the ladder is not favorable. Black 5, 7 and 9 are firm and steadfast, forcing white to live inside while taking the outward influence. It is noteworthy to point out that black 9 is the correct direction. If white is allowed to jump to 9, the three stones (black 1, 5, and 7) will be in trouble.tette| Solution 12a Solution 12b Solution 12c -97- Chapter 2 - Advanced and Dan Level Solutions Solution 12a — (Black 3 is an overplay) If black 3 plays an atari white can either play an upward hane at a or a downward hane at b after tuming at 6. It’s difficult for black to respond. Solution 12b — (White is happy with the exchange) When white plays the counter- atari, black captures with 2. With the connection of black 4 through white 7, black tums thickness into territory without forming new territory. Moreover, the two black stones on the upper right will be under white’s assault. Solution 12c — (White is satisfied) Black's conventional hane seems weak. The cross- cut and sacrifice of white 2 are also very common. White successfully reinforces lightly with 8.Solution 12d Solution 12e - 98 - Solution 12d — (White is light and flexible) White 2 is also okay. Black captures one stone with 7 and 9 and is thick (solidly connected). White 10, which erases black's territory, is very big and important. In response to black 11, white plays the light and flexible counterattack of 12. Solution 12e — (Black 1 reducing white’s liberty is a crude move) White hanes and connects with 4 and 6 on the second line which establishes a base for white and are therefore important moves. Black 7 reinforces, getting territory. White then pushes with 8 and 10 to counter black’s outward influence. If black a, then white plays b.oT? tl Q eH Solution 13 6) d OO @ oe. Solution 13a Solution 13b -99- Chapter 2 - Advanced and Dan Level Solutions Solution 13 — Correct Answer (Utilizing thickness) Black invading at 1 is a variation of the conventional hane at a. This is not a risky move because black can exploit from both ends. White 2 and 4 capturing a stone is a large gain. However, the jump and capping of 3 and 5 are enough to compensate for that. This is a simple and effective approach. Solution 13a — Correct Answer (A variation) White supresses with 2, Black makes the correct moves through 13 and the result is approximately the same as the previous diagram. However, black is more solid. Solution 13b — (A _ big exchange) Black 1 replaces black 9 in the previous diagram. Through 14, black is better off.ent Solution 13¢ et StH? SHH os e- é t Solution 14 Hf - 100 - Solution 13c — (A_ big difference for black) Black 1 and 3 respond according to the more common joseki. White 4 and 6 suppress black, and the position on the upper side has been changed substantially. Black is undesirably flattened on the right side. Solution 14 — Correct Answer (A success) Black 1 invades the side. When white 2 counterattacks, black 3 is certain. Black 7 seals off white with sente and assists the attack on the three white — stones. Black reinforces with 9 before attacking at a or b,o> @ Solution 14a Xe) eer eet Ory Ce @ é +e @ Solution 15 - 101 - Chapter 2 - Advanced and Dan Level Solutions Solution 14a — (Not a fatal blow) The shoulder hit and thrust of black 1 and 3 are common invasion tactics. However, in this situation this joseki is not effective. Through white 6, the three black stones become baseless and are under white’s attack from all four sides. It’s no fun for black. Solution 15 — Correct Answer (A well thought out plan) Because white’s stones are too far apart on the upper side, black invades at 1. White attacks with the diagonal move of 2 before jumping to 4, Black is confident and attacks leisurely with the extension of 5. White 6 plays a pincer attack. Black responds with the light and flexible moves of 7,9 and 11. Black will play at b if white a.Solution 15a ae Solution 16 Solution 15a — (The wrong joseki) Black 1 approaches from the outside, the wrong direction. There are quite a few responses for playing white 2. If white plays a two-space high pincer attack, the common joseki results in a magnificent outward influence through white 22. If black 3 at 14, then white a, black 10, white 3, and black 21. Then the knight’s jump of white b is excellent, aiming for the point of c. Solution 16 — Correct An- swer (An indirect assistance) When black 1 probes, white 2 draws back. This is a calm and collected move. Black 3 and 7 indirectly assist the weak stones and expand the territory on the right. White 8 through black 15 run toward the center of the board and expand black’s outward influence. Black then waits for the opportunity to invade at a and counter-attack. Black can’t lose.Solution 16a Solution 17 - 103 - Chapter 2 - Advanced and Dan Level Solutions Solution 16a — (Directly escaping weak stones) Black 1 tries to rescue the weak stones directly. White makes the forcing move of 2 followed by black 3, jumping out smoothly. White 4 and 6 obtain profits with sente preventing black from connecting. White jumps out with 8, threatening the black group. Through the attack of the black stones, white created a large moyo on the upper left. The game favors white. Solution 17 — Correct Answer (Obtaining profit from both sides) Although one should not be obsessed with enclosing territory, black 1 is the correct approach. It is both an offensive and a defensive move. Not only does black 1 turn the outward influence into real territory, it threatens the single white stone. When white makes a two-space jump with 2, black defends the corner with the excellent move of 3. This way, the two-space extension is still under attack.{ oF ® Solution 17a $ ete + 1 Solution 18 Solution 17a — (Black fails) Black 1 is in the wrong direction. Black is not strong in the upper right corner. The large knight’s jump of white 2 is light and flexible. It is a good move aiming at the cut or taking black’s base away by playing at a. Solution 18 — Correct An- swer (Chasing the opponent into one’s thickness) In this diagram, black is very thick on the right. Therefore the blocking attack of black 1 is absolutely correct, successfully implementing the go proverb of “chasing the opponent into one’s thickness.” When white plays the two-space extension with 2, black follows up the attack with a knight’s jump at 3. Regardless of future development, black was successful in expanding his moyo on the upper left. - 104 -Chapter 2 - Advanced and Dan Level Solutions Solution 18a — (Wrong direction) Black is wrong in rPLoOre ore i extending from his own @ thickness. Black plays a pincer with 3 and keeps up the attack. White 4 jumps out and reinforces. This creates the t excellent thrust at a and the 3- TT 3 invasion at b. Solution 18a Solution 19 — Correct An- 3 swer (The exquisite descend- ing move of black 7) The simple descending move of black 7 is far better than the hane and connect alternative. This move obtains sente and +e forces white to reinforce at 16. The one-space jump of . 17 is a sealing off tactic that Solution 19 coordinates with the marked stones. It is far better than the sequence of black a, white 17, black b and white c. Solution 19a — (First varia- tion) In the previous diagram, it is not sufficient to play white 16 as a cut at 1. The draw back of black 2 forces white to extend with 3. Black 4, 6 and 8 are a finesse (tesuji). In summary, this result favors black. First, : white is heavy after playing 1 Solution 19a and 3. Second, black is much stronger on the top. - 105 -Solution 19b Solution 19¢ Solution 19d - 106 - Solution 19b — (Second variation) In the correct answer, if black 7 is played as a hane at 1 followed by the connection of 3, black loses the initiative (sente). Through the cut of 12, the white corner is alive already. Therefore, even if black draws back at a, white can suppress with b or extend with ¢ to initiate a battle. Solution 19° — (Third variation) Through 5, black loses sente by playing the conventional joseki. White 6 occupies the most important point on the upper side. Solution 19d — (Fourth variation) Black hanes at 3 before connecting at 5, intending to build up territory on the left. Through the cut of 14, the position on the upper side favors white.Chapter 2 - Advanced and Dan Level Solutions Solution 192 — (Fifth Ld variation) The direction in oy blocking with black 1 is correct. This is followed by the two-step hane of 3 and 5 (tesuji). Black 9 and 11 take the corner, allowing white to + extend at 12. White can further hane at a with sente. The three black stones on the upper side are under white’s attack from both sides, and it will be difficult to settle them. Solution 19e Solution 19f — (Black is too O conservative) Black blocks +e from the other side. The moves that follow are common responses. Black is forced to reinforce with 11. White 12 is 4 a powerful invasion similar to t Solution 19¢. White is | satisfied. 19f Solution Solution 19g — (White is O satisfied) The two-step hane of oy 3 and 5 is a finesse (tesuji). However, it is not suitable for this situation. White jumps & with 14, controlling the tempo on the upper side. Solution 19g - 107 -