Computers consist of modules of three basic types (processor, memory, I/O) that communicate with

each other and require paths to connect the modules. paths are called interconection-structure.
Structural design will depend on the exchange between modules.

Memory: Typically, a memory module will consist of N words of equal length. Each word is assigned a
unique numeric address. A data word can be read from or written to memory. The nature of the
operation is indicated by the read and write control signals. The location is indicated by an address.

I/O module: has the same function as memory. Can read and write. one I/O module can control many
external devices. We can refer to each interface with the external device as a port and give each
interface a unique address. In addition, there are external data paths for the input and output of data to
the external device.

Processor: The processor reads instructions and data, writes the data out after processing, and uses
control signals to control the overall operation of the system. It also receives interrupt signals. The pre-
list defines the data to be exchanged.

Memory to Processor: The processor reads an instruction or a data unit from memory.

■ Processor to memory: The processor writes a data unit into memory.

■ I/O to processor: The processor reads data from the I/O device through the I/O module.

■ Processor to I/O: The processor sends data to the I/O device.

■ I/O to or from memory: For these two cases, the I/O module is allowed to exchange data directly with
memory without going through the processor, using memory access direct.