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    10 views14 pages

    Conductors and Conducatnces

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    No:1 Scamed id

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    ELECTRO CHEMISTRY:22-23 @ relationship bw Chemical erongy t cel Clectro Chemical ~ cell Redes Spontaneous ‘Rea & Cleclvolylie Cmadactomce & clectroly sis * Electro chemical cell Conductors: them one called Conductors They ome of tuo bypes a » Metallic coo. Electrenic Conductors > charge Comniens ane free es + No Chemical Chomge occuns > No tramsfen of Matter tokey place > Gx: Metals : Cu, Ag. FR, Al ete Non-metal : Graphite. > with rise im tempenod ure magnitude of -metallic Gmdluctoma decreoges. An Electrifying Tour ® nakas Electo chemistry is the bramch of physical chemistry whith Establishes chemical Cnengy amd Glectrical Energy. Clectrical enogy t Electrolytic cel Non-spentaneous Conductors amd Conductance Tre Substemces which may alles He pastage of Clectvicity Hrraugh Metallic Conductors Electrolytic Conducters Clechalybic Go Tonic Conducts > chonge comniens ome free tons > chemical champe occurs > Transfer of matter taker place in te Form of lens. Hence decomposition ocury. Gx: SE: ter. dissoctabion + sails, sA.SB WE: Fonadey's lous followed 5 Ohm's Lau follawed — > ohm's lou followed slow: The Guurent (I) Comried by a Conductr(@O clectrolyke Solution] bw He two is divectly propevHonal to the potential difference (y) Ends of Conduct [@) Glectoder) ver v= RL Resistance amd Resish vity: Resistance The Constant of propertimality tn ohm'A Lam is Called tesishamce ObFened by Conductor. v Ree Unit: QD Gh Go vell/ampene % Resistamce of a Conductor is divectly proportional to itis Length (2) amd inversely proportimal t ikls anea of Cro Section (a) Raed R=P+ where, @ = specific Regt stance where, @ = specific Regt stance CO Resistivity Specific Resishance @O Resistivity: Resistamce offered by a Conduct of unit lengih and unit Gross Sectional ovrea- Rad e feusyj Ww « = Rae eet Letom Gait: Dem fem end s1ee } Conductance and cenducti Vem Conductance’ (g] EHé the propenty of Conductor (metallic as well as Glectralyte) which facilitates He flow of Clectricity through it. Unis: ohm! con mho (oon! Magnitude of Comductamce depends mainly oni ©) Number of ims by Magnibude of Charge on each ion ©) onic mobility Distamce travelled by an im per Second Unden a potembial gradient of IV per Gm Specitic Conductance @) Cmductivity (K+ kappa) Et is meciprocal of Specific Resistance et. 4+ 2-44 Kap i Ra ~ Ka K=G 4 @ |kK = @«G* G* — cell constant rH Letim ae 1 Gm units: 27 ow! A we! er Smt [5 = Siemen) solution = solute + solvent Kade = KM Rae sell Constant @* Clecttode is Constant, Called Cell Constant. «os Connect wee Gea = ait: cel en mt Pianzed « recede Prelectrode PrElectrode ‘Two different types of conductivity cells Cyuivalent Conductance: Ax wn Ne wo Neg The Conductance of all the ions produced by imizalion of ove normal sdlulion of Cledvalyte @o Tre Comduching power of all ihe ions present in one grom- equivalent of am decrolyte in a given Sdlulin Given wk mie [rene = Se | — Before dilution ; aml of Se™ with 4-gv-eqyt Conductame = Ae = > After dilulien Femi of sol” Wile d= fr equt Conductance = Me + K Re = Kx 96) Ac = K» Yew FO Normality = greyvt x 1900. 4 ey Veal) Meni = greegut » 1220 [Meu = HEL gv greta Subshitukay eg" ® in auesnranny oy we Ae = a sae = Som eqvk? (sr unit) (ve mt Go ow? tl Ne geeqvt/Lit oh een “1 Molan Conductance: Nm + “The Conductomce of all the tons produced by ionization of ove mole solutim of an Clechalyte « ‘The Conductamce of all the ims produced by iomizalion of ome vile of om Glectrolyte in a giver Selution. Rectangular Frough y > Before dilution : Leal of sa with a-rmle etal gem ST Conductamee = Amy = K, «| J > After dilution ie tal wey emt of sol” Wile A> mole ae | | e mclurctamce = Am + K A fief SEF BN en Ame (x 1609 [Anz K >You Feo Molovity= moles x 1200 Veal) moles » 1900 Vert) = Smt mole) (sa Unit) ohm! a® mele! (e4s Unit) fos Nz Mxn-factor) Am 2 Aq x n-Faclor lect lybe Malen Conductance Nad myst Am Me cad, ny ed Am = oe Al dy yes Ran = 3% a3 (P24), se Am 26 Me & Fauers Affecting Clectrical Conductivity of electrolytic Solubions ti) Tater Tonic attractions (ETA) * 1 Condlutivily % eH Gi) Solvalion of Lens : (Solute - solvent Gat enack ens) ' Conductivity & ————— ON ation of Tans Gi) Viscosity of solvent Conductivity < — viscony Gi) Temperature: viscosity & Tras Conclact vit Tumpenatune fon ovat OW) palanity of solvent: Conductivity, © pllanity of slvent Higher the dielectric Constant , greater iS the degree of diggcciation 1 «) Then nio-of ions increases L Then no-of ions increases 4 on) Dilution: Conductivity increases Comaductance o Dilution Diduton tml = — net c= Ay =k cog th on (oe) a wole c= Ay= Cahn tK Note + *# Im Gmenal L-volue increases wilh diluben weak Clectrolytes - Tt [& <1 4) strong Clectrolytes » &' No -chomge (a = 1007) Explanation: WE: Wilk diluion oT no-of Tons t at, Aagt. Ant ot KL Reasen: wilh dilubien no-of no-of tums omd volume boln T Ta unit volume no-of Ims ane decreased Dilako GL EL t + é ens With dilution is nok effected, Since this 1007. dissociation Bat Gt, Aegt, Ant Reason: Due to dilulten the forces of attractions bjw ims decreases ie free movement of Ions f Bur KL Reason: with dilulion no-of no-of ions omd volume boin T Ta unit volume no-of Tens are decreased La t lo toms (ib Variation of Conductance wilh Concentration: Cone 8 35. Tien Am increases with dilulion. Fer the case when Solution is of infinite dilulion( zenro concentration) - lim Ag 2 AR =A [Molar Condactemce af infinite dilution } C40 _{ Dilution oa" of the Gol” at panticulan cone Sol" ak Tafinite dilution (come - will be Zeno] % Debye -Huckel-Onsagar e,% fw Strong Clectrolytes : : Like Hd, wad, NHGd Nao ete Aw ATE Jos co moms A = Constont Depends on Nature of Solvent, Type of Clectrolyle amd Temperature Nac (11). Kel Cit) + Have Same A’ value Cad, (1), mgd, (1:2) —% Have Same A volue jen * Ag Cam be detenmined by Extrapolahion methsd in hich graph « * Ag Cam be detenmined by Extrapolation -methid in Gihich graph ca Ee son Che ak sg dla | For weak Electrolytes: 1 Like ¢HjCoot, NHYOH, Hed, HAS ete. | we Com't Use Extrapolation Method te find Am Tre Groph Of Aw ws Te fr we. y wm wilh t in dilaton, {pies concentration Aut | \ degree of dissouation f tgh-< Heme value of Cmductane z to mapidly ak laer-come Ag romge- * de As Numerical: The Glectrical nesistance of a cell of 005m Naot soluon in whith electyic plates ane 4 om apant with Cross sectional onca of of 50 Cm* is 1-44.27 Colcutate the nesistivity im ohm-cm Units ohm a1 ays 76-135 76-13 ap 2.3: At Infinite dilaben «= 100 J. Mr Si Cledeolyle = Cahon + Anion 22 &, Xe + Limiting milan Conductvi ties of cation amd omion respectively Ge ALB) ae x A oe yO © ° ° = xy + yA Aeansy) yas = x AL ey at Xe AG —s Lenic Conductomees of A*Y amd of leche Ax8y at Znfinite dilution. wm dissociation is Complete, each im makes a makune of we ion With which if iated. ales x 2 electrolyte det & Uh =p eh EK Ut chop k= gesve C = 1 Fonadey da & Ug =e AG = K Yee Vcr, Use % Lonic Mobi hes Tonic Mobilit, = TE velocity, Lvelocity (Cm[sec) tential gradient — pol-ditt | electro Pel a eine trode on Apps of KL: @ Im delemmimation of A’ of 2 Weak Clectrolyte ; {$y using Av of se} GK ratgon) = (wea clecteolyte) Nyon SSP NMG" + ont ° a Nouinyon) = Poougiy * eer POF -» » — Moga) > > Gung) * Cer eo * Rowe = Xow + Nowy TO 9 Rows) > Moat + Mero Oo 7 Aunyon = Smt + Nivaon — “wed he, 44" O= O@+@-@ Gutyouy = Xeaagty * Mery * Cuyt) owwyord = Xoangty * Mow Aono = 219-2 | G@ Theny of weak clectvobytes : @) Determination of degree of dissociahm and Keq of o Weak Glectrolyte: CH;Coon <= cycoo + HT! (frm osbonld Y CH3CooH = creo! 4 HT! from Ostwald \ bso c ° ° L_ dilution Law ot _eab cc, ca od _ Rycos!) CH) 4 Tenjou) ca. co 2 ce For_we Kea = CG) — z eh

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