Sadia Suroor et al, / (IJCSIT) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, Vol.
7 (3) , 2016, 1320-1327
Enhancement to Distortion-Resistant Routing
Framework for Video Traffic in Wireless Multihop
Networks
Sadia Suroor#1, Manoj Challa#2, Zafar Ahmed Syed#3
1
Computer Network Engineering, 2Information Science and Engineering, 3Networks and Communication Engineering,
Visvesvaraya Technological University, King Khalid University
Bangalore, Karnataka, India
*C.M.R. Institute of Technology
Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Abstract– Routing protocols designed for wireless networks
since a long time are application specific. Here, we are
working to reduce distortion in video traffic flowing over a
wireless network. Today’s users demand high quality videos to
be delivered seamlessly on their devices. In this paper, we
discuss routing policies to reduce video distortion on an end to
end basis. Conventional and popular link based routing
metrics such as ETX cause high video distortion as they do not
account for dependence across the links of a path. Hence,
video traffic merges onto few paths causing distortion. To
reduce the distortion in videos and report frame loss in videos,
we build an analytical framework. A routing protocol for
reducing distortion in videos is designed based on the
framework’s routing policy. Simulations are done to show the
protocol designed is efficient in minimizing video distortion.
Keywords– wireless network, video distortion, distortion
minimization, routing protocol.
I. INTRODUCTION
Broadband and wireless communication systems in
today’s world are more robust and ubiquitous than they
used to be earlier [2]. In day to day life we observe wireless
communications happening in cellular and wireless local
area networks. This communication is observed only in the
last two devices i.e. a base station and a wireless end
system. Multihop wireless networks have one or many
intermediate nodes which independently communicate
among themselves along the route and send or receive
packets using wireless links. Multihop networks can
perform routing in a self-made manner, since they don't rely
on any past framework base [1].
Internet applications such as IPTV (Internet Protocol
Television) and VOIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) which
have high bit – rate multimedia content and high QOS
(Quality of Service) are being delivered to users due to
increase in bandwidths of broadband year after year.
Providing broadband access is still a challenge in rural and
mountainous regions because of technical and/or economic
reasons due to which people living in such regions cannot
benefit from the advantages offered by broadband access
[1]. 802.11 WLANs have limited coverage and one-hop
wireless networks such as 3G and licensed WiMAX are
costly and usually require licences for channel. Multihop
www.ijcsit.com
broadband wireless networks is a solution which provides
broadband access along with much needed QoS [1].
Multihop wireless networks have one or many intermediate
nodes which independently communicate among
themselves along the route and send or receive packets
using wireless links. Multihop networks can perform
routing in a self-made manner, since they don't rely on any
past framework base.
Research interest has been increasing in wireless
networks to deliver multimedia services as multimedia is
expected to be a major traffic source over next – generation
wireless networks [3]. Multimedia traffic is becoming very
popular in wireless networks with the coming of
smartphones. Transfer of video clips, pictures and voice
data in areas of natural calamities, disaster recovery,
drought hit areas, etc. to facilitate mission management by
government agencies and NGO’s has come as a hope to
people in distress. Under such extreme scenarios
maintaining a good quality of the video which is transferred
is demanding from the user’s prospect. The quality of video
sent over wireless network is influenced by: 1) the use of
compression techniques during which noise or distortion is
added at the source and 2) both, errors entering in wireless
channel and tampering also causes distortion in video [4].
Transmission losses can prevented by using different
levels of encoding described in video encoding standards
like MPEG-4 [7] or H.264/AVC [8]. I-type, P-type and B-
type frames are groups of frame types which are defined in
these encoding standards. In case of I-type frames data is
encoded independently. In case of P-type and B-type
frames encoding is performed based on the data encoded
within other frames. Application-level performance of
video transmissions can be derived using Group of Pictures
(GoP) which allows for the matching of frame losses into a
distortion metric [4].
Routing is the most often neglected critical functionality
which affects the end-to-end video quality. There is a
correlation between losses on the links that constitute routes
from a source node to a destination node but most routing
protocols which are designed for wireless multihop
networks are application specific. Sometimes, few links can
become heavily loaded with traffic which results in video
distortion and while other links are less utilized as network
1320
 Sadia Suroor et al, / (IJCSIT) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, Vol. 7 (3) , 2016, 1320-1327
traffic is independent. Network parameters and not
application parameters are the only basis on which most of
the routing protocols make their decisions to route the
traffic [4].
II. RELATED WORK – EXISTING SYSTEMS AND THEIR
LIMITATIONS
Encoding and transmission of a video is handled in many
ways and there are plenty of recommendations from
different standardization bodies which govern the encoding
and transmission of video. Original video clip can be
fragmented into a number of substreams and transmitted
over disjoint paths on a network. This technique to
fragment an original video clip and then transmit is called
Multiple Description Coding (MDC). Decoding process of
the original video clip can be successful using the
descriptions sent on the network and the quality of the
video is improved with the number of decoded substreams.
Layered Coding is another technique to send and improve
the video quality. Multiple enhancement layers along with a
base layer are used in this technique. Base layer is the most
significant layer as enhancement layers are there only to
refine the base layer quality and not useful by themselves.
Therefore, in an encoded signal the base layer is the most
critical layer. Layered Coding is adopted in this paper due
to its popularity in applications and standards adopted [4],
[5], [6].
Layered coding transmits video standards like MPEG-4
[7] and H.264/AVC [8] which provides guidelines on
encoding and transmission of a video over a network.
Different levels of encoding are to separate original video
clip into an array of frames of different priorities with
respect to quality. These are called I-, P- and B-frames. A
structure named GOP (Group of Pictures) consists of group
of such frames. I-frame is the initial frame in each GOP
which is decoded independently from the same GOP
without any other information. An array of P- and B-frames
follows the I-frame which is used as a source to encode
video clip. To decode other frames P-frames can also be
used as a source [4].
The signal processing experimentation community is the
pioneer in conducting research on frame – loss – resilient
video [9]. Original video is divided into high and low
priority frames and high priority frames are protected by
FEC in [10]. Due to quantization and frames losses there is
temporal and spatial error introduced in the video stream.
To calculate the distortion introduced in the video an
algorithm is proposed in [11] which is used for switching
between inter and intracoding modes per macroblock. This
results in higher Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) [4].
Introduction of inter/intracoding with extra/redundant
macroblocks is used to attain an enhancement to the
transmission robustness of the coded bitstream [12]. Rate-
distortion optimization scheme is used to determine the
coding parameters. Simulations are conducted to evaluate
these schemes. Simulations are done with a consistent
www.ijcsit.com
frame-loss rate to observe the effect on network
transmission. The characteristics of real world systems are
not captured in such simulations [12].
To study the effects of wireless channel fading on video
distortion a framework is designed in [13] which it is only
credible for single-hop transmission. There is another
credible amount of work performed on a single link in [14].
Experimentation is done to study the effects of frame loss
and how much of distortion can be handled by the
compressed video with respect to the length of error in a
frame. A two dimensional Markov chain system is
introduced after examining the achievement of video
streaming over multihop 802.11 wireless network. End to
end QoS is planned and deployed in video streaming model
of two dimensional Markov chain along with performace
evaluation. To reveal the average distortion transmitted
along consecutive P-frames is formulated using a recursion
model in [16]. Impact of routing on video distortion is not
considered or done in any of the above researches.
Wireless 4G networks are also used to examine the
performance of video transmissions since they have support
high Quality of Service for video transmission. H.264/SVC
encoding is examined over mobile WiMAX [17]. Quality of
Service which is experienced by the end user is represented
by metrics such as PSNR and MOS. Conclusion is that the
performance is dependent on various encoding schemes
used in protocols and reacts differently to the loss of frames
in network. Again the impact of routing on video distortion
is not considered or done in any of the above researches.
Routing algorithms for Quality of Service and cross layer
optimization on wireless ad hoc and mesh networks is
researched extensively [1], [2], [3], [18]. Based upon
protocol evaluation metrics such as transport/application,
network and MAC layer metrics, QoS can be divided in
several ways. A survey of the same is done in [19].
Performance metrics specifically defined for video
transmission is not taken into account in any of the routing
schemes presented in the surveys. The applications need to
indicate throughput and delay constraints even when a
routing scheme with QoS is defined. In our approach, video
distortion metric which is related to application
performance metric is directly integrated into the route
selection system.
To improve the Quality of Service multipath routing
schemes are used in video transmission and routing is
focussed on Multiple Description Coding [20], [21].
Disjoint paths are calculated using information collected at
the destination node and this is an extension of Dynamic
Source Routing which is used to support multipath video
transmission. The routing scheme designed here is based
totally on simulation without any analysis [20]. Disjoint
paths in [21] are calculated by scheduling a given set of
path lengths and there is no performance metric defined
directly with video quality and instead delay constraints are
used in the optimization. Minimization of overall video
distortion is achieved by selecting routing paths properly.
This is defined using a rate distortion model and used in an
optimization problem. Wireless ad hoc networks use MDC
for video multicasting. Selection of routes using
optimization problem is a complex issue, hence a heuristic
1321
 Sadia Suroor et al, / (IJCSIT) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, Vol. 7 (3) , 2016, 1320-1327
based algorithm is used to calculate the routes. [22], [23].
The models used in [22] and [23] use MDC to take into
account the distortion of the video and we use LC approach
along with differing on the way we model video distortion.
802.11 wireless mesh networks use multipath routing
scheme for delivering video stream and it relies maximum
on disjoint paths to gain good traffic engineering. The
objective considered here is different as it aims to reduce
the latency of video transmissions and does not consider
distortion as a user based metric [24].
In [25] a hierarchical model is used to design a routing
scheme for energy efficient video transmission with
minimum QoS degradation for LC. Such hierarchical
models depend on nodes which are combined in clusters
and a periodic process of electing a cluster head takes place.
This increases administrative frames on the network
thereby increasing the processing and data communication.
A model where all nodes of a network perform the same set
of tasks and are equal without any hierarchy is proposed in
our scheme.
Figure 1 Multilayer Design
III. PROPOSED SYSTEM
In this paper, we discuss how video distortion
experienced by the end user can be significantly reduced
and the quality of video is improved by computing the
application requirements. Certain number of packet losses
per frame can be handled by different schemes used to
encode a video clip. Any frame cannot be decoded if the
lost packets in a frame exceed a certain threshold value.
Distortion increases in a video stream with every loss of
frame. At each hop along the path from source to
destination the value of distortion depends on the positions
of the unrecoverable video frames in the GOP. Multilayer
design approach is used in our model as shown in Fig1.
Evolution of frame losses in GOP are designed in an
analytical model which used to outline the dynamic
behaviour of the process instead of just focussing on a
single network quality metric such as packet-loss
probability. The probability of frame loss in GOP is
matched with probability of packet loss on a link. Video
distortion metric is then directly related to probability of
frame loss. Routing can be posed as an optimization
problem by using the above mapping from packet loss
probability to video distortion where the objective is to
minimize the end to end distortion by finding the path from
source to destination [4].
In our conception, along the complete path total history
of losses in GoP is taken into report specifically compared
www.ijcsit.com
to traditional routing such as total expected transmission
count (ETX) [26] which is in contrast to our routing
protocol where the links are independently treated. Frame
loss process is captured using dynamic programming
approach. To minimize distortion, we have designed a
routing protocol based in the above solution. I-type frames
which are longer frames among the three frames are carried
on the paths that have least congestion since the loss of
these frames that carry fine grained information affects the
distortion metric more. With minimum distortion our
routing scheme is optimized for transmission of video clips
on wireless networks and constraints relating to time like
jitter are not taken into account directly in the design [4].
A. Advantages of Proposed System
1) Impact of routing on video distortion is developed
using a systematic approach: A systematic approach
that captures the impact of routing on the end to end
quality of video in terms of distortion is the primary
contribution. Minimum distortion is attained by
computation of optimal routes in the framework.
Impact of Physical layer and MAC layer is jointly
considered in the model and the application semantics
on the video quality [4].
2) Distortion resistant video delivery system is designed
using a practical routing protocol: In accordance to
the distortion and the position of a frame in the GoP,
the source is used to collect distortion information on
the links in the network designed in the protocol.
Primarily wireless video is carried on the network
using this routing protocol [4].
3) Extensive experimentation done for evaluations: End
to end video distortion is kept to a minimum and
proved by using the protocol which is tested by
simulations and real-time experimentation using an
802.11a mulihop network. Peak Signal to Noise Ratio
of video traffic is increased by 20% while using this
protocol. This produces traffic with a MOS (Mean
Opinion Score) that is 3 times higher when compared
to traditional routing schemes. Quality of video
received at the destination is improved significantly
with gains in PSNR and MOS [10]. Different system
parameters are also used to evaluate our protocol [4].
IV. SYSTEM DESIGN
Figure 2 and figure 3 shows an array of steps which are
followed by each node in the network. Figure 2 shows the
steps followed by the source node in a flowchart. Figure 3
shows the steps followed by the destination node and
intermediate node in a flowchart.
Knowledge of the complete network which includes the
nodes in the network and the quality of the links between
1322
 Sadia Suroor et al, / (IJCSIT) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, Vol. 7 (3) , 2016, 1320-1327
these nodes is required to solve the issue of Minimum
Distortion Routing (MDR). However, information about
global state is not most of the times available to the nodes
due to the dynamic nature and distributed operations of a
network. The answer to MDR issue is obtained by the
partial information gathered by the source node regarding
the global state of the network. To gather the information
regarding the state of the network the source node has to
sample the network during a path discover process [4].
For every wireless link in the network estimation of ETX
metric is included in the sampling process [26]. Quality of
links is measured by the estimates obtained by above
process. Probe messages are sent periodically to perform
the estimation process by tracking the successful
broadcasting of messages. During the Route Discovery
Phase ETX estimates gathered from the neighbourhood
nodes are appended in the Route Request messages. Route
reply message is sent back to the source that contains the
ETX estimates after the message is received by the
destination [4].
Route Request
(Message to 
neighbours)
Route Reply
Update Routing 
Find Optimum Path
Table
Figure 2 - Flowchart for application-aware routing (Source Node)
Complie Local ETX Route Request
Attach ETX to 
Visited Nodes
Yes
Route Reply‐ No
Deliver to 
For  Request‐
Me?
Source
Destination Node Intermediate Node
Figure 3 - Flowchart for application-aware routing (Destination &
Intermediate Node)
www.ijcsit.com
V. IMPLEMENTATION
The proposed approach comprises the accompanying
steps: Multihop routing networks, Video distortion model,
Video distortion minimization and Video distortion
dynamics.
A. Multi hops routing networks
Multi-jump cell system (MCN) is a design proposed for
remote correspondence and MCNs join the advantages of
having a settled base of base stations and the adaptability of
specially appointed systems. They are equipped for
accomplishing much higher throughput than current cell
frameworks, which can be named single-jump cell systems
(SCNs). This work focuses on MCNs and SCNs utilizing
the IEEE 802.11 standard for remote LANs. We give a
general outline of the engineering and the issues required in
the configuration of MCNs, specifically the difficulties to
be met in the configuration of a directing convention. We
propose a steering convention for use in such systems. We
lead broad test contemplates on the execution of MCNs and
SCNs under different burden conditions (both TCP and
UDP). At that point concentrates plainly demonstrate that
MCNs with the proposed steering convention are a suitable
option for SCNs, truth be told they give much higher
throughput.
Figure 4 - Multihop Network Model
Route 
B. Video Distortion Model
Forward to 
Neighbours Analytical model couples the functionality of the
physical and MAC layers of the network. The application
layer for a video clip is sent from a source to a destination
node. The model for the lower layers computes the packet-
loss probability by a set of equations. Packet-loss
probability is then input to a second model to compute
the frame-loss probability then corresponding distortion.
1323
 Sadia Suroor et al, / (IJCSIT) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, Vol. 7 (3) , 2016, 1320-1327

 
Figure 5 - Video Distortion Process

C. Video Distortion Minimization

Solution to the problem is based on a dynamic
programming approach that effectively captures frame-loss
process. A practical routing protocol is designed to  
minimise the distortion. The loss of the longer I-frames
Figure 7 - Video Distortion Dynamics
carry information affects the distortion metric more. The
approach ensures that these frames are carried on the paths
 
that experience the least congestion.
VI. SIMULATION
A. Step 1
Client requests for video file from server.

 
Figure 6 - Video Distortion Minimization

D. Video Distortion Dynamics

An analytical model is structured to characterize the
dynamic behavior of the process that describes the
evolution of frame losses in the GOP as video is delivered
on an end-to-end path. The model captures how the choice
of path for an end-to-end flow affects the performance of a Figure 8 - Client Request
flow in terms of video distortion.
 

www.ijcsit.com 1324
 Sadia Suroor et al, / (IJCSIT) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, Vol. 7 (3) , 2016, 1320-1327

B. Step 2 D. Step 4
Server checks for the file in its database and responds Server displays the response results like file size, name
back to the client. of the file requested, number of packets sent, and
bandwidth.

Figure 9 - Database Lookup by Server Figure 11 - Server Response

C. Step 3 E. Step 5
Client is receiving video one packet at a time while Client receives the distortion-resistant video with better
displaying the IP address and bandwidth used in the quality.
process.

Figure 12 - Distortion Resistant Video at Destination

Figure 10 - Packets Received by Client
 

www.ijcsit.com 1325
 Sadia Suroor et al, / (IJCSIT) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, Vol. 7 (3) , 2016, 1320-1327

VII. RESULTS
A. Comparative Analysis through Video Quality

 
  Figure 16 - Proposed Distortion Resistant Routing Algorithm

Figure 13 - Existing System VIII. ENHANCEMENT TO THE PROPOSED SYSTEM

 
 
Figure 14 - Proposed Distortion Resistant Routing Algorithm
Figure 17 - Server Sends a Hello Text Message to Client along with the
Video
B. Comparative Analysis through Bar Chart

 
Figure 15 - Existing System
Figure 18 - Client Receives the Hello Text Message from Server along
with the Video

www.ijcsit.com 1326
 Sadia Suroor et al, / (IJCSIT) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, Vol. 7 (3) , 2016, 1320-1327
IX. CONCLUSION
Due to the flaws and drawbacks of existing system in
providing distortion free video an Analytical framework
was developed using multihop wireless network to reduce
the distortion while sending the video from source to
destination. The Analytical framework uses the newly
designed distortion resistance routing protocol for
minimization of distortion in the video. The Proposed
model improves the video quality by minimization of the
distortion.
X. FUTURE SCOPE
Multiple videos can be sent to destination node at a time.
The Text message sent along with video can be encrypted
using cypher text methods.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Prof.
Manoj Challa, HOD, Information Science and Engineering,
CMRIT, Bangalore, under whose supervision this research
was undertaken.
REFERENCES
[1] Paolo Bucciol, Frank Y. Li, Nikos Fragoulis, and Juan Carlos De
Martin, Guide to Wireless Mesh Networks, 1st ed., ser. Computer
Communications and Networks, London: Springer-Verlag, 2009.
[2] Torsten Braun, Andreas Kassler, Maria Kihl, Veselin Rakocevic,
Vasilios Siris, and Geert Heijenk, Traffic and QoS Management in
Wireless Multimedia Networks, ser. Lecture Notes in Electrical
Engineering. US: Springer, 2009, vol. 31.
[3] Yong Pei,Viraj S. Ambetkar, James W. Modestino, Qi Qu and
Xiaochun Wang, “Enabling Real-Time H.264 Video Services over
Wireless Ad Hoc Networks Using Joint Admission and
Transmission Power Control,” Telecommunication Systems, vol.
28, no. 2, pp. 231 – 244, Feb. 2005.
[4] George Papageorgiou, Shailendra Singh, Srikanth
Krishnamurthy, Ramesh Govindan, and Tom La Porta “A
Distortion-Resistant Routing Framework for Video Traffic in
Wireless Multihop Networks,” IEEE/ACM Transactions on
Networking, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 412-425, Apr. 2015.
[5] Y.-C. Lee, J. Kim, Y. Altunbasak, and R. M. Mersereau, “Layered
coded vs. multiple description coded video over error-prone
networks,” Signal Process., Image Commun., vol. 18, no. 5, pp.
337–356, May 2003.
[6] J. Chakareski, S. Han, and B. Girod, “Layered coding vs. multiple
descriptions for video streaming over multiple paths,” Multimedia
Syst., vol. 10, pp. 275–285, 2005.
[7] ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11, “ISO/IEC 14496—Coding of audio-
visual objects,” [Online]. Available:
http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/standards/mpeg-4/mpeg-4.htm
[8] T. Wiegand, G. J. Sullivan, G. Bjontegaard, and A. Luthra,
“Overview of the H.264/AVC video coding standard,” IEEE Trans.
Circuits Syst. Video Technol., vol. 13, no. 7, pp. 560–576, Jul.
2003.
www.ijcsit.com
[9] Y. Wang, S. Wenger, J. Wen, and A. K. Katsaggelos, “Real-time
communications over unreliable networks,” IEEE Signal Process.
Mag., vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 61–82, Jul. 2000.
[10] J. M. Boyce, “Packet loss resilient transmission of MPEG video
over the internet,” Signal Process., Image Commun., vol. 15, no. 1–
2, pp. 7–24, Sep. 1999.
[11] R. Zhang, S. L. Regunathan, and K. Rose, “Video coding with
optimal inter/intra-mode switching for packet loss resilience,” IEEE
J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 966–976, Jun. 2000.
[12] J. Xiao, T. Tillo, and Y. Zhao, “Error-resilient video coding with
end-to-end rate-distortion optimized at macroblock level,”
EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process., vol. 2011, no. 1, p. 80, 2011.
[13] M. T. Ivrla˘c, L. U. Choi, E. Steinbach, and J. A. Nossek, “Models
and analysis of streaming video transmission over wireless fading
channels,” Signal Process., Image Commun., vol. 24, no. 8, pp.
651–665, Sep. 2009.
[14] Y. J. Liang, J. G. Apostolopoulos, and B. Girod, “Analysis of
packet loss for compressed video: Effect of burst losses and
correlation between error frames,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video
Technol., vol. 18, no. 7, pp. 861–874, Jul. 2008.
[15] D. Li and J. Pan, “Performance evaluation of video streaming over
multi-hop wireless networks,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol.
9, no. 1, pp. 338–347, Jan. 2010.
[16] Y. Wang, Z. Wu, and J. M. Boyce, “Modeling of transmission-loss
induced distortion in decoded video,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst.
Video Technol., vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 716–732, Jun. 2006.
[17] D. Migliorini, E. Mingozzi, and C. Vallati, “Performance evaluation
of H.264/SVC video streaming over mobile WiMAX,” Comput.
Netw., vol. 55, no. 15, pp. 3578–3591, Oct. 2011.
[18] E. Alotaibi and B. Mukherjee, “A survey on routing algorithms for
wireless ad-hoc and mesh networks,” Comput. Netw., vol. 56, no. 2,
pp. 940–965, Feb. 2012.
[19] L. Hanzo and R. Tafazolli, “A survey of QoS routing solutions for
mobile ad hoc networks,” IEEE Commun. Surveys Tuts., vol. 9, no.
2, pp. 50–70, Apr. 2007.
[20] W. Wei and A. Zakhor, “Robust multipath source routing protocol
(RMPSR) for video communication over wireless ad hoc networks,”
in Proc. IEEE ICME, Taipei, Taiwan, Jun. 2004, pp. 1379–1382.
[21] J. Chen, S.-H. G. Chan, and V. O. Li, “Multipath routing for video
delivery over bandwidth-limited networks,” IEEE J. Sel. Areas
Commun., vol. 22, no. 10, pp. 1920–1932, Dec. 2010.
[22] S. Mao, Y. T. Hou, X. Cheng, H. D. Sherali, S. F. Midkiff, and Y.-
Q. Zhang, “On routing for multiple description video over wireless
V.
ad hoc networks,” IEEE Trans. Multimedia, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 1063–
1074, Oct. 2006.
[23] S. Mao, X. Cheng, Y. T. Hou, and H. D. Sherali, “Multiple
description video multicast in wireless ad hoc networks,” Mobile
Netw. Appl., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 63–73, Feb. 2006.
[24] B. Rong, Y. Qian, K. Lu, R. Qingyang, and M. Kadoch, “Multipath
routing over wireless mesh networks for multiple description video
transmission,” IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 321–
331, Apr. 2010.
[25] D. Kandris, M. Tsagkaropoulos, I. Politis, A. Tzes, and S.
Kotsopoulos, “Energy efficient and perceived QoS aware video
routing over wireless multimedia sensor networks,” Ad Hoc Netw.,
vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 591–607, 2011.
[26] D. S. J. D. Couto, D. Aguayo, J. Bicket, and R. Morris, “A high
throughput path metric for multi-hop wireless routing,” in Proc. 9th
MobiCom, San Diego, CA, USA, Sep. 2003, pp. 134–146.
1327