MAE 180A: Spacecraft Guidance I, Summer 2009 Homework 3 Due Tuesday, July 21, in class. Guidelines: Please turn in a neat and clean homework that gives all the formulae that you have used as well as details that are required for the grader to understand your solution. Show all work. Required plots should be generated using computer software such as Matlab or Excel. Answers should be written in the blank spaces provided in these homework sheets. Use the back of the page in case you need additional space (not recommended to use more space than provided), for which a clear indication should be written to warn the reader of the presence of text there. Vector quantities are denoted in bold letters in what follows. Student’s Namez.... Student's ID: Question 1 (30 pts) Select the true answer (only one) out of the choices from the list provided for each question. A complementary and brief mathematical proof of your answer on the available space would be welcome, but it is not needed in order to get full credit. 3.1 The minimum-energy transfer trajectory of two impulses between two circular coplanar orbits of radius r; and r2 is a) a circular orbit of radius 2ry. b) a circular orbit of radius r2/2. x(an elliptic trajectory called the Hohmann transfer, which is tangent to the inner orbit at perigee and tangent to the outer orbit at apogee. 4) an elliptic trajectory of perigee radius r = 2r1 and apogee radius rg = 3r2. 3.2 An elliptic orbit of perigee radius r, = 3 DU and apogee radius rg = 6 DU is used to transfer a spacecraft between two circular coplanar orbits of radius r; = 3 DU and rz = 8 DU. Then a) the spacecraft, will arrive safely at the outer circular orbit. b) it would take too much fuel to perform this maneuver. wis transfer orbit cannot be used since the spacecraft will not arrive at the outer circular orbit. ) the transfer orbit is parallel to the ecliptic plane. patsStudent’s Name: TAVIER URZAY 3.3 A satellite is launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome to a 45.8°-inclination low-Earth orbit (LEO), and it is about to be transferred to an equatorial orbit of larger radius. Then a) it is more economical to perform the plane change to the equatorial plane when the satellite is still in the LEO before executing any coplanar maneuver. it is more economical to perform the plane change to the equatorial orbit at the intersection of the equatorial plane and the transfer ellipse (i.e. at the descending node of the transfer ellipse). ©) the launch azimuth was 0°. Ore Vv d) the perigee radius is equal to the radius of the Earth. 3.4 For a given Av and initial mass of the spacecraft, the larger the specific impulse of the propulsion system, a) the larger the propellant consumption. “fy : ; Hp» te (4-2 #4) 'b) the larger the eccentricity of the orbit attained. iP c xf the smaller the propellant consumption. ) the smaller the eccentricity of the orbit attained. 3.5 For two identical elliptic orbits, the time of flight from periapsis to a true anomaly v = 150° is smaller >xf(for the orbit around the central body with the largest mass. xy b) for the orbit around the central body with the smallest mass. To (# ) ) for the orbit with the largest semi-major axis. BUT a2 a, 4) for the orbit with the smallest semi-major axis. 8.6 In a Hohmann transfer from an inner circular orbit to an outer circular orbit a) the spacecraft first undergoes an acceleration to become injected in the transfer ellipse, and then a deceleration for insertion into the outer circular orbit. b) the spacecraft first undergoes an deceleration to become injected in the transfer ellipse, and then another deceleration for insertion into the outer circular orbit. the spacecraft first undergoes an acceleration to become injected in the transfer ellipse, and then another acceleration for insertion into the outer circular orbit. 4) the spacecraft first undergoes an deceleration to become injected in the transfer ellipse, and then an acceleration for insertion into the outer circular orbit.Student’s Name: TAVER _URZAY Problem (70 pts) ‘An Earth satellite is to be transferred from a, 300-km-altitude circular parking orbit to a 35, 786- km-altitude circular orbit (also called synchronous orbit). The satellite has a total initial mass of 5700 kg, and it is equipped with a small engine that uses a hypergolic mixture of monomethylhydrazine / nitrogen tetroxide as propellant to perform orbital maneuvers, for which the specific impulse is 320 s. Both orbits are coplanar. For this purpose, three different mission designs are proposed: Part I (20 pt) ‘The first design consists on a Hohmann transfer from the inner orbit to the outer orbit, as depicted in figure 1. 1 (TRANSFER) T1800 kw = (097 De Te +35786 kms 6.640 DU, eds Tas Figure 1: a) Calculate the orbital velocities on each of the circular orbits. 4, V,= [A®)*. 0.9% dD Z Cr) Yr th v= a = 0.82 OWpup b) Calculate the velocity at the perigee of the Hohmann ellipse, we: [7e[4-a)] EYStudent’s Name: TAvieR URBAY c) Calculate the velocity at the apogee of the Hohmann ellipse, 0.20 BUg = Ue Av: (Yme-v,)+ (%-Yeb)= 0.3 + 044= 0.49 Dues 2 Ve = B87 as e) Calculate the time of flight during the transfer. Tore ae = 2 a | = Qa.6 TUS a She £) Calculate the total mass of propellant spent in the transfer maneuver: 2 ance Rye eee = 28 ts 320:78 ~ Av — coe e = ) + 0.94. $2002 4OUO kay (Continue next page)Student’s Name: SAVIEN — UREAY. Part II (20 pt) ‘The second design consists on a bielliptical transfer as depicted in figure 2. The first impulse converts the initial orbit to the first transfer ellipse, which has a semi-major axis of 31,891 km. The second impulse establishes the second transfer ellipse. 1B (SECOND TRANSFER ELLIPSE) Teer t= 6.6 bug fap> Tanz 8-95 DUO 4e: ("pat Tan) |p 2 7.78 BUp (A(FIRST TRANSFER ELLIPSE) , Gc OR An > 5-0 tras 2 6049 BUD 2 (FINAL) fags 2-1, = 8.95 DVS Figure 2: a) Calculate the velocity at the perigee of the first transfer ellipse. “ re 43 Ven ee ; )] : Bt lrg Taktry b) Caleulate the velocity at the apogee of the first transfer ellipse. ", Re ta oe fay Toaths ©) Calculate the velocity at the apogee of the second transfer ellipse. a en tees a heStudent's Name: Javier URBAY 4) Calculate the velocity at the perigee of the second transfer ellipse. Z te =|2 4 - . Oo. bY Vee = a ( Tr, Pete )I ca ‘Srp €) Obtain the total Av necessary for the transfer. ave (eM) (tae Ye) + (he Ve)" = 0.33 + 0.46 + 0.03 £) Calculate the total time of flight during the transfer. a tor. t+ Te - 7] ( teston) 2 z ee = 35.4 g) Calculate the total mass of propellant spent in the transfer maneuver. SINCE Av’. 4,24 a aoe then Mp» Ms is e = | = 0.435700 = 4462 kay (Continue next page)Student’s Name: TAVIER URBAY Part IIT (20 pt) ‘The third design consists on a first tangential burn that converts the initial orbit into a transfer ellipse of eccentricity e = 0.88, and a second burn that injects the satellite in the final orbit as depicted in figure 3. r, = 4.04? Dug taz Ute) = 16. 40DUg | (4-e) a) Calculate the velocity at the perigee of the transfer ellipse. tr, G44 4- ot 72 ABY DUy . [ro/ 4 Tp tte, oye b) Calculate the velocity at the outer-orbit insertion point in the transfer ellipse. M Vil he (ue ae *. 0.43 BD - [Fro(t a vp c) Calculate the flight path angle at the outer-orbit insertion point in the transfer ellipse. [i-e*) 4) = 0-9! ies a ae 4] ee 7 AtecosD e ™ aes ann csb. tse 0.48 +» Gz 0.7° (4r2ec0 +e*); Student’s Name: TAV(ER UREAY d) Obtain the total Av necessary for the transfer. Aye We-%2 9-36 PY frum FROM dos TRAMSEER ELLIPSE: th From fransren Beene +2: AV,= (Met Yer ~2v,Vat cosh } = 0.44 Bly x Mt é wen Av Ay, tA: 0.23 DU® = 6.48 ku), Me £) Calculate the total time of flight during the transfer The TRANSFER FLIGHT OCCURS FRO PERIARSIS TO cE 2+ 7.0.27 4 Ea 24 Ate caso = 4.24 red A TRUG ANouay Dz 142.9° FOR wuich THE EaceuTRIC ANOMALY 1S THEN 28.7- 0.44 = Md ay TUB TOF = 7222)" -emne) g) Calculate the total mass of propellant spent in the transfer maneuver. see = AY LS 6 ae 4292 mew Mpa Me (4- e =+ ) = 0.0§.S?00: ty Part IV (10 pt) Compare the three proposed mission designs in terms of energy budget, required complexity of the propulsion system, time of flight, and mass of propellant spent in the transfer. @ i ee How Hann BIELUPTICAL TRANS ELLIPSE Ih TERMS OF eneRsy Bubger OF Propvisiow comPurxiTy TRewsivctuns: | ClELLINTICAL — HOMMANI HoHMANN PRAMS. ELL IPS or TIME OF FIGHT MASS OF PROPELLANT BIELLIPTICAL Blewuipric HORMANW TRANS ELLIPSE