INDEX Introduction — Description of Human Cancer Cells Difference between healthy and cancer cells Cancer cell division 3 = Causes of Cancer | Cancer types- Symptoms, Prevention | Cancer Treatment Acknowledgement BibliographyIntroduction Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cel! growth with the potential to invade or spread to other _parts of the body. Not all tumors are cancerous; benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body, Possible signs and symptoms include'a lump, abno al bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained weight lossa a change in bowel movements. While these symptoms may indicate cancer, they may have one causes. These diseases are characterized by a cellular malfunction. Healthy cells are programmed to ‘know what to do and when to do it’. Cancerous cells do not have this programming and therefore replicate and grow out of control. Cancerous cells in together are called Neoplasm.Neoplasm HUMAN CANCER CELLS Cancer cells are cells that divide relentlessly, forming solid tumors or flooding the blood with abnormal cells. Cancer cells have distinguishing histological features visible under the microscope. The nucleus is often large and irregular, and the cytoplas my also display abnormalities. +) The shape, size, protein composition, and texture of the nucleus are often altered i in malignant cells. The nucleus may acquire grooves, folds or indentations, chromatin may aggregate or disperse, and the nucleolus can become enlarged. Different combinations of abnormalities are characteristic of different cancer types, to the extent that nuclear appearance can be used as a marker in cancer diagnostics and staging.Cancer cell formation Cancer cell multiplication DIFFERENCE BETWEEN Normal AND CANCER CELLS Normal Cells a Cancer Cells Cell Reproduction the cell pagulation that ages or becomes damaged or destroyed. Normal cells reproduce properly. Cell reproduction is needed to replenish — ii se cells may have gene | mutations or chromosome mutations that affect the reproductive properties of the cells. They don't experience | biological aging and maintain their ability to replicate and grow Cell Com munication [Celis with other | through chemical signals. These signals communicate cells help normal cells to know when to | reproduce and when to stop reproducing. Cell signals ore usually transmitted into a cell by specific proteins. Cancer cells lose the ability to communicate with other cells through chemical signals. They also lose sensitivity to anti-growth signals from surrounding cells. These signals normally restrict cellular growth Wormal cells have the ability to differentiate or develop into specialized ceils For example, cells can develop inte heart cells, brain cells, jung cells or any other cell of a specific type Cell Specialization Concer cellsare unspecialized and do not develop into cells of a specific type. Similar to stem cells, cancer cells proliferate or replicate many times, for long periods of time~ | When the genes in anormal ceil are damaged beyond repair, certain DNA checking mechanisms signal for cell destruction, Normal cells have the ability to self destruct when they become damaged or diseased. Celts break down and are disposed of by white blood cells. Morphological DIFFERENCE BETWEEN Normal AND CANCER CELLS Normal Cells Large cytoplasm Single nucleus Single nucleolusFine chromatin | Coarse chromatin CANCER CELL DIVISION Cell division is a normal process used by the body for _ growth and repair. A parent cell divides to form two * daughter cells, and these d ter cells are used to build new tissue, or to replace cells that have died as a result of ageing or damage. Healthy cells stop dividing wher there is no longer need for more daughter cells, but cancer cells continue to produce copies, Cancer is unchecked eal growth Mutations in genes can cause cancer by Wedleratig cell division rates or inhibiting normal controls on the system, such as cell cycle arrest or programmed cell death. Asa mass of cancerous cells grows, it can develop into a Cancer Deve npn:Causes of Cancer » Types of cancer and toms Most Common types of Cancer: @ Lung Cancer A cancer that begins in the lungs and most often occurs in people who smoke. Symptoms- Cough (often with blood), Chest pain, Wheezing and weight loss, Prevention- Avoid smoking and carcinogens a ork, Eat diet full of fruits and vegetables, Exercise most days of the week. & Breast Cancer A cancer that forms in the cells of breasts Symptoms- Bloody nipple discharge, discomfort, inverted nipple, lump formation nearbreasts. Prevention Keep weight in check and be physically fit. Avoid alcohol and smoking. Avoid birth control pills and regular screening. Avoid post-menopausal hormones. 4 Prostate Cancer A cancer in a man's prostate, a small walnut-shaped gland a produces seminal Symptoms- Urinary problems, Blood in the urine and semen. Pain in the hips, pelvis, spine or upper leg. Pain or discomfort during ejaculation. Prevention- Enough exercise. Maintaining a healthy anda Balanced diet. Ensuring regular ejaculation. Having green tea regularly. & Throat Cancer Throat cancer refers to cancer of the voice bux, the vocal cords, and other parts of the throat, such as the tonsils and oropharynx. Symptoms: Respiratory symptoms like coughing, Blood wheezing, or shortness of breath, weight loss, weakness, fever, a change in voice, Chest pain, ear pain, hoarseness swollen lymphTumor formation Cancer Development Cancer is large the original site enough tobe into surrounding areas Cancer calls felt as a lump Fiting between normal cell division and cancer cell division Causes of CANCER @ Tobacco use is the cause of about 22% of cancer deaths. * Another 10% is due to obesity, poor diet, lack of physical activity, and excessive drinking of alcohol. @ Other factors include ce: [ fections, exposure to ionizing radiation and e nmental pollutants. @ Inthe developing world nearly 20% of cancers are due to infections such as hepatitis B, hepatitis Cand human papillomavirus (HPV). * Approximately 5-10% of cancers are due to inherited genetic defects from a person's parents. These factors act, at least partly, by changing the genes of a cell. Typically many genetic changes ore required before cancer develops.nodes in the neck, difficulty in swallowing Prevention: Don't smoke, check for radon at home, regular exercise; eat variety of fruits and vegetables, limit the intake of alcohol, have a cup of green tea. Retraction 0 indentation af capeic Discharge fram pple Lung Cancer_ Breast Cancer@ Prostate Cancer Throat Cancer CANCER TREATMENT Cancer can be treated in the following ways Surgery, when used to treat cancer, is a procedure in which a surgeon removes cancer from the patient's body. Radiction Therapy It is a type of cancer treatment that uses high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors ChemotherapyTt is a type of cancer treatment that uses drugs to kill cancer cells. » Immunotherapy Tt is a type of cancer treatment that helps your immune system fight cancer. Traditional cancer treatment wea