BY: GIRMA B. (MSC. FOR POST GRADUATE STUDENTS IN IRRIGATION ENGINEERING. AND SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION ENG. STUDENTS ONLY JANUARY 2022 Be CH-5 HYDROGRAPH ROUTING * Objectives: 1) determining the effect of streams and reservoirs on hydrograph shapes as the hydrographs move downstream through the systems. 2) Distinguish between the two major classification hydrograph routing techniques. * Flood forecasting, reservoir design, watershed simulation, and comprehensive water resources planning generally utilize some form of routing technique kk Scanned with CamScannerIs @ procedure to determine the time and magnitude of flow (e.g hydrograph) at @ point on a watercourse from known or assumed \ hydrogrphs at one or more points upstream (Chow et al., 1988). * Flow routing =z Flood routing. * If the flow is a flood, the procedure is specifically known as flood routing. * In a broad sense, flow routing may be considered os an analysis to trace the flow through a hydrologic system, given the input lV | Scanned with CamScannerce Wnademenneare nica ct ection, slope ete) yp Classified into: Ohtydrotogic routing: employs the equation of continuity with either a linear or curvilinear relation between storage and discharge within a river or reservoir. Hydrologic routing: computes outflow hydrograph corresponding to a given inflow hydrograph. E.g, used to flood forecasting, flood protection, reservoir design, spillway design Oyaraulic routing uses both the equation of continuity and the equation of motion, customarily the momentum equation. Scanned with CamScannerThe reservoir routing is essential in: 1)Design of the capacity of spillways and the other reservoir outlet structures. 2) Determine the location and sizing ofthe capacity of reservoirs to meet specific requirements “a HYDROLOGIC ROUTING: RESERVOIR ROUTING Scanned with CamScannerof hydrog ‘channel is studied. (© This method predicts the flood hydrograph 1" ‘at various section of the channel/ river reach considering a 4)Channel reach b)input hydrograph @upstream end. © Useful for flood:-forecesting and flood- protection work j FLOW ROUTING + Determine the flow hydrograph at a point on a watershed from a known hydrograph ‘upstream As the hydrograph travels, it ~ attenuates = gets delayed Scanned with CamScanner-(D, outflow (0). +*1>0.... AS increase (Positive) *1<0.... AS decrease (negative) * The effect of storage ... decrease the peak flow and broadened the base flov This is called: Mee Dictate) * For computational purpose; [eB farts are a -%,---@ ‘The routing period, t selected should be sufficiently short such that the hydsograph during the interval 1-2 can be assumed asa straight line ie, The assumption of linear variation of discharge rate willbe employed if At kept constant. ‘Vand 2are beginning and end of computational time Scanned with CamScannerStorage, S « Discharge, Q _ a) Storage-outflow (level pool routing): storage ( of outflow (Q). an ’b) Muskingum routing: developed specifically for streams and rivers. It relates storage, S to linear function of weight inflow (1) and outflow (O) Storage, § a Inflow, 1a outflow, O ys en een , / ’ HYDROLOGIC RIVER ROUTING + Using the equation of continuity: i 1-0-8 0 ‘Where: I= the inflow rate tothe reach + O= the outflow rate from the reach * ds/dt = the rate of change of storage ‘Three of the Hydrologic river routing techniques a) Muskingum method 1b) Maskingum Crest Segment Routing ) SCS Convex Method ne Scanned with CamScannerConstants a and n reflect the. cterist endo the esch and band more sageclume ‘The factor X defines the relative weights given to inflow and out The Meckngum method sssumes th min = 1 ales bla = eign the storage time constant for the reach x:a weighting factor that varies between 0 and 0.5; x averages 0.2. * * Application of Eqs. 1 and 3 10 a river reach is « straight forward procedure if o K and X are known. The routing procedure begins by dividing time into a ¢ number of equal increments, At and expressing Eq. 1 in finite difference form, using subscripts | and2 to denote the beginning ond ending times for At. Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerEXAMPLE 2 * You are studying a reach of a stream that is 13km long, and there are flooding concerns at the end of stream reach, where the river enters small city. You have developed a design hydrograph for a 25-year storm at the upstream end of the reach, and you aren‘t sure if the flood peak at the downstream end of the river reach will be much lower than the 275m*/s peak in your design hydrograph. Check the flood peak @ downstream + Fortunately, there have been studies of this river for many years, and others have determined MUSKINGUM Routing parameters of K= 24 hour and X= 0.1 for this reach. EXAMPLE 3: CALIBRATION OF MUSKINGUM METHOD * Given the measured inflow and outflow hydrographs. Determine the ‘Muskingum Method coefficients for the particular storm. *X=0.2;At=thr, Ans: X=0.3 and K value of 1.25 is best fitted coef. ae SS=y Scanned with CamScanner 10Scanned with CamScanner\ * Ex, The volume of water stored (/) between two successive contours and A, (planimetered) and the contour interval d, is given by: Ways aye Yada) Prima fm, eS eety) Cone fr, ee ‘ie, (gJarea midvay berveen the two successive contours “The outflow rates are determined by computing the discharge through the sluices and the ir above the eee of Sue jo spillway : Where t= height of water surface of reservoir ee ight of wate surfoce of reservar above the res of spilnay Dichaperespivaroet, Q,= CUP? Ca coefficient of discharge forthe slice ? Catetomtarat 2008 Cet of ivy - Am rea of sluice opening, { p 1 leag of silly ‘The problem in floo storageas a function 1d routing is to determine the relatos mn between the inflow, the outflow and the ‘of time, The problem can be solved by applying the hydrologic equation: r=07as In this method of reservoir routing, the basic equation a [st \v=s,-s,---@) A short routing period, t must be Sleted, assumed a5 a sagt line Le, i hth lb Ivan = ‘This wll bo rearranged and computed as: This is called F Modified Pul's method of Reservoir Routing, -[s Bree 12 Scanned with CamScanner* Example. A reservoir has the following elevation, relationships: ca a Route the flood and obtain: a) The out flow hydrograph; and b)The reservoir elevation V, time curve during the passage of the flood wave. SOLUTION 1)Let us choose a time interval of 3 hr, which is the interval given in inflow discharges. This value is within 20 to 40% of the period of rise, o which is 9 hrs. J.At=3 hrs = 3x60x60 secs ‘ = 1,08 x 104 secs =0,0108 x 10° secs. i cart anciosWo 114 i cou oonine nes mn roMen v- Is Scanned with CamScannerTo use the Modified pul's method, we have to draw curve between © Elevation (h) V, outflow y os ot VS Elevation To draw this, calculate 5 for different elevation (Col. 5) ons rT a) | (mam) Rene ererescs (9) x 0.0054 erie) eee ol. @) Storage Vs Elvn. and Outflow Vs Elevn. Curves outflow Vs Elevation Storage s Elevation Scanned with CamScanner 14Roce Rete 15 Scanned with CamScanner