| tuce 2: Curves
Aimlecure Look at pasic naotcons
foc \-£ola
Below internals canbe closed 2¢en or halt opon
Def, A o. w)
Ly pacametcisedA |-fglda 60 mele gen 5
Lmao Vo Te COR where Ti nate cval
Na tends So para. -Glok %.TekR
foc In pew \atertal + 21
Ea vo Com — R- Us (eos W sine)
° AX, (ar [. wy \£0 loc
“ eos «|
( \s apy u_50 injective TU
Cc Technically this (5 linear
mop RR represented by the
Traverse Funchow Than \ is inte dwe itt os
Re coll NOU-Zevo.
They tet VE RY og £. UR” be
Smooth, Then £ 1 local differ, al yeU
fe ds, 1S aA teamarphisun (ie bijectwe
\ineot ap) yt
€-0y .
v = ‘
zel-mater¥ aloove. NB nx [mate
(xRepavam ct isatinn|
defn dleticR he a not ne
2, a
interval, A fn f: L—9R™ is ns
if it eytends ty a smasth fn f: TR”
bY GY” open interval IT > 1,
im sasuty map of intervals fF TT:
if Wextends ts a diffe o
open nohds of Tt”,
Cor Consider smooth fT @R with T
Gn interval Men £:T--FO)is a
Aeo. Bee Weel, In ws ose,
either @f20 or At< MEAS a DO Ve.
Proof (=) appose df, #0 Vp Now ZL com >
ether AE>O oc Af <0 so f 6 echer
Ln cleasicg of dect 4 tha induces b>
f Le F(T). Tawerse (nihm D> Fis
mooth sof is a diffeo Dd
Prop -Defn \. tet ¥-1- C be a param. cucve
A change of variables. « a@_afteo O-t I
lwhere ZT is an interval
Tn the case, the repatameteisation
wet 6: Yieveg: 7 STC |
para. cucve _
We say i
aif dg>0 2 sRisntenpIAMraUesing +
<0
Rem. latter trace traiectacy in tevetse dic™
Proat For pel chan rule =9 Ax, =
AX ges? “dds which (sin dv 2 dd ae!
oO}
Tangent Spaces +o n—folds |
Civen a par, p-fold pe U—> Meck
an ue, the agen
The subspace TyNee d(T wR Vet
34 ys embedded , “woite Tut ~ eT al
TAM
Fo par. cuyve Yo Ilo
luge) AX, 4 <1) C. Tc
tobe pe
Ea. eR Ce feel “y
s(Q= {t_\ a) I
2
~e —
hesea Ecnsteied!
Cc Las >
[Are Lew vn \ Doss epee look
“VVC.
Notn for usual Aor produel \ cue ty
Sore: Ste r= Sab % hoes.
It = gv v > ve"
Recall the arc lenath of 2 pat
Lcucve +» 1—?C i { VS tu) ot
i
Meta Wwe say ¥: L—2 C15 pwaravvetnised
vy : if
lye for all wel
Prop Aw Par. Chcve 6 1» C kh
La_unt speed repacametrisation .
[Proof Picle ae tl and define new
pavameter -y
= \ lewlar = gus
duj= ly¥W|40 =| Oto wget
is invertible — curooth Tnverse fa th
2 G' TT is smoot too
Chan rule => cepar. X= Cn Ao
nas peed |i \\ = Llu ge = |
Helene g! LI)
Sametmes call adave the atc lenath
_pacamet.
i)
\