SEEM AM CUTIE RUA ENCE F PMSF MUEUP Tc) GS PRE cum Main FOUNDATION COURSE VAS Ar) = Academic Coach: Personalized and dedicated Pam ona = Mandatory Weekly Tests and Discussions: For Prelims and Mains answer writing practice. = Classroom Workbooks & Discussions: Based on current pattern, provided for each module to practice important concepts and topics along with discussions. = Weekly current affairs and Newspaper Pee Ee eee tetra ct] Pre eremoente neti ici coimStrategy for New India @ 75 ble of Contents DRIVERS Growth Employment and Labour Reforms Technology and Innovation Industry Doubling Farmers’ Income (|): Modernizing Agriculture Doubling Farmers’ Income (Il): Policy & Governance Doubling Farmers’ Income (It) Value Chain & Rural Infrastructure Financial Inclusion Housing for All Travel, Tourism and Hospitality Minerals INFRASTRUCTURE Energy Surface Transport Railways Givil Aviation Ports, Shipping and Inland Waterways Logistics Digital Connectivity ‘Smart Cities for Urban Transformation ‘Swachh Bharat Mission Water Resources Sustainable Environment INCLUSION School Education Higher Education Teacher Education and Traini Skill Development Public Health Management and Action Comprehensive Primary Health Care Human Resources for Health Universal Health Coverage Nutrition Gender Senior Citizens, Persons with Disability and Transgender Persons Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), Other Backward Classes (OBCs), Other Tribal Groups and Minorities GOVERNANCE Balanced Regional Development: Transforming Aspirational Districts The North-East Region Legal, Judicial and Police Reforms Givil Services Reforms Modernizing City Governance for Urban Transformation Optimizing the Use of Land Resources 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 37 39 40 41 42 43 44 Data Led Governance and Policy Making 45 NEXT IAS BIG LEARNINGS MADE EASYNEXT IAS STRATEGY FOR NEW INDIA @ 75 NEXT IAS ed + Steady accelerate the GOP growth rateto + The share of manufacturing in indias GOP is low relative achieve atarget of about & per cent during {0 the average inlow and middle-income countries > 2018-23 ‘+ Within manufacturing, growth has often been highestin © «+ Theinvestment ate should be raised from 29 sectors that ae relatively capita intensive, such as > © per cent to 36 per cent of GD? automobiles and pharmaceuticals. . + Exports of goods and services combined «+ Indias faces inability to capitalize fully on its inherent > shouldbe increased for USD 478 lion in labour and skillcost advantages to develop large-scale 2017-18 9 USD 800 billion by 2022-23. labour intensive manufacturing WAY FORWARD __ + To enhance publicinvestment, Inia should aim to + Deepen financial markets: Make easier increase its taxcGOP ratio to at least 22 percent of GOP avalabilty of capital, greater use of by 2022-23 + Lower gradually of the ‘nancial markets to channel savings and + Rationalize direct taxes for both comporate tax and govt. debt-o-GDP rato, an improved sk-assessment framework personal income tax. + The effective revenue « Governance reforms in public sector deficit should be brought | ! | banks: establishment of independent and down a rapicly as porsble \ \ | commercially driven bank boards, performance. | ¢ Assessment of executives and increased flexibility in human resources policy. The Gujarat international Finance and = Ease the tax compliance burden, # Increase the governments contribution to fixed capital formation to atleast 7 percent of GOP «= Increase the public investment in housing and infrastructure. + Set annual targets for limiting fiscal deficit based ‘on prevailing economic conditions with conditional + Bicol pubsacor ene st tne Spore oe reste not strategic in nature. The government's exit wil ‘approach is enshrined in . attact pve investment and conte tthe iia push the envelope on franc sector ‘exchequer, enabling higher public investment, «+ Encourage Private investment in infrastructure through Responsibility and Budget iiesecen. eran Enable alternative (to banks) sources of credit fr India's long-term investment a renevied public-private partnership (PPP) mechanism architecture nthe lines siggested bythe Kelkar Committee. « ifiat eee be needs:The bond marketreeds + Encourage Private investment in infrastructure through contained within the stated fegufstionsand continued fiscal a renewed public-private partnership (PPP) mechanism targetrange of 2 percent “eJuations 2” nthe lines suggested by the Kelkar Commitee to percent | «Generate sufcient jobs fr new tnvants into thelabour force, aswell |. | sethove migrating tof picts | « Alarge part of jobs would hopefully be rere in bbourtntesive manufacturing sectors, construction + A focused effort on making the logistics sector more efficients needed, + Rationalize Power taf structures to ensure global competitiveness of Indian industries «Improve connectivity complete projects that are already underway such asthe Delhi- ‘Mumbai Industrial Corridor (OMIC) and Dedicated Freight Corridors. += Introduce flexibility in labour provisions across sectors Al tate governments should speedily implement fixed term employment (FTE) that has now been extended to cover al sectors + Inadeition, the employability of labour needs to be enhanced by improving health, education and skiing ‘outcomes and a massive expansion of the apprenticeship scheme. + Enhancing 12”Champion Services Sectors": Among others, these include IT &ITeS, turism, medical value travel and audio visual services. «+ Strengthen the governance and technical capabilities of Export Promotion Council (EPCs) by subjecting them to a well-defined, performance-based evaluation, + Explore closer economic integration within South Asia and the emerging economies of East Asia, VAY KELKAR COMMITTEE ON REVISITING AND REVITALISING THE PPP MODEL OF INFRASTRUCTURE Revisiting PPPs: Currently, PPP contracts focus more on fiscal benefits. The Committee recommended that the focus should instead be ‘onservicedelivery for citizens, One size tsall approach should be avoided. Risk allocation and management: PPP contracts should ensure optimal risk allocation across al stakeholders by ensuring that itis allocated othe entity that sbestsuitedtomanagethe isk ‘* Strengthening policy and governance: Pecommended formulating aPPP awand amending the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988, ‘Strengthening institutional capacity: An Infrastructure PPP Project Review Committee may be set up to evaluate PPP projects. An Infrastructure PP Adjudication Tribunal should also be constituted, 3 |NEXT IAS Complete the codifeation of ental Inbour las nto four codes by 2013 + Increase female labour force STRATEGY FOR NEW INDIA @ 75 participation tat least 30 per cent by «+ Ofindi's total workforce of bout 52 core, agriculture employed nearly 49 percent while contributing only 15 percent ofthe GVA, Industry and services accounted for 137 and 37-5 percent of employment while making up for 23 percent and 62 percent of GVA, respectively [As per the National Sample Survey (NSS) there were 634 crore unincorporated mir, small and medium enterprize: (MSMEs] nthe NEXT IAS Se 202223 county engaged in eerent economic activites providing empleyment to > « Formalization ofthe labour force by 1 1o core workers reforming labour hws easing of «= Inala’ informal sector employs approximately 85 percent of all workers. > ndustriareations and ensuring offait__ © The female abour force participation ratein Inds 23.7% in 2011-12 ‘wages, working conditions and social _* Aigncant numberof werkes, cumently employed in agriculture wll {ecu through signeant productivity move out in search of jobs in ater areas improvementsin the economy, + The Indian economy wil need to generate neatly 70 lakh jobs ahinually to absoro the net addon tothe workforce. 2» Productivity across allsectors A large share of nela's workforce is employed in low productivity active {Protection and social security: laige numberof workers that ae engaged in the unorganized sector ae not covered by labour > regulations and soil security «Skil According to the nea Skil Report 2078, only 47 percent of those coming out afhigheredliatinalinstitutions are employable > Employment dat, nei current lek timely and periodic estimates of the wor ore, + The Labour Market information System (LMI) should be made functional for Identifying sil shortages, training needs and employment created 1+ Ensure the wider use of apprenticeship programmes by all enterprises, ‘+ The National Policy for Domestic Workers needs tobe brought. ‘+ Complete the codification of labour laws. labour laws into four codes, namely ‘wages, safety and working conditions, industrial relations, and social security and welfare. Ensure the implementation of and employers’ adherence to the Maternity Benefit Amendment) Act, 2017, and the Sexual Harassment of Women at Work Place (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act. Ensure that skill training programmes and apprenticeships include women, ‘+ Complete the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PFLS) of households and data disseminated by 2019. + Increase the use of administrative data iz, EPFO, ESIC and the NPS to track regularly the state of employment. + Conduct annual enterprise survey using GSTNas the sample frame. ‘+ Enact a comprehensive occupational hhealth and safety legislation based on riskassessment, employer-worker co ‘operation, and effective educational, remedial and sanctioning. Enhance occupational safety and health (OSH) in the informal sector. «Ensure compulsory registration of all establishments ‘Enhance transparency in the labour inspection system. '+ Make compliance with national floor level ‘minimum wage mandatory. ‘+ Expand the Minimum Wages Act, 1948, to cover all jobs. ‘+ Enforce the Aadhaar-enabled payments «+ Increase severancepay,inline with globalbest practices. ‘+ Overhaul thelabour disputeresolution systemtoresolve disputes quickly efficiently fairly andatlow cost «Strengthen labour courtstribunalsfortimely disputeresolution andset time frame ordliferentlisputes.NEXT IAS STRATEGY FOR NEW INDIA @ 75 NEXT IAS Se * 4 india should be among the top 50 countries in the Global Innovation Index by 2022-23. ‘= Five of our scientific research institutions should bbe amongst the top 100 inthe worl. * 6 India should aim to spend atleast 2 per cent of ross domestic product (GOP) an R&D with equel contributions from the public and private sector. ‘Steps taken to promote science, technology and innovation in India are: © Department of Science and Technology established, Promotes basic research via: Research funding schemes through Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB) and other in-house programmes. "National Innovation Foundation was set up to fund grassroots innovations in 2000. Science, Technology and Innovation (STH Policy formulated in 2013. ‘Atal Innovation Mission was launched Indian scientists played a key role in the discovery of gravitational waves, Indian scientists also contributed tothe discovery of a neutron star merger at Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave (Observatory (LIGO), USA. « India now ranks amiongst a handful of nations that have credible capabilities nthe field of space technology: Chandrayan-1 and 2, Mars Orbiter Mision and the recent simultaneous launch of 104 satelites are Indla's significant achievements «= India's now the third largest country in terms of the number of start-ups. ‘= Low R&D expenditure equal to 0.7% of GDP (2014-15), especially from the private sector, ‘The number of scientific R&D professionals in India at 218 per milion population Is dstressingly low (USA has 4,019 per million) ‘= The link between research, higher education and industry is weak. «India's education system has 50 far not focused on cultivating a scientific temperament at an early age. {+ “Lab to Land’ time's too long, Rate of transfer of technologies from lab to ground level slow. '* The adoption of indigenous innovations by Indian industry is not very encouraging, ‘The public procurement system is heavily blased in favour of experienced and established products and technologies. ‘There has been poor progressin the development and deployment of affordable technologies for rural areas, particularly in agriculture, ‘+ An empowered body is needed to steer holistically the management of science in the country Its scope will include science education ‘and scientific research as wells coordinating and guiding various science initiatives. ‘+ Value addition centres may be set up in RED and technology institutions for(i) up-scaling techn © Improving Technology Readiness Level. © Demonstrating industrial scale pilot production, © Coordinating with investors to incubate entrepreneurs. © Bridging the gap between industry and technology development teams. «+ Socially relevant technologies: Public funded research institutions should consider shifting thelr focus to the development and deployment of socially relevant technologies in areas such as clean drinking water, sanitation, energy, affordable healthcare, + Inall government procurements, international competitive bidding or both products and services should be resorted to only when Indian manufacturers ate unable to supply products/services of comparable international quality. This wll promote the Make in India initiative «+ District innovation Fund: To bring vibrancy to frugal innovations, a non-lapsable “District Innovation Fund’ within each district (85.2 ‘rore) may be created and used to promote grass rot innovations. «+ Further expansion AIM has set up over 1000 Atal Tinkering Labs (ATL) + Foreign collaborators, consultant, visting faculty, adjunct scientist etc. ned to be involved in pursuing R&D with Indian Scientist. ‘+ The Higher Education Commission once set up may consider giving credits for innovation and start-ups and also setting up online ‘entrepreneurial developmental courses in Colleges and Universities.NEXT IAS STRATEGY FOR NEW INDIA @ 75 NEXT IAS Se Manufacturing asa percentage ofthe gross domestic product is 16%. india is the ft largest manufacturer inthe word with a gross value added (CVA). Intatives taken to promote manufacturing: Make in India Action Plan aimed at increasing the manufacturing sector's contribution to 25% of GOP by 2020 Start-up nai intiatve to promote entrepreneurship and nurture : innovation andthe Micro Units Development and Refinance Agency (MMUDRA) and Stand-up india to facitae accesso credit pe Ease of Doing Business (EODB): World Bank ranked India 100th among 190 Aadefiningroleinshapingthe " Ceunvriesin a2018 manufacturing sectorin 2022. The foreign direct ivestment (FD) regime has been substantially Iierlized significantly improving India's ankin terms of annual FDI inflows rom 14in 2010 to 9in 2017 + Double the current growth ‘ate of the manufa-cturing > sector by 2022. ++ “industry 4.0: Promote ina > planned manner the adoption of the latest technology Regulatory uncertainty: Regulatory rsks and policy uncertainty in the past have dented investor confidence. Investment: There has been a cyclical slowdown in fresh investment since 2011-12. ‘= Technology adoption challenge for SMEs:The adoption of new technologies ike artificial intelligence, data analytics, ‘machine-to-machine communications, robotics and related technologies collectively called “Industry 40% area bigger ‘challenge for SMEs than for organized large-scale manufacturing, Data security reliability of data and stability in communication/transmission also pose challenges to technology adoption. Exports and insufficient domestic demand: There has been no export driven industrial growth. Domestic demand alone may not be adequate for sustained, high value manufacturing Getting construction permits, enforcing contracts, paying taxes, starting a business and trading across borders continue to constrain doing business. “WAY FORWARD ‘+ Mega public projects such as Sagarmala, Gharatmala, industrial corridors, and the Pradhan MantriAwasYojana(PMAY) an stimulatedomesticmanufacturingactivities. ++ Roadblocks to be identified and addressed: Set up 2 portal to monitor projects beyondagiven threshold on areal time basis, ‘+ Encouragefurther lin manufacturing «+ Encouragedevelopmentof self sufficient cluster of manufacturing ‘+ Agreaterconnect between government-industry-academiais required to identify the ‘changing requirements in manufacturing and prepare an employable workforce. ‘e-commerce canbe the driver of overalleconomicgrowthover the next decade ‘Quality: Harmonize Indian quality tandards with global standardsin many sectors. Encourage mallbusiness esearch programme. Setting up of megaparksand manufacturing lustesinlabourintensive sectors + Launch a major initiative to push industry to adopt Industry 40. Industry 40 is characterized by increasing digitization and interconnection of products, value chains and business models Develop the Central Manufacturing Technology Institute (CMTI} by the Department of Heavy Industry (OH) as @ Centre of Excellence for pursuing RED in Industry 40 technologies and systems. Incentives could be focused on MSMEs that manufacture products including sensors, actuators, drives, «= Introduce a“single window” system in all states: To provide a single point of contact betiveen investor and government and facilitates all required licences and approvals. + For efficient approval/inspection process, develop a system of accountability for major stakeholders Ike inspection bodies, testing labs eg, Gujarat Pollution Control Boars Environmental Audit Scheme, + Technology: For geographical planning and ease of environmental clearances, adopt the system of using Geographic Information System (GIS) based maps. «Ensure the seamless integration of the Shram Suvigha portal and state agencles' portals. + Components: 1. Port Modernization & New Port Development 2. Port Connectivity Enhancement 3, Port-led Industrial Development 4. Coastal Community Development: + Also, 14 Coastal Economic Zones being developed under Sagarmala BHARATMALA PROJECT (ROAD AND HIGHWAYS PROJECT) 1. Economic Corridors 2. IntercorridorsandFeederRoads 3. National Corridors Efficiency Improvement 4, Borderandinternational Connectivity Roads 5. CoastalandPort Connectivity Roads 6. Expressway, ———— SS |NEXT IAS NEXT IAS BEE ‘+ Modernize agricultural 1 Low yield: The existing yield levels of a majority of crops remains much technology, increase lower than the world average. productivity efficiency and» Close to 53 per cent of cropped area is water stressed. There exist ‘crop diversification significant yield gaps both amongst and within states. Inefficient extension '» Generate income and delivery systems have led to the presence of large yield gaps as well. STRATEGY FOR NEW INDIA @ 75 ‘employment througha «Staple crops (cereals, pulses and ollseeds) occupy 77 per cent ofthe total > paradigm shiftthat ensures gross cropped area (GCA) but contribute only 41 percent tothe outputof food security while the crop sector. maximizing value addition» Pradhan Mant Krish Sinchai Yojana (PMIKSY/: Aims to expand irigation in agriculture coverage whist promoting water use efficiency. Area under micro irrigation hhas grown 25 times inthe last four years. += Use of outdated and inappropriate technology isthe main reason for low productivity of crops and livestock. > + Given the pre-dominance of small and marginal farmersin Indian agriculture, affordability Becomes a significant Constraint on technology adoption by farmers. 2. * Agricultural research in the country is constrained by resource inadequacy, regulations and intellectual property| rights (PR). 2 Ahuge gap exists between the demand for and supply of sills in agriculture, hindering diversification, adoption of precision agriculture and on farm post-harvest value addition. WAYFORWARD « Increase area under irrigation: Irigation coverage needs to be increased to 53 per cent of gross cropped area by 2022-23, «+ Increase adoption of hybrid and improved seeds: States should aim to increase the seed replacement rate (SRR) «+ Increase Variety Replacement Ratio (VAR): Phase out old varieties of seeds and replace them with hybrid and improved seeds to enhance productivity. «+ Strengthen seed testing facilites: Seed testing facilities need upgradation in terms of both personnel and technical expertise ‘© Uniform national procedure for seed licensing: To tackle the problem of heterogeneity in seed licensing procedures across states, the central government should develop model guidelines for seed licensing and suppor states in implementing these, «+ Efficient fertilizer usage: Strengthen the SHC Scheme. + lavestment subsidies for micro-irigation: Rather than power and water subsidies, investment subsidies for micro-irigation can be provided through the DBT mode, ++ Synergy between Agriculture Technology Management Agency (ATMA) and + Encourage diversification te HVCs: Design an Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs): The ATMA programme needs to be reoriented to incentive mechanism to wean farmers away include bottom up planning at the district and block levels to develop Strategic from cereal crops to HVC. Research Extension Plans (SREP) «+ Establish regional production belts: Asin the ‘+ Public Private Partnership in KVKs:The guiding principles of ATMA provide for the promotion of PP in extension delivery. ‘+ Market led extension: Give priority to extension services thet disseminate information to farmers regarding crop selection, demand for and supply of crop produce, expected price of commodity, ‘+ Sustainable water use in agriculture: About 83 per cent of wateris used in agriculture. Therefore, more efficient irigation technologies, water harvesting and better crop selection must be encouraged «+ District level skill mapping: ICAR and SAUs should map the demand for and supply of skilsin agriculture atthe istic level and coordinate with ski evelopment missions to impart the required skills to farmers ‘luster based approach, regional production belts for HVCs need to be identified and supported through the Mission on Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIOH) «+ Use of hybrid technology in veget-ables Shift to using hybrid varieties for vegetables + Convert agricultural waste: Recycling and utllaing agricultural waste would give further fillip to farmers’ income. + Breed indigenous cattle with exotic breeds: ofinbreeding, reeding of indigenous catle with exotic reeds needs to be encouraged to arrest thelssue + Promote and develop bull mother farms: Employing multiple ovulation and embryo transfer technologies, these farmscan significantly ‘enhance milk productivity through the supply of catle with enhanced milk potential farmers. «+ Village level procurement systems: Installing of bulk milk chillers and facilites fr high value conversion of milk are needed to promote dairyinstates 7 |NEXT IAS STRATEGY FOR NEW INDIA @ 75 NEXT IAS ‘+ Create a policy environment that enables ‘+ The mismatch between the contribution of agriculture to income security fr farmers, whilst maintaining national income and share in employment has remained. India's food security. large and has widened. © Encourage the participation of the private __» The country took 22 years to double farmers’ income at sector in agricultural development to transition an annual growth rate of 331 per cent during 1993-1994 5 fom agriculture to robust agribusiness t0 2015-16. ‘* Corporate investment in agricultural infrastructure has. at romote through government not exceeded 2 per cent. A polices the emergence of'agripreneurs'so «FDI: 100 per cent foreign direct investment (FD!) was that even small and marginal farmers can allowed in 2016-17, ‘capture a higher share of value addition from + SAMPADA scheme targets creation offood processing “farmgate to fork Infrastructure ‘+ Fragmented land holdings: Average farm size is 1.15 hectares, > + Low price realization: There exists a large gap between farm harvest prices (FHP) and retail pices. ‘* Non-farm employment: Lack of non-farm employment opportunities has resulted in excessive dependence on agriculture > forlivelihood among both small and marginal farmers as well as among the landless. ‘= Agricultural eredit: Access to institutional credit remains a constraint, espectally inthe case of tenant farmers > « Agricultural trade: Exporters of agro-commodities ate not successful in ralsing thelr share in global markets because of uncertainty in the foreign trading regime, WAY FORWARD | MARKETINGREFORMS = PRICEREALIZATION, ‘= Adopting the Model Agricultural «Consider replacing the Commission on Agricultural Costs & Prices (CACP) by an agriculture Produce and Livestock Marketing Act tribunal inline with the provisions of Article 323 of the constitution: (APLM), 2017, which provides for» Replacing the Minimum Support Price (MSP) by @ Minimum Reserve Price (MRP), which progressive agricultural marketing ould be the starting point for auctions at mandis. reforms including «+ Unified national market: Long-term solution lies in the creation ofa competitive, stable and 1 The setting up of markets in the unified national market to enable better price discovery and a long-term trade regime private sector farmerconsumer favourable to exports markets, e-trading, single point levy * Crop insurance: PMFBY needs to be modified to promote weather-based insurance. ‘of market fee, a unified single trading « Consider setting up of technology driven Agriculture Advisory Service on the lines of US licence ina state, declaring Department of Agriculture warehouses/cold storage as market « Increase non-oanee farmers’ insurance coverage. sulb-yards + Allow for mixed cropping and encourage futures trade The Essential Commodities Act, which has proven « In consultation with all stakeholders the a disincentive to large investment in agricultural. Government of india should come up witha Encourage states toadopt the technology and infrastructure, should be | coherent and stable agricultural export policy, Model Contract Farming Act, replaced with a modern statute that balancesthe ideally with afive to tenyear time horizon and 2018, interests of farmers and consumes. ‘built-in provision fora mid-term review. ‘+ Focus on precision agriculture | Encourage states to adopt the Model Agriculture Moving labor out of | «Raise research spending Land Leasing Act, 2015 to improve land access to agriculture into manufacturing + cheatea knowledge hub to disseminatebest small and marginal farmers through landleasing, andtoagro-business and ‘The Model Act spels out the rights and farm-related sks which are responsibilities of both landowners and tenants. currently in short supply Digitize land records for effective implementation ofland leasing, practices + Develop models of integrated farming with a focus on providing recommendations across the farming value chain, covering production, post-production, processing andather value, * Promote farmer producer organizations (FPOs) to ‘dition activities achieve economies of scale, The benefits accorded tostartups under the Startup India Mission need tobe extended to FPOs as well Several breakthroughs have a clear potential for quickly doubling farmers’ income such as + Zero budget natural farming by Subhash Palekar + Using patented herbal inputs that improve soll quality and make plants more pes resistant, «+ Organic farming techniques helped improve incomes of cultivators and dairy farmersNEXT IAS STRATEGY FOR NEW INDIA @ 75 NEXTIAS ‘+ Transform the rural «Rural India suffers from infrastructure deficit. ‘economy through the _ + Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY): Helped in connecting creation of modern rural habitations infrastructure and an» Saulbhagya: Household electrification has been given a significant push under integrated value chain. the Saubhagya scheme. > system, ‘+ GrAMs: The budget 2018-19 announcement to develop the existing Rural + Leverage the value Periodic Markets (RPMs) into Grameen Agriculture Markets (GrAMs) will offer chain to boostIndia’s better market access to small and marginal farmers. ‘exports offood ‘= The electronic national agriculture market (e-NAM) was launched in 2016 to 5 Products create a unified national market. + Create occupational» The cold-chain infrastructure is inadequate and unevenly distributed among diversification and states, ‘qualityemployment The SAMPADA central sector scheme aims to supplement agriculture by ‘opportunities for modemising processing activities and decreasing agr-waste doubling farmers ‘+ ‘Operation Green’ was launched on the lines of ‘Operation Flood’ was announced income by 2022-23, ‘0 promote farmer producer organisations, agrilogistics, processing facilis et Public and private investments in agriculture have remained low since the early 905. Inability to acquire land for setting up of market yards, resulting from the restrictions on land leasing and land acquisition. Poor maintenance of rural roads In the electricity sector, separate feeders for supply of power to agriculture and domestic electrification have not been carried out in many states. Lack ofa traceability mechanism from the farm to the consumer, fragmented holdings and restrictions on direct procurement of products + Maintenance of rural «+ Infrastructure status for agriculture value chains: Warehousing, pack: houses, and cold storages, should be accorded full fledged infrastructure status + Village level procurement centres: To beneft small and marginal farmers, government collection centres and watehousing facilities should be setup atthe vilagerblack level 12 Developing Gramin Agricultural Markets (GrAMs) will help develop the agricultural marketing infrastucture, + Link production to processing: Vilage level collection centres for fruits and vegetables should be linked tolarger processing units. + Food processing: A greater focuson enhancing value adaltion in vegetable and fruit crops, promoting “agripreneurs' + Rural Markets: Develop private market yards = Upgrade wholesale markets and warehouses. Strengthen rallway freight operations via temperature controlled containers and loading and unleading facilities + Convergence in government initiatives: Create effective procurement linkages, processing facilities, retail chains and export activity ads through women SHG: Experimented by some states like Uttarakhand and has ‘been found to be very promising, «+ Revisit criteria fr identification of rural habitats for road connectivity: To ensure better inclusion, the ceiteriafor identification of habitats fr rural roads connectivity in ill and left-wing extremism (LWE} affected districts must be revisited « Incentivize feeder separation: All distribution ‘companies (OISCOMs) need to be incentivized for rural feeder separation © Agriculture connections and electricity supply feeders should be separated from domestic rural clecticty supply «+ Incentivize private investment in farm implements: Private entrepreneurs should be incentvized to establish small farm implement mechanization hubs. the development of export-oriented clusters wi ‘export oriented clusters: The Agricultural and Processed Food Export Development Authority (APEDA) has been championing ‘common infrastructure facilities, «+ Increase the number of testing laboratories: There exists a shortage of testing laboratories, essential for heath certificates for exports ‘+ Augment cargo handling facilities at airports ‘Green channel clearance: For perishable produce at identified airports handling cargo. ‘+ Regulatory frameworks to combat rejections in export markets: Regulatory frameworks regarding use of pesticides, growth hormones, and antibiotics for marine produce need to be developed ‘+ Ensure traceability mechanism: Promotion of farmer producer organizations (FPOs),export-based clusters and contract farming will go a long way towards ensuring traceability of farm produce ||nEXT IAS A UNIT OF MADE EASY GROUP OPTIONAL ADVANCE COURSE (Optional Through Questions) 2020 Main Civil Engg. Electrical Engg. Mechanical Engg. Sociology 150-200 hours of meticulously designed classes. CSE pattern based coverage of most important questions and concepts for CSE Main examination. Discussion of previous year questions which is integrated with answer writing skills. Batches will commence 12" October, 2020 LIVE/ONLINE oNEXT IAS STRATEGY FOR NEW INDIA @ 75 NEXT IAS Bank accounts: Ensuring unversalaccesstobankaccounts, which ar a gateway toall nancial services Digital payment services: Providing accesso digital . payment services and increasing its penetration, Insurance and secal security: Ensuring universal coverage finsuranceforlife accidents et, and af pensions and ather fetrement planing services. Asst diversification: Allowing diversification of asset portfolio of households trough increased partipationin —# ‘apital markets Better access to celta reasonable cost for thote presently Bank credit GDP ratios 51 per cant, as compared to 98 percent in China in 2016. ‘According to Worl Bank data n 201453 per centof ‘adutshad a bans account this increased 0 80 per ‘entin 2017 because of an Dhan scheme Low Awareness and use of mobile payments: n 2016, the percentage of the population using mobile ‘money services nina was only 1 per een ‘Alter the launch af he BHM platform, Aadhasr ‘enabled payment services, payment banks, [penetration of mobil payments has improved, Low credit access In 2016 the numberof oan account pe 1.000 adult was 154i india, excluded . ‘Excessive regulatory requirements on products, and market entry, and conservative regulatory approach tonew technologies ‘+ Lack of financial iteracy amongst low income households and, small informal businesses ‘The high cost of operations of the traditional banking model Wavrorwar> 0 + An Arthik Shiksha Abhiyan willhelp + An inadequate compensation improve financial teracy andmay _ structure makes correspondent be integrated inthe regular school _—_-banking unattractive. curriculum. +» There is anced to create better Efforts to improve financial literacy monetary incentives for banking should be complemented by mass correspondents as well as to media campaigns to provide provide them better training. information on financial products and their use. «= flexible and proactive approach towards regulations on payment banks should be adopted to ensure that the payment bank model becomes commercially viable and scalable. «+ In india, USSD can be particularly useful in rural areas where some segments still do not have reliable access tothe internet. Thus, the USSD. channel should be promoted for government and ‘non-government payment platforms. + Existing gaps inland records such as transfers of ||» Paperless banking will reduce friction, documentation proof ancestral properties, conversion to freehold, || requirements and the cost af banking services. regularization of colonies, extension of limited tenure |» The following actions are required on the policy front: pattas ete, need tobe filed (© Ease transaction its for e-KYC based deposit and loan accounts. + Aeentalond olde register cau be prepuedand © Push liga signature for loan account by asking publc sector maintained in a digital format ‘banks to carry out at least 25% of their transactions through + Strengthen cyber security in the county. A common eae oo32 3s cyber security frameworkacrosciferent stakeholders | RUPRst ce Sct ‘ facilities, and 24%7 err 7 pSarireer el © Under PMAY.U, the mission aims to achieve the objective of Housing for All * andaccess by 2020. . + Build 295 core © Under PMAY-G, it was proposed to build 1 crore rural houses n 3 years > housing unitsin (2016-19).87% of target hasbeen completed by theendof March 2018, rural areas and 1.2 ‘9 Pradhan MantriAwas Yojana-Gramin is converged with Swachh Bharat ‘crore housing units Mission (Gramin) and Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment in urban areas. Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) forthe construction of sanitary tilts Lack of access to finance from formal financial institutions. LLong-drawn out, mult-level approval system in urban areas in alarge majority of municipaljurisdietions. Limited private sector participation in affordable housing schemes in urban areas. Predominance of conventional construction practices that result in delayed progress in urban areas and the limited use of prefabricated and pre-engineered materials +» © Continued rsein the number of slum dwellers. ‘Capacity constraints in utban local bodies (ULBS). ++ Consider a subcategory under priority sector ‘= AGlobal Housing Technology Challenge has been launched. It will bring lending PSL} for affordable houses. internationally proven construction technologies for adoption in Inia, ‘+ Continue to raise funds commensurate with the Itis necessary to ensure convergence of provisions under the National Urban “Housing for AI targets. ___Livellhood Mission, Pradhan Mantr Kaushal Vikas Yojana, Construction Skill ‘+ The Union Budget 2018-19 announced the Development Council of india and MGNREGS. setting up of an Affordable Housing Fundin the» The success of the East Kidwai Nagar redevelopment in Delhi may be replicated National Housing Bank (NH). It would achieve wherever possible, greater synergies among agencies that are ‘+ There isa need for a major push in the form of slum redevelopment implementing government housing schemes. programmes in urban areas «+ Fiscal support should be provided to companies that use recycled «The land lying idle with various siek/loss making public products made fom waste sector undetakings(PSUs) ofthe central state ‘+ Regulatory complexities should be rationalized and a single window governments may be used to resolve the issue of land approval system adopted toreducethetie taken toconstucthouses salty for fordable housing projects under Housing imurban areas. for «+ Government projects should focus onthelifle cycle ost (LCC) approach + As suggested inthe NII Aayog's Three-Year Action Agenda, to the construction of houses rather than the cost per square foot Indian cities should now focus on vertical growth instead of “approach to ensure quality of construction and reduce expenditure horizontal growth, incurred on the maintenance ofhouses. «+ The Department of Public Enterprises (DPE) should «+ Financial engineering like Yental-cum-ownership housing’ in which expedite release of and parcels avaliable with central PSUS houses are intaly offered on rent and ownership is transferred to the tenant once the cost of the unit is recovered, should be adopted. ‘+ Implementedthrough the National Skil Development Corporation (NSD. ‘* Beneficaries:an unemployed youth, college/ school dropout. + Individuals with prior learning experience or skils shall be assessed and certified under the Recognition of Prior Leatning (RPL) componentofthe Scheme.NEXT IAS NEXT IAS + Ingia moved up 12 places from 52to 40” the World Economic Forum's “Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index in 2017 Foreign tours arvalshave increaced from 0 88 millon in 2016; yetthey « account forless than 1 percent of global tourist arrival STRATEGY FOR NEW INDIA @ 75 «+ tncreace nc’ share in global 2 Intemational tout arrivals fom 1.18per—® centto 3 percent ‘+ lncreace the number offoreign tourist © Together direct and incre in this sector accounted for 9.3% of total antval fom 88 milion to 12 milion, employment, o ‘+ Double the number ofdomestictourst_ © Ineia recently introduced tout visa on arrival, enabled wit electronic >” visits from 1,614 millon in 2016 03.200 ‘travel authorzation (e-Tours Via fr tourists rom 150 counties « millon vite 1 1n 2017-18 Inea'stravel ane tourism sector accounted for foreign exchange earnings of USD 2292 illon ‘# Entry/exit: Despite the introduction of an e-vsa facility, visitors find the process of applying for avisa stil ‘cumbersome, ‘© Infrastructure and connectivity: Deficiencies in infrastructure and inadequate connectivity. 2 © Tourism segments or circuits: India has few circuits or segments such asthe Golden Triangle (Delhi- Agra-iaipur) ‘* Promotion and marketing: Online marketing/oranding remains limited and campaigns are not coordinated. > Skills:The number of adequately trained individuals forthe tourism and hospitality sector isa key challenge to giving Visitors a world-class experience. = crease e-visa awareness ‘globally by bunching an information campaign, «+ Enhance the numberof annualviitsallowed —« under an e-medieal visa. ‘Tourism infrastructure projects, vie,hotels, resorts, ® ‘equipment, parks etc, having a project cost more than INR T crore should be notified ae infrastructure’ to.enable promoters to aval loans on 2 priority bass Timely implementation ofthe Ministry of iil . Aviation’s Regional Connectivity Scheme - UDAN marine leisure industry by issuing national boating guidelines Develop 100"Smart Tourist Destination Sites* showcasing theme-based museum and heritage sites. Promote Ins Buddhist circuit fully utilize the Swadesh Darshan and existing schemes to promote + Simply the process of reg)stering onine the Foreigner Regional Registration Offices (FRO) . + Increase the number of accompanying persons with e-medical visa holders rom twotoupto (RCS-UDAN), Larger cities lke Delhi, Mumba, Kolkata and Chennai should be converted into efficient and seamless transit hubs Conservation and development of allheritage sites should be undertaken and completed through either ‘government funding or through NGOs/Cerporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities Increase domestic tounst trafic by upgrading thi crcut Develop 100°Model swachh Tourist Destinations" Promote river crise tourism by making the entire stretch of National Waterway No.1 the River Ganga, from Alahabad tothe Farakkah Barrage, fly navigable. Build deep-water marinas inthe coastal areas of India including in the Andaman and Nicobar sland and in Mumba fourunder the same visa, ashas been done in ‘countries ike Malaysia, Develop at eat five World Cats Museums drawing {rom world class museums such as Bilbao or the Asian Chilzation Museum in Singapore ‘Plan and develop five globally competitive and work class national circuits fom entry to ex ‘= Connect local communities to tourism by encouraging them to set up small enterprises to __« Launch targeted promotional supply the tourism industry (accommodation, food and material campaigns in Asian countries such as + Createa database of artisans based on the different craft forms they ae associated with and China, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore the areas where they ive and South Korea using digital media + Support private sector institutes ~ Hunar Se Rozgar Tak initiative to create employable skis, cluding Design polices using data on Create Centres of Excellence for leadership inthe tourism sector as afulerum of professional consumer wsage to target marketing ‘education, research and advocacy to create managers and entrepreneurs in tourism. efforts and segments ofthe population + Consider establishing cultural centres + Local crafts persons, masons, carpenters and labourers should be engaged for heritage cnseration and retraton atest crest obs me ° in addtional counties to spread Indian «Upgrade the skills of existing workers such as taxi drivers, Boat operators, guides, and culture wordwide restaurant and dhaba workers through state tourism departments in association with local tourism and hospitality institutes and industry. + Enable access to markets fr traditional handicrafts producers by linking them with global markets ‘existing infrastructure and leasing out the . maintenance of such infrastructure to private players. ++ Ticketing and access to monuments ‘and museums should be streamlined and made more tours friendly. LS 12 |NEXT IAS ‘+ Double the area explored from 10 per cent of obvious geological potential (OGP) area to 20 per cent ‘= Accelerate the growth of the mining Sector from 3 per cent in 2017-18 to ‘4 per cent, with an average growth (of 85 per cent during 2018-23. «= Increase the job contribution (direct, associated and indirect) from the ‘current 10 milion (2 milion in coal ‘and major metals and 8 million in ‘minor minerals) to 15 million in 2022-23. STRATEGY FOR NEW INDIA @ 75 India i ranked 4” to 6" among global producers of production of ‘metallic minerals, such as bauxite, chromite, ron ore and manganese ore India has identified 5.71 lakh sq, km as the obvious geological potential (OGP) area, but only 10 percent oft has been explored and 1.5 per cents being mined, In industrial minerals, india isa large producer of inc, aluminium, and steel, ranking 5°, $” and 3" respectively. Sixmajor minerals producing states, viz, Odisha, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Karnataka, account for nearly two-thirds ‘of the value of minerals produced in the county. ‘The Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) (MMDA) Act ‘was amended to mandate auctions forthe allocation of exploration, NEXT IAS Se and mining rights for minerals under ts purview. 2 * Shortcomings inthe licensing regime such as the separation of auction of prospecting licences and provision of mining licences, and the different auction methodologies across ifferent sectors lke Coa, oll and minerals. Heavy cost of acquiring land High incidence of taxes, royalties and levies in comparison to global standards (more than 65 per cent) Inadequate infrastructure resulting in evacuation problems. Werkforce productivity and skiling challenges because of disconnect between traning institutions and industry. ‘The pelcy should have the following features: | *# For bulk or surfacial minerals ie, ironore bauxite imestone et the provision of reservation of areas fr exploration by tate agencies Shove be uz ‘Suh ateas shouldbe allocated through the auction route after the evelopment of reserves Iti desirable for pubic sector unis (PSUs and pevote sector ‘companies to have aleve slaying fle with respec to mining concessions. ‘An exclusive subset of rules to facitatethe exgloration ofrare earth ‘minerals through private sector participation shouldbe Famed Mining companies should be allowed the freedom to co-mine other ‘minerals found in the same mining area, ‘= Topromote ths sector we need to rationalize tax structures and facitate investment inching FO + PARIVESH has been launched a single ‘window hu for enuvonment forest vue and CRZ clesrances. Alstattory approval should ‘mandatonly be granted within 180 days of appiation for exploration and ining of miner Landowners/farmers/tribals need to be given mining rights for minor minerals on their land, to enable ther to rine either on their own or by outsourcing it. Loca forest officers may be empowered te grant permission under the Forest (Conservation Act 1980, for exploration In forest areas State PSUs and the private sector should lio be allowed to undertake ‘compensatory afforestation on degraded government frestlandke central PSUs ‘National Mineral Regulatory Authority, with subordinate state authorities, may be created to regulte the minerals sector to operate transparently with International recognized technical standards ‘National Data Repository (NDR) of Mineral Resources shouldbe created and uploaéed online 1 The huge minetal beating areas reserved for state agencies that have nat been utlzed fr more than 2 years shouldbe de-reserved an allocated to theend user incusty/ auctioned. + Introduce a robust and vansparent public reporting mechanism for exploration fers. Reduceralfcightenages fra mineral. Ravonalize taxation/ayaty and other levies on mining as per global practice to make mining competitive globally, Encourage technological upgradation ay reducing import eu, nitily| {or peri of fve to ten years, on equipment/cuting edge technology Mining engineering colleges shouldbe developed as centres for mineral exploration Create an organization fr strategic acquist'ons of mines in other countries andt sign eiplomatic and rade agreements Promote zero waste mining by incentiizing leaseholders to utlze and sell sub-grade mineasejects ‘= Removes discretion in he grant of mineral concessions. Allmineralconcessionsare grantedby the respective tate Governments. ‘+ Makesit mandatory to establish a District Mineral Foundation (DMF) in al districts where mining takes place. Ths s designed to address long time grievance of civil society that people affected by mining arenot caredfor.NEXT IAS NEXT IAS Se MU eed 1+ Thegovernments on-going energy sector polis aim“to provide acess to flordable, reliable, sustainable and modern ene'sy” Make avaiable 24x7 power toallby 2019. 1 Achieve 175 GW of renewable energy ‘generation copacty by 2022 «Reduce imports of oll and gas by 10 per STRATEGY FOR NEW INDIA @ 75 Indl’ energy mixis dominated by coal with a 48.6 percent share, fellowed by oll 28 per cent biomass (116 per cent 2s (73 pe cent), renewable and clean energy (2.2 per cent} and nuclear energy (1.2 per cen «Indias the wore’ thi largest energy consumer. + Inthe power sector the alkindla installed power capacityis about 334GW, € Including 62 GW of renewable ene-gy «= Import aporoximately 82 percent of crude oland 45 percentof natural «| {95 equirement during 2017, sone ee nag | nto Otis pane neo : '* Continue to reduce emission intensity ‘© Inthe coal sector, the government has recently in: allowed commercial achieve the intended natignaly determines contelbutlon NDC) target af 2030. ‘2017, ts per capita energy consumption was about 625 6klegram of ol ‘equivalent figoe) agains the word average of 1860 kgoe Overall Energy ‘Subsidies and taxes: A varity of subsidies and taxes lstor the energy market and promote the use of ineficient over efficent fuels ole cas: ‘Non-lscriminatory acess for private and publisector companies to the gas pipeline network does not ex ‘ Lackof market-driven gas prices fr ol fle isincentvizes further 1 They abo make Indian exports and domestic production production uncompetitive as energy taxes are not under GST and «The gas pipeline inestrcture is ao inadequate, hence, no input cet is gen a ° Power: ‘© Land avallaility problem: Thereis a tendency to expand opencast {Old inefficient plants continue to operate whereas more 2 ffient plants are underutilized ‘+ Unmetered power supply to agriculture provides no 2” Incentive te farmers touseelectrity efficient {= Thereis ot ofhidcen demand because of unreliable ‘supply and load shedding ‘tate power sles are notable to invest in system improvements de other poor financial health 1 High industrialcorsmercil tari and the coss-subsidy regime have affected the competitiveness ofthe industrial and commercial sectors mining and discourage underground operation even for beter guality coalrezeves Renewable Energy: 1 High eneray costs ‘Flexibility in generation and balance requirerens forthe integration ‘of renewable energy are emerging as major sues ‘There ar supply chain issues in biomass power generation ‘+ Energy Efficiency: Limited technical apabiltis high intl captal ‘expenditure, limited market and policy issues. ‘OVERALL ENERGY 1 Ol natural gas, electity and coal may be brought under [GST to enableinput tax cet 4 HavethesameGsTrateforall forms of energy to enable level playing ela {= Allform of subsides shouldbe provided fonctions! bss to end-consumers to ‘empower them to eneose the ‘energy form mest suitableand ‘economical them, | + Expeditiously complete detailed exploration ‘through exploration-cum- mining leases based on production/revenue sharing model. ‘+ Putthe onus on concerned state governments to make the land required for . mining available, ‘= Operationalize commercial 7 ‘+ Promote smart gil and smart meters. demand ane intermittency ‘independent. ‘eisting/upcoming generation assets energy. storage) faclitated ‘All power purchase agreement (PPA including those with tate ‘generation companies should be based on compettive bidding, Introduce a capacity market te encourage eile capac for peak For agriculture an untront subsidy per acre of and through Direct Beneft Transfer (O81) may be considered instead of providing . separate subsidies forfertlzes, elect crop insurance ete Regulatory bodies need tobe further strengthened and made truly Promote the use of solar pumps for agreuture Actively promote coss-bordereletrety trade to utlize . Introduce time-of day taro promete the use of renewable «+ Introduce performance-based incentives inthe tariff structure rovide a mechanism for costeffective power grid balancing (gas-based, hydro or Renewable purchase obligations (RPO) should be stictly enforced and interstate sale of renewable energy should be ‘+ Hybrid renewable energy systems suchas solar PV + biomass should be explored ‘= Commercial biogas needs to be promoted by providing subsidy to consumers OL&GAS ‘Provide fora common cari and open access to gas pipelines. Expedite etablshing the National Gas Grd ‘= Promote city gas stributiono provide piped natural gas NG) Provide priotty sector’ status for 26 bioethanol projects. ‘Consider market pricing for blocks that arent vise because of ove gas pricing Declare re-gasifed liquefied natural gas (BLNas transportation fuel and romate PNG in rural areas ‘Create strategic reserves through various policy options ‘= Promote the mandatory use of LED and the replacement of old appliances with five-star appliances. ‘Focus the WALA (Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDS for Al) programme on lower-income households and small commercial establishments. ‘Widen and deepen the perform, achieve and trade (PAT) programme. For the MSME sector, BEE should develop cluster-specific programmes for energy intensive industries to introduce energy efficient technologies. + Promote the use ofthe public transport system, LS 1 |NEXT IAS STRATEGY FOR NEW INDIA @ 75 NEXT IAS Se MU eed «Increase connectivity by expanding the road network 1 Achieve the Bharatmala target including coastal and port connectivity roads. 12. Complete the Pradhan Mantr Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) with quality monitoring at every stage. © Double the length of national highways to 2 lakh kes. ‘= Improve the regulatory framework for roads: To achieve ‘The road sector in India accounts for the largest share in the movement of both passengers and freight Expansion ofthe public transport fleets has bbeen hampered by the short supply of vehicles - the availabilty/supply of buses does « rot match with the total demand. The motor vehicle (amendment) billhas been ¢ better compliance, seamless connectivity, road safety and culty. ‘+ Asa signatory to the Brasil Declaration, reduce the ‘number of road accidents and fatalities by 50% by 2020, passed, ‘+ The total number of registered vehicle in India Isincreasing at a AGR of almost 11% ‘= Capacity of existing highways: National and state highways are already overstrained, caerying more than 65 per cent of the road traffic. > 4 NHs cary 4086 of Indias total road traffic and constitute only 2.2% of countrys road network, ‘+ Maintenance of existing infrastructure: The annual outlay earmarked for maintenance and repair of national highway stretches is only 40% of the funds required. ‘= Accidents and safety concerns: Road safety is a major issue in the country with nearly 400 road related deaths being recorded daly ‘= Cost escalation for roads: Delay in acquiring land has escalated the cost of projects WAYFORWARD + Four projects tobe undertake: + MaintinNHassetsby adopting» Ensue that MORTs BharstaleParyojana Smaintenancemanagement” Shoom Rash web poral Special Accelerated Road Development System whichis integrated th Programme forte NorhEarern region (SAROP- © ConsttteaNatonalSafety the Ministry ofFiances Ne Bosrdtocnforceroad afely Pub Fnancl NortEastRoed Network Connecty oct: | ues Management Sytem ImpoveinasvuctureIn Meghalas andMizoram — « Eliminate 789 black spots (PF) fly functional aralenhance connec withinterstate roads” denied bythe Minsty of BY Mareh2078 ‘nd international borders. RosdTronsportandiighiays + Land acquisition ‘Ghardham Mahamarg Vikas Pariyojna: (WORTH by constructing ‘Senate stakeoldersto ‘dedicated Metrapoltan Liban Transport permanent stucturessuchas fon out etal fend hthostyincacheiywitepopulatonefmere ——-‘foves/vehicue underpasses _—_aaubton the thant lon by 2022-28 (Wostand pesestran determining market Improve the implementation copy of Underpasss (Ps) Value decalng StatesVTs puke werk departments PWD) connectivity and revive/upgrade unserved airportsand « itwillhelp enhance connectivity tothe country’s * Lnserved helipads through regional Connectivity Unserved and underserved airports ‘Scherne — Ude Desh ka Aam Naagrik (RCS-UDAN} was launched. ‘* Capacity and infrastructure: Due to the rapid expansion of India's civil aviation sector altspace, parking bays and runway 2 slots will Become increasingly scarce over the next few years, especially at metro airports. + Skilled workers: Shortage and gaps in availablity of industry: recognised sil > « High cost to passengers and of ar cargo: move from a single toa hybrl til structure raises costs fr alelines and passengers +>» Taxes on aviation turbine fuel (ATF): high taxes and lack of competition among provider, outside the GST network, there are also regional disparities in its price. war ronwaeD) | ‘romasrmcrne —“aentawnennacinecuron” | “SRusoWeR ‘+ Complete the planned «+ Reduce taxes on MRO services and consider « Promote collaboration between original equipment airports under the UDAN granting infrastructure status for MRO, ‘manufacturers (OEMs), industry and educational initiative ina time-bound « Increase airraft parking infrastructure and Institutes to teach the latest concepts in the aviation manner faciities at metro airports industry including management principles, IT in ‘+ Inaddition to completing» Create additional parking hubs at suitable aviation, ete. twonew aportsforDelhi locations, accessible through short haul + Formulate long-term plans for advanced research in ‘and Mumbai by 2022, the flights, to accommodate additional aircraft aviation technologies to create a manufacturing infrastructure capacityin _» Monetize vacantreal estate near AAI altports ecosystem n the county. the 1Obiggest airports (in inall major centres of traffic to increase non-_» Expedite commencement of courses by the terms of trafic) should be aeronautical revenues. National Aviation University after due consultation significantly augmented. with stakeholders, « Include provisions for «+ Facilitate greater involvement of the private sector ‘domestic hub in sponsoring aviation institutions, industrial development while training and R&D projects auctioning traffic rights. + A further reduction in GST rates on Avgas will allow flying training organizations to make training more i affordable + Promote’Fh-4rom-Indathrough the cestlonof Deregulate further and open up te aviation market to «Shift focus to pre-empting teanshipment hubs. hep increase passenger and freight traffic in Inca and preventing * Develop an integrated digital supply chain ore- «Adopt a consistent model ortariffdetermination sothatit_accidentsfincidents ‘arge gateway based on the National lrCargo vecuces passenger cost. 1 There should be zero Community System (NACCS) platform. + Align taxation and pricing structure to global benchmarks tolerance of safety violations ‘The medular development may include the by considering bringing aviation turbine fuel(ATF) under» GCA should be given, following digitalbusinessenablesas plugins: neat cor accrontoren tectve © econtracing/vooking of ergo - with ‘+ Amend the AAI Act toallow commercial usage of land with aviation safety oversight accesso fnaneal payment gater ays. airports by iberalising ends restrictions for existing and system © esransportation multimodality (radar future arpors + DGCA should continue firsvlast mle connectivity ‘Strengthen regulatory capacity with respect to public ensuring realtime safety (© ecompliances intial online clearances by private partnerships ang streamline the judicial review tracking and promot shepaticpating governmental agencies: rest process to ensure timely implementation of DGCA'S incident reporting tofolow) decisions. + DGCA should create single- © Cargo Sewa~a grievance redressal module ¢ Ensure thatthe DGCA acts 2:3 truly independent window system for al linked to Ai Sew, regulator with the Ministry of Cil Aviation focusing on aviation related transactions, (© Mumbaiby2022,theinfastucturecapacity policies queries and complaints Inthe 10 bigest arpors terms of traffic) Meet the regulatory and security requirements prescribes shoul be sign cantly augmented by the International Civil Avation Organization (ICAO) at all 1 Include provisions fr domestic hub times. development whe auctioning traffirights elNEXT IAS NEXT IAS Pe muon s 1. Ports and shipping: Twelve major ports and 205 non-major ports operate ‘on India's coast. ‘= Around 90 per cent of India's external trade by volume and 70 percent by value are handled by ports ‘+The Sagarmala programme focuses on modernizing and developing STRATEGY FOR NEW INDIA @ 75 ‘+ Double the share of freight transported by coastal shipping and inland ‘waterways to 12 percent by 2025, ports, enhancing port connectivity, supporting coastal communities and > Increase the porthandling Himulating port linked industrilzation capacty. ‘+ Twelve major ports and 205 non-major ports operate on India's coast * + Reduce the turnaround 2. inland waterways: Inland Water Transport (WT) cartes ess than 2 percent time at major ports of India's organized freight traffic and negligible passenger trafic 6 Increase the throughput of «Uni 2015, there were only five NWsin the country In Api 2016, 105 inland waterways ‘more waterways spread over 24 states were declared as Ns + Augmentthe capacity of Jal Marg Vikas project: The ministry is augmenting the capacity of NW inland water transport by 3, The Ministry of Finance has amended the Cental Road Fund Act, 2000, to increasing the least Include alist of projects and infrastructure sub-sectors, including inland ‘available depth. waterways, for which the Central Road Fund could be used, ‘+ Modal mix: Roads (54 per cent) continue to be the dominant mode of transporting cargo followed by rail (33 per cen ‘© Draught levels: Most Indian container handling ports lack the capability to handle arge container vessels due to inadequate depth, + Connectivity to ports: higher costs and delays. ‘+ Transhipment port: A large percentage of containers in India are currently transshipped through other ports, such as Colombo, Singapore, Dubai due to the absence of atranshipment port inthe country ++ Technical issues in inland waterways: The varying and limited depths due to the meandering and braiding of alluvial Fivers and the erosion of theie banks causing excessive sifation, 9 Lack of cargo earmarked for Inland Water Transport, non-mechanized navigation lock systems. ‘+ Charges by the shipping lines: Long pending concern has been the high rate and multiplicity of charges imposed by shipping lines. ‘= Capital for inland vessels: At present, the cost of capitals very high and makes IWT freight uncompetitive, ‘= Regulatory issues for inland waterways: States Ferries Acts may not take into account safety considerations “wav ForwaRD '* Thegovernmentneedste The Government finda needs to take a feshlookat _Transhipment va Cochin CCT faleady commissioned, the open upthearedging market its poleyofimport en a "Free on Board"bassF03 upcoming Vzhinjrn Port ad the Erayam Port at Calachel leak hinterland connectivity between production centres and gateway ports often leads to to attract more payers, to poley as needs to balance rok between the increase and maintain daft imparter and exporter depthat portstoattrct large 9. Enhance technology ureinports and wherever vessels and enable them to feasible, draw lessons from succesful global become hub ports ports such asRetcerdam, Felostowe and Singapore to improve efficiency. ‘+ Expedite the completion of various projects under Sagarmala, ‘especialy those aimed at improving port connectivity, Setting up coastal economiezones (€E25)and establishing new ports. «= Inlana Water Transport should be integrated te milimodal/ intermodal connectivity. 1 Procure eating terminals and cranes and place them suitably so that access toroads Fe possible 10. Enhance tinkages between national watervays and state waterways and feeder canal, willeeate atanshipment duster slr to the elutes In Blaysian and Singaporean pots 1 Thenew Merchant Shipping il to replace the Merchant Shipping Act, 1958, needs tobe enacted at the east to promote the ease of doing business, transparency and elective deliver of services. Opening up ofthe sector will Improve the avalabilty of hips an help reduce cost: «Financing for inland vessels could be made part of priority sectorlending by banks ©. Categoizng inland vessels as infrastructure equipment wilforther ease access to capital sues fra sector where ‘aptalinvestments and operational costs ar high © Initial, viability gap funding needs tobe given at east for Toyears until the infastuctre's fully develope. © We should consider waiving waterway charges andlock charges untl operable inastucture's made avalable Revive the shipbuilding nance scheme inne withthe ‘+ mplementation of the Jal Marg Vikas project to augment the capacity of National Waterway! wit technical assistance and investment suppor from the Wirls Banke © Frama regulatory standpoint, detention ofa vessel without valiéteason should net be allowee. 5 Alea directive needs tobe ised for secu finland vessels, crew and cargo, Strengthen exiting Inland Water Tanspert Directorates or Martime Boards or st them upin states eelNEXT IAS STRATEGY FOR NEW INDIA @ 75 NEXT IAS En os ‘= Achieve multimodal movement of __« The Indian logistics industry employs more than 22 milion ‘ergo on par with global logistics people standards ‘= Existing logistics costs in India are high relative to other countries. ‘+ Reduce the logistics cost tolessthan «The World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Index 10 percent of GOP ranked India 66th out of 137 countries in infrastructure in 2017- > # Expand the logistics market. 18, . «Improve logistics skiing and ‘The World Bank's Ease of Doing Business ranks India 146 out of > increase jobs inthe sector to 40 190 countries in ‘trading across borders: . million by 2022-23 from about 22, + Logistics casts have been estimated at 14 per cent of India's GDP aes ‘= The government has included logistics in the harmonized master * «= Asper the approved National Trade lst ofthe infrastructure subsector. Facilitation Action Plan, reduce border compliance time to 24 hours for exports and to 48 hours for imports by 2020. + The government has also created a new Logistics Division in the Ministry of Commerce and Industry that will focus on the: Integrated development of the logistics sector, improving procedures and introducing new technologies + High Cost of logistics: due to challenges in accessing finance, underdeveloped infrastructure, poor connectivity and an Unfavourable modal mix. ‘= Coordination due to multiple stakeholders’ involvement: Logistics has four key components that account for the ‘majority ofthe sector: transport, warehousing freight forwarding and value added logistics ‘+ Warehousing capacity and fragmented structure: Handling and warehousing facilities are stil largely un-mechanized ‘with manual loading, unloading and handling inthe case of many commodities. ‘+ Seamless movement of goods across modes and high dwell time: the movement of goods across modes suffers from lack of interoperable technology, absence of last mile connectivity and infrastructure For example, poor road and rail connectivity to most non-major ports leads to delays in travel time. ‘+ Competition and underutilized capacity: There sno level playing field as the public sector I provided benefits that are not available to private players leading to limited competition, capacity underutilization and other inefficiencies. + Interoperable technology across modes: Lackincreases transit time and the need for manual intervention when switching modes. 9rder compliance and document processing time: India's average border compliance time is high, ——_—<$$< « Adigital master plan ora digital strategy and roadmap, ‘Availability of skilled human resources to handle various functional domains Financing smart cities and financial sustainability of ULBs. ‘© Scaling area-based development: There i a need to measure the impact of current area based development projects on the ease of living, economic growth, investments, job creation and citizens’ participation. ‘+ Mobility: An integrated institutional architecture for planning and coordinating the regulation of mobility such asa Unified Metropolitan Transport Authority is needed, ++ Achieving desired service delivery levels: There a need for a framework that mandates measurable outputs and outcomes forall capita investments in infrastructure and services in cities. The present liveabilty assessment underway will provide the baseline for measurement on 73 indicators +» Digital transformation roadmap: To harness internet connectivity and its various applications in governance and service delivery, cities need to put in place a digital transformation roadmap across both hard infrastructure and software applications + It should be built on the considerable work done in cities on geographic information systems (GIS) and apply these for geo-locating, ‘mapping and publishing public assets inthe city such as parks, playgrounds, public toilets, bus stops etc + Resilient cities: tis strongly recommended that India should mainstream the resilient cities approach and integrate it with service level as indicated inthe chapter on Approach to Sustainability nour National Building Code 2016. «= It should be in line with the 11° Sustainable Development Goal (SDS), ‘+ Inclusive development: Cities must ensure that the urban poor _« Data observatories in partnership with civil society: More and slum dwellers including recent migrants can avall of city than 20 smart command and control centres are under services and subsidies and are financially included through the ‘implementation and an equal number are under tendering Jan Dhan Yojana. ‘+ Institutonally, there is need to leverage information to achieve better inter-agency coordination within ULBs and with SPV SS 2 |NEXT IAS STRATEGY FOR NEW INDIA @ 75 NEXT IAS Ea aos The kay objective ofthe wach hart The Swachh Bharat Mslon wa unched in 2014 omake i Ison nck pen detest fey 201 + Making nda Open Detection re (ODF). Ithastwo sub misions: by October 2, 2019, 1. Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) for rural areas under the + Canyng out eens information ity of king Water Saniaton 2 education and communication (IEC) and 2. Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban) for urban areas underthe © behaviour change campaigns to change ‘Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs. > theatre ofpeopleresardngelPY yng he nde moty at Opt thousand ve birhs Te ck of santaton faites nds fo groundwater Ensuring Sete soldandlauid waste * ontminaton anpathogen contamination [eas todos! © Gizestsreatngin aration stung and deh aso eae ee eae Women, who do not have access to toilets, mostly relieve Creating an enabling environment for ‘themselves under the cover of darkness, Ce BRETT Fale ‘s Such practices ate not only a threat to thelr physical security but Eradicating manual scavenging. are also a cause of various diseases. Lack of availabilty of space for construction of household tollets in slum areas. Issues regarding the operation and maintenance of community toilets. Non-availabilty of water ‘+ Non-segregation of waste. ‘+ Sustaining the change in behaviour patterns among people. ‘= Continued unwillingness of urban local bodies (ULB) to levy user charges. «= Inadequate infrastructure for collection, transportation and processing of segregated «+ Lack of on-site treatment of waste by bulk generators. + Insufficient number of dustbin, particularly in urban and per-urban areas, + Lack of credit from financial institutions for solid and liquid waste management projects. + Discharge of untreated effluent into rivers + The concept of Swachhata needs to be integrated into hospitals,» Plan intensive behaviour change communication and inter- «government offices and other public establishments. personal communication campaigns beyond the SBM target year + Where spaces a constraint, construct community toilets with of 2018. participation and ownership of stakeholders. ‘+ Draw up a clear and concerted behavior change communication + To ensure continued usage of tlle and limit water used for ‘flushing, rural toilets with steep slope should be widely promoted in rural areas. + Bulk generators of waste should ensure on-site treatment of waste. + Allrains/tibutaries flowing to rivers should be covered with sewage treatment plants by 2022-23, *# Give higher monetary compensation and social security to rag pickers and small sanitation workers for segregating waste, «= Increase the number of community toilets along the highways, + To reduce the cost and time incurred on laying sewage pipelines and constructing sewage treatment plants, SBM should encourage the use of bic-digester technology. ‘+ Adopt the wider use of twin pit tolls. It isa lowcost technology that decomposes waste into bio-ertiizet ‘Promote the use of madular wet waste disposal machines or ather such devices forthe disposal of bio-waste at the household level tse + Thecement and construction sectors should be encouraged to consume material made of recycled construction and demelition (C&O) waste ‘Ensure the avalebilty of adequate numbers of dustbins in public spaces ‘campaign specifically aimed at panchayats and cities that have shown slow progress towards ODF status Promote disposal of kitchen and home waste atthe local level ‘through resident welfare associations Teach them young ~ Children should be made aware of sustainable waste management practices through suitable ‘changes the school syllabus; engage college campuses and teachers to spread awareness of these practices, BCC should lay greater emphasis on encouraging people to ‘segregate waste into wet, dry and hazardous waste right at the point of waste generation. ‘CHANGING GOVERNANCE AND PRACTICES + Expenditure on bio-tolets/bio-digesters may be considered for {concession frm the goods and services tax (GS) to encourage large-scale adoption, + Draft and implementa S-year action plano integrate SBM and faecal sludge management at the ward levelin cities | + Waste-to-energy projects are not bankable in the absence of tariff orders by the appropriate author. + ULBs shouldbe nudged to charge adequate user charges for collection and disposal of waste and maintenance of toilets + Sole and liquid waste management projects should be covered under priority sectorlenaing elNEXT IAS STRATEGY FOR NEW INDIA @ 75 NEXT IAS BE LeeMU oe ng ‘By 2022-23,facitate water security t ensure «Water resources ae facing pressure due to population explosion, adequate avaliabltyof wate for ite, turbanizavon rising demand fr water from the agriculture, energy, and agriculture, economic development ecology industry sectors, politi, inefcient use, poor management and poor and environment institutional mechaniems + Provide adequate andsafe inking water & Post evapo-transptation lasses fom the total preciitaton, the valle (piped) and water for sanitation for utizable water resource potential 1137 bem, comprising 680 bem of| Citizens ad Ivestock Surface water and 447 bem of ground water. 2 * Provdeirigationto allfarms (HarkhetKo «sper Waterand Related Statistis published by the CentalWater Pan with improved on-farm wateruse ‘Commission, per capita annual water aval in the country has efficiency [more op pe dap) decreased from 1816 cubie metres cumin 2001 to 1544 cumin 2011 > 5 Provide water to industries, encourage ‘+ As per Falkenmark Index (measure of water seatety.ifthe amount of Industnestoutizerecyced/tveated water renewable water na county is below 1,700 cum pe person per yea, the 2 andensure zero dicharge of untested Country ssa toe experiencing water stress below 1000 eum issad © efuents rom industial units tebe experiencing water scary ‘Ensure Avil and Nirmal Dhara the Ganga © Schemes suchas Pradhan Mant Krishi Sinehayee Yojana (priotizee 9 and other rvers alongwith tneir tributaries. major and medium irigation project for completion by December 2018), 1s Active participation offarmers/consumers “Nama Gange" (hunched in 201415 to clean and rejuvenate the River ‘Ganga fo maintain ‘Aural and Nirmal Dhara and ensure its ecological ‘and geological integrity and a scheme for groundwater development ‘and management were launched Create adetionl water storage capacity and ensure long-term sustainably of finite srouneivate resources ‘+ Huge gap between the irgaton potential ceated and inigation potent utilized due to undeutlizaion ofthe potential poor efficiency ‘ofthe iigation systems (as lw a 30 per cent to 38 percent for surface water and SS percent fr ground wate?) ‘+ Waters stil used ineficiently and indiscriminately articlarl in agricltre Poor implementation and maintenance of projects, absence ‘of participatory irigation management, ner-alignment of cropping paters tothe agrocimatic zones, and absence of fel channels (CAD works) are some ofthe challenges. Encement Ac, 1882 grants grounewater ownership right the landowner leading to wate overuse and depletion of groundwater level Subsidized pricing of water in various states leading to sharp deine in groundwater levels inal stats. ‘As per 2011 Census, only 308 per cent ofthe total ual households and 70.6 per cent ofthe total urban households get piped water supply. Sustainability 2 the source and growing contamination af ground water in newer areas are constrains in ensuring safe erinking water supply in ual urban aes ‘Tap water through watershed development (check ‘Adopt an Intagrated river basin management approach to mitigate conflicts and achieve came) in rainfed areas ang Ink ground water ‘equitable ciswoution of water ‘development to acufer mapping + The setting up of rverbasin organizations for major basins may be expedite. Timeline for watershed development projects neces t0 «NIT Aayog's concept note on Revitalization of Rivers may be implemented on a pilot bai 'be shortened from seven to four years and funds ‘Need fora scheme on medium term measures fr load management which includes avalible uncer MGNREGA and state plans my Be SEM.” Completion of incomplete works inthe states of Asam, Bhar, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand * Introduce pubicpivate partnerships inthe water ‘and Wiest Bengal ane achieve permanent protectin fom floods The formation of North sector and revise water tari to recover at east East Water Management Authorty (NEWMA) n North-East states will comprehensively ‘operation and maintenance cor address the laa issue nthe region Model Building Bye Lows, 2016 crculeted by Ministry of «Water regulstory framework shouldbe established for water resources in allstates Liban Developmen whchinducestnepeowionat an Camposte water managemertindex develope by NIT Aoyog may bewed 23 ete ater harvesting shots beimplementeby atte: * Stoimpove anes otnalereseurces management * Seana + Dewloprechsing onal ples fia inde resources tamale wing ceca fam |e Apltschane tanga T0akh | ‘ponds, tanks and injection wells ‘hawith treated waste water by Parton ager maragenetiniedn the 1 Plan Nana Ager Management MAQUI) under Zoramayitly be erp Pi sholsbeavegthercsrougs eowKot paneinpstocowelunore competve rien + nities shoul encased strum {Sree amor share of et Participatory approach to encourage behavioural changes and community engagement in ground water demand through recycled water. Innagemen une’ al Bg Yonn Sess prsammest sma + Pronae thee for pumpite prove halon founder inaieminds an providing frsor | wt meersad nal pets pumps with @ buyback guarantee for surplus solar power in Western India can offer reliable daytime energy for use of recycled water may irrigation and stable cash income as well act as an incentive to conserve power and water. launched, Fate scared gion tb and bac ares analy hve een deprvedfanrgton Ph ro a | + Special focus should be placed on the quality of ural drinking water supply in arsenic and fide affected areas, | ‘= Incentivize the wider adoption of sprinkler and erpinigation by everting __« Reduce the gap between iigation potential created and utilized resources otherwise used to subside power and surface iigaton. ' Complete the netable programs such as Pancheswar roect, Sind + Significantly expand and adequately fund MoWR's programme to feces (Punjab & Rajasthan) and Siang project North-East Ine revtalze, renovate and repair exsting water bodes/tanks 1+ Take corective measures to speed up projects under PMKSY and slid {= Desiting of water bods, cluding river lakes, ponds an reservots and uid waste management projects in 1600 Gram Panchayats along the banks of river Ganga.NEXT IAS Ea aos The 2022-23 goals include the folowing: . Air pollution “Bringing down PM2<5 levels in Indian cities to less than 50, . «= Creating 175 GW of renewable energy generation capacity, ‘+ Eliminating crop residue burning, +» Solid waste management ‘= Implementing effectively the Solid Waste Management > Rules, 2016, Water pollution > Ensuring zero discharge of untreated effluents from industrial unit. ‘= Ensuring Avira and Nirmal Dhara in the Ganga, Yamuna, ‘and other rivers. . Forestry + Increasing the forest cover to 33.3 per cent ofthe ‘geographical ares. . ‘+ Encouraging Farm Forestry. 3 Burning crop residue, particularly in North India . ‘= Convincing farmers to discontinue the practice. > + Lackof awareness of theilleffects of pollution impedes * ‘effort to control pollution, STRATEGY FOR NEW INDIA @ 75 NEXT IAS ‘The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has identified 302 polluted river stretches on 275 ‘Government has launched National Mission for ‘lean Ganga, ‘+ The otal polluted riverine length is 12,363 km. ‘+ In March 2018, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change released the Draft National Forest Policy, 2018, [At present, forest and tree cover occupies about ‘one fourth ofthe total geographical area in our country. ‘Out ofthe total land area under forest cover, ‘about 40 per cent has only 10 to 40 per cent ‘canopy density, In2016,the government had estimated an annual waste generation of 62 millon tonnes in the country. Of this, between 22nd 28 per cent was, processed and treated Difficult to bring about the behavioural change that is cettical to fighting pollution Polluters should pay for the pollution’ principles not ‘effectively implemented. Agro-forestry is hampered by regulatory restrictions corms ete + Introduce suitable modifications in their guidelines of schemes for farm _mechanization to provide support to farmers to purchase equipment to collect, transport and sell Biomass to processing sites for economic benefits ‘= Extend financial support to farmers in the short term forincsitu treatment ‘of paddy straw/non burning of crop residue. ‘= Create a’Clean Air Impact Fund’ to provide viability gap funding (VGF for projects with long gestation periods. + Upscale technologies fo erop harvesting and utilization of farm residue. ‘= Reward and monitoring at the loca evel 2 Insttute a reward scheme for vilage panchayats with zero burning, ‘Put in place a mechanism to monitor farm fires. + Provide regulatory support for business model fr crop residue tlzation. + Create awareness amongst farmers for better soil management practices «In-situ Mulching and on-farm management. ‘Afforestation should be promoted aggressively through « {pint forest management (peoples' participation) and Access to low cost nance especially through the Green Climate Fund shoul bbe encouraged. "New national missions on wind energy, waste-to-energy and coastal areas ‘+ Effective implementation of Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016. ‘= Action plans for remediation of contaminated sites should be prepared and implemented. ++ Technological upgradation of kilns to control pollution, ‘+ Emission and effluent standards for industries need to be revised and effectively implemented. ‘+ Sewage treatment plants of adequate capacity should be installed at suitable locations to make rivers pollution free + Use of bio-digester toilets + Introduce an eco-labelling scheme to promote the sale of products made out of waste, + Introduce stringent civil penalties to strengthen ‘enforcement of environment-related Acts. ‘CLIMATE CHANGE ‘The National Water Mission should be re-designed for efficient water the involvement of the private sector. . + Public and availabe along railway tracks, highways, should be developed. ‘anal, etc, should be used for greening India . ++ Promote agro-forestry. 1+ Revenue record and geo tagging should be used to verify the origin of wood and wood-based productsto Identify species extracted from farm forestry ‘Undertake measures to convert vacant spaces in urban areas into urban green areas . resource management. Projects under state action plans on climate change need to be implemented Use the National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change and other global funds for strengthening resilience against climate change in sectors ike agriculture, forestry infrastructure and others, Scientific and analytical capacity for climate change related assessments should be strengthened. SSNEXT IAS STRATEGY FOR NEW INDIA @ 75 NEXT IAS 1 Univeral access and retention: Hundred per» The enalment ratios forthe elementary level ate close to 100 per cent. centenrolment and retention atelementaty _« The gross enrolment ratios (GER) fr secondary education have also ‘education and secondary educatonlevels, "increased achieve zere dropouts until CassX 1 Netenrolment ratio (NER stillow. ‘Improvement nearing outcomes for ‘The ASER surveys estimate that national attendance primary and upper elementary and secanday education, 2» Creating arebustfameworkfor tacking individual student acre their schooling > yeasthat incorporates data on thei earning ‘uteomes. ‘+ Providing a el and lable aerative path for ‘vocational education starting 3 higher levels to improve employacilty. primary schools 714 and 732 respectively ‘Theretention ates elementary ehoal are 707 percent The retention tates omongit scheduled bes (ST) #501 per cent + The previous NAS conducted by National Counel for Educational Resereh & {nd Taining (NCEA reports that over 60 percent Grade sudents scored blow 50 percent srs subjects ¢ «+ Finding: bya independent ASER household level survey 2006) in rl sea: show that mang Grade children, ony 478 percent could rex ee ee eee sigmesal __Sfadellleveltext and ony 26 percent could do Grade Vlevel arithmetic. ees «+The mental pressure on students increasing Data fom the National Crime ‘Records Bureau shows that student under ave ncreased om about {600m 2012 to about 9000'n 2015. 2 * lhadequate pubic funding inthe sector. « tpadequate teacher raining large numberof teaching {Disproportionate focus on school infastucture as opposedto__—_vacaneis and rampant absenteeism. learning outcomes. ‘+ Limited options fr vocational education inthe schoo! system > «challenges in governance and monitoring mechanisms for * Inadequate support and counseling given to chien in learning outcomes. sero0h. > «Accountability sstemsin government schools ‘+ Goversmentspending on * Stategovernments _» Rationalize public schoal structure: Schoolintegration or clubbing of small schools ‘education asawhole (rat should develop and ‘those with very low enralment could esl in adettanal human nancial and infrastructure [st school education) formulate bust resources Eg Rajasthan shouldbe increased to at mechanisms to enforce _¢ Right to learning and measurement of remediation: Given the amendment to Rule 23(2) least percent of GDPby _regulationson teacher” gf the RTE, states should cody the expected learning outcomes foreach clas, 2022 {ualficatons teacher ypu greater emphasis on continuous and comprehensive evaluation (CCE) to achieve the = Aupeesent allocations ta absenteeism and defined learning outcomes theeduction sectorby the __leaming outcomes + The comorchensive national achievements survey initated in 2017 needs tobe centre andstates mains» Leaming outcomes mn ~~ Institationalised on an annualbass, Sticscerdngrotte steely badge] * Tagenedatien pees shouldbe made par ofthe education sem so ae ch ae ‘World Bank, the world Independent oftheline the CCE should aso encompass compartmental exams to check the qualty and outcomes + Individualized tracking: An lero national edeaionsregity maybe ||" Seenptatod or tctng ech cd's ern etcomes beet on Cand nal rams | through unique. *# Develop system of awarding credits fr every subject and rade passed, spectying the * Pre-primary and primary sylabus should be minimum credits ecuied to appea isthe nal exam fr any grace Gesigned ona ski/competency-ased * Give children the tion, under the guidance ofthe school and patents of branching into continaum, vocational causes rom secondary schoo level upwards. + The vocational ecuation sylabus should be + Develop separate trackeven within the general education seam, as has been done In cetain NSOF-aigned, advances countries + Curiclur should ined summer ative + Design guidelines or tates to implement vocational education atthe schoo lve. and menthiy study tp, ncuding ists to * Provide adequate funding for succesful innovative programmes. practivaners or practical eaming ‘+ Improving the quality of teaching is an « Life skils, including coping with falure/crses and stress management, should be integral aspect of improvement in school Included aspartof theschool curriculum ‘education. Given itsimportance,itisbeing «Easy and safeaccessto mental health support shouldbe strengthened, covered separately in another chapter + Easy and safe access to counselling and support must be provided for gil children in schools, especially focused on victims of abuse, violence and other gender-related social evils SSnEXT IAS A UNIT OF MADE EASY GROUP i MAINS _ TEST SERIES j for CSE 2020 Commencing from 11" Oct, 2020 OPTIONAL SUBJECTS © Sociology ¢ Philosophy ¢ Mathematics © Geography ¢ Political Science © Civil Engg. © Mechanical Engg. « Electrical Engg. Features: = Comprehensive model answers for each test. = Personalized one to one feedback by subject experts. = Detailed discussions of tests by NEXT IAS faculty. = Option of flexible and fixed schedule.NEXT IAS NEXT IAS ‘Inia has 464 universiytevelinstutions, 4,026 calleges and 1,669 stand-alone instittons. 1+ The number af universityevelinsttutions has grown by about 25% and ‘the number af calleges by aout 13% Inthe lst ve yeas Ind’ higher education GER calculated fr the age group, 1623 years) Increase fom 115% in 2005-06 t0 252% In 2016-17 ‘+ Welag behind the world average of 33% and that of comparable economies, such as Braz (46%) Russia (78%) ane China (30% Few indian instittions feature inthe top 200 in word rankings Implementation ane continuation ofthe centrally sponsored scheme, Rashtriya Uchehatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA) ‘+ tors tiered grade autonomy regulatory system has been intated with ‘ategaration based on accreditation score of Nationa Assessment & Decreitaton Counel NAC). STRATEGY FOR NEW INDIA @ 75 ‘+ Increase the gross envalment ratio (GER) In higher eeueation rom 25 pe eatin 2016-17 1935 percent by 2022.25, ‘Make higher education mare inclusive for the mast vulnerable groups. 1 Adopt accreditation asa mandotory 2” qualty assurance framework and have ‘uliple highly reputed accreditation 3 agencies or oiitating the proces. ‘+ Greate an enabling ecosystem ta enhance the spt of esearch and innovation, ‘Improve employability of stucents “completing their higher easton, ‘+ Outdated and multiple regulatory mechanisms limit innovation and progressive change. ‘Outdated curriculum results na mismatch between education and job market requtements, dampens students’ creativity 2 _ and hampers the development of their analytical ables. ‘Quality assurance ot accreditation mechanisms are inadequate, Theres no policy framevark for participation of foreign universes in higher education. ‘Theres no overarching funclng body to promote and encourage research and innevation. Public funding inthe sector remains inadecuate. ‘There area large number of faculty posts yng vacant for example in central universities, early 33 percent of teacher posts were vacant in March 2018, Faculty taining inadequate + Ensure effective coordination of roles of dlffeent higher education regulators, such a the UGC, Al ndia Councilor Technical Education (AICTE) and National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE), and restructure ‘or merge these where needed. + Institutions should be given the freedom —_ All higher education institutions to innovate and expand curriculum || must be compulsorily and beyond this basic minimum standard regularly acredited, + Curriculum and pedagogy at allhigher «Accreditation must give adequate education instititions should be updated weightage to outcomes rather Continuously through mandatory than inputs only. ‘+ Amend the UGC Act to provide legislative backing tothe tiered regulatory structure Create a framework o allow foreign universities of global repute to operate in India, in collaboration with Indian institutions to offer joint degree feedback ror domain experts, faculty, stucents, industry, and alumni Diverse post-secondary career options should be provided through skills/voeational training, Internships by students in undergraduate programmes + Link atleast a proportion of the grants to performance and quality ‘© Agraded mechanism to ensure ‘additional funds flow tothe top public universities should be developed. + Thisissimilarto the model adopted by Singapore and China to develop thelr top two public universities courses should be encouraged and potentially mandated in all professional and technical courses, ‘+ An evaluation may be undertaken to understand the challenges faced by these central universities, and they should be asked to develop strategic plans or getting into the top 500 of global tniversities rankings inthe next 10 years ‘+ RUSA may be continued beyand March 2020, subject to a credible third-party evaluation. ‘+ Enhance transparency in the labour inspection system, | ‘There is aneed to broaden the scope of ‘Massive Open Online Course (MOC) and Open and Distance Learning (ou) ‘Universities with high accrecitation scores may be permitted to offer online ‘education programmes | Jj DEVELOPMENT OF TEACHERRESOURCES + Develop stringentnormsfor faculty recruitmentin universtiesandcoleges «+ Anecosystem shouldbe created where the most deserving talentishired andretained «+ Acentralschememay be lainchedito attractteachersof indian origin «+ Industry practitioners may lsobe encouraged to join as adjunctfacultyin the higher education institutions. + Continuous faculty taining and updating process should beintroduced and made mandatory + Conductregular quality checks ofjournals especialy those thatare used for evaluating faculty onacademic performance indicators(AP) 2NEXT IAS STRATEGY FOR NEW INDIA @ 75 NEXT IAS 2 © The objectives for 2022-23 include: Enforcing minimum teacher standards through rigorous teacher eligibility tests and crteraforthe induction ofteachers. Improving in-service teacher training system. Increasing teacher accountability fo learning outcomes of students. > # Addressing the problem ofteacher vacancies and teacher absenteeism. ‘+ The National CounelforTeacher Education NCTE) istheregulatorforteacher education inthe country. NCTE has ecognized 25219 teacher-aining institutes inthe county, Around 89 per cen ofthese are privately run, of whieh 1011 2 Institutions are fortainingteacher-educators(M Ed) Te ntake ofthese eacherraning institutes was 17.58 akhin 2076. «= Asperthe Right to Education (RTE) Act, ateacnerappointedin school shouldhavepassedtheteacherligibililytext(TET)conductedby the relevant governmentbody. ‘In institutions of higher education, passing the National Eligibility Tes (NET/State Level Sigil test (SLET) has been the minimum ‘ligibility riterionforteaching, 12015, only 1253 percent candidates who stforthe Central Teacher EligltyTest(CTET qualified -Althe higher educationallevel the passpercentagein the UGC-NET exams isalolow, where only 6 percent candidtes quai ‘To assess the performance and progres of teaches the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) had developed! performanceindieators(PINDICS}in2013, ‘* Outof the total sanctioned posts of 1.03 lakhs, the number of werkng teachers is 42.03 lakhs, leading to vacancies of 9akh teachers in schools of which 2lakhteachervacancesareinSSA school + Thity-tieepercentefschoolsdonotmeetthepupi-teacherratio, roncaly, despite the overall shortage of teachers, there ae also 291 akh surplus teacher across the country because ofan imbalance in reglonaldemand:-suply ‘study shows that 25 percent of teachers were absent from school, and only half were teaching during an unannounced vistas pat of nationalrepresentativesamplesurvey of governmentprimaryschoolsinina ‘There isinsuficient regulatory monitoring of teacher education institutions ‘Teacher eligibility tests in some states may not be adequately robust. ‘There ae inadequate in-service training programmes as Well s ack of public funding support ‘+ There sno robust system for balancing the demand for and supply of teachers atthe regional or state level >» There are limited accountability systems for teachers. ‘+ Acommittee should be set up to develop «+ In-service teacher professional development programmes should ‘ransparent/objective and rigorous criteria to recognize bbe redesigned with continuous progressive development, institutions. + The Pt. Madan Mohan Malviya National Mission for Teachers & ‘+ The accreditation system developed should ensuretthe closure Teaching should be taken up in mission mode for creating top class of fraudulent o dysfunctional teacher education institutions Institutional facilities for professional development of teachers. ‘+ Anational electronic teacher registry should be set up as part ofthe National Education Registry. Performance Indicators PINDICS), 2013, and the Quality Monitoring Tools of NCERT should be adopted or adapted by states/UTs ‘+ The salary increment of teachers should be linked to an assessment of their performance States should test teachers tr-annwally on the same test designed for the children they are teaching. The Teacher Eligibility Test (TET) across states should be strengthened as per central TET. 1+ The UGC-recognised NET/SLET should be continued as a minimum eligibility criterion for recruitment to Assistant Professor postions. + Each state must develop a teacher-demand forecast model for all levels, starting from elementary to higher education. + The surplus and deficiency can be aggregated at the national level and appropriate decisions taken on whether to set up new training Institutions or provide leverage to existing ones to.correct overall deficiencies LS 7 |