18MIS7020 - Lab 8

LAB 8
Name: G.L.S.Abhinav
Reg.no:18MIS7020
R Console Page 1
R version 3.6.2 (2019-12-12) -- "Dark and Stormy Night"

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> attach(mtcars)
> newdata <- mtcars[order(mpg),]
> newdata <- mtcars[order(mpg, cyl),]
> newdata <- mtcars[order(mpg, -cyl),]
> detach(mtcars)
> mtcars
mpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec vs am gear carb Mazda RX4 21.0 6 160.0 110 3.90 2.620 16.46 0 1
4 4 Mazda RX4 Wag 21.0 6 160.0 110 3.90 2.875 17.02 0 1 4 4 Datsun 710 22.8 4 108.0 93 3.85
2.320 18.61 1 1 4 1 Hornet 4 Drive 21.4 6 258.0 110 3.08 3.215 19.44 1 0 3 1 Hornet Sportabout
18.7 8 360.0 175 3.15 3.440 17.02 0 0 3 2 Valiant 18.1 6 225.0 105 2.76 3.460 20.22 1 0 3 1
Duster 360 14.3 8 360.0 245 3.21 3.570 15.84 0 0 3 4 Merc 240D 24.4 4 146.7 62 3.69 3.190
20.00 1 0 4 2 Merc 230 22.8 4 140.8 95 3.92 3.150 22.90 1 0 4 2 Merc 280 19.2 6 167.6 123 3.92
3.440 18.30 1 0 4 4 Merc 280C 17.8 6 167.6 123 3.92 3.440 18.90 1 0 4 4 Merc 450SE 16.4 8
275.8 180 3.07 4.070 17.40 0 0 3 3 Merc 450SL 17.3 8 275.8 180 3.07 3.730 17.60 0 0 3 3 Merc
450SLC 15.2 8 275.8 180 3.07 3.780 18.00 0 0 3 3 Cadillac Fleetwood 10.4 8 472.0 205 2.93
5.250 17.98 0 0 3 4 Lincoln Continental 10.4 8 460.0 215 3.00 5.424 17.82 0 0 3 4 Chrysler
Imperial 14.7 8 440.0 230 3.23 5.345 17.42 0 0 3 4 Fiat 128 32.4 4 78.7 66 4.08 2.200 19.47 1 1
4 1 Honda Civic 30.4 4 75.7 52 4.93 1.615 18.52 1 1 4 2 Toyota Corolla 33.9 4 71.1 65 4.22 1.835
19.90 1 1 4 1 Toyota Corona 21.5 4 120.1 97 3.70 2.465 20.01 1 0 3 1 Dodge Challenger 15.5 8
318.0 150 2.76 3.520 16.87 0 0 3 2 AMC Javelin 15.2 8 304.0 150 3.15 3.435 17.30 0 0 3 2
Camaro Z28 13.3 8 350.0 245 3.73 3.840 15.41 0 0 3 4 Pontiac Firebird 19.2 8 400.0 175 3.08
3.845 17.05 0 0 3 2 Fiat X1-9 27.3 4 79.0 66 4.08 1.935 18.90 1 1 4 1 Porsche 914-2 26.0 4 120.3
91 4.43 2.140 16.70 0 1 5 2 Lotus Europa 30.4 4 95.1 113 3.77 1.513 16.90 1 1 5 2 Ford Pantera
L 15.8 8 351.0 264 4.22 3.170 14.50 0 1 5 4 Ferrari Dino 19.7 6 145.0 175 3.62 2.770 15.50 0 1 5
6 Maserati Bora 15.0 8 301.0 335 3.54 3.570 14.60 0 1 5 8 Volvo 142E 21.4 4 121.0 109 4.11
2.780 18.60 1 1 4 2 > attach(mtcars)
> print attach
Error: unexpected symbol in "print attach"
> print(attach)
function (what, pos = 2L, name = deparse(substitute(what), backtick = FALSE), warn.conflicts = TRUE)
{
checkConflicts <- function(env) {
dont.mind <- c("last.dump", "last.warning",
".Last.value", ".Random.seed", ".Last.lib",
".onDetach", ".packageName", ".noGenerics",
".required", ".no_S3_generics", ".requireCachedGenerics") sp <- search()
for (i in seq_along(sp)) {
if (identical(env, as.environment(i))) {
db.pos <- i
R Console Page 2
break
}
}
ob <- names(as.environment(db.pos))
if (.isMethodsDispatchOn()) {
these <- ob[startsWith(ob, ".__T__")]
gen <- gsub(".__T__(.*):([^:]+)", "\\1",
these)
from <- gsub(".__T__(.*):([^:]+)", "\\2",
these)
gen <- gen[from != ".GlobalEnv"]
ob <- ob[!(ob %in% gen)]
}
ipos <- seq_along(sp)[-c(db.pos, match(c("Autoloads",
"CheckExEnv"), sp, 0L))]
for (i in ipos) {
obj.same <- match(names(as.environment(i)), ob, nomatch = 0L) if (any(obj.same > 0L)) {
same <- ob[obj.same]
same <- same[!(same %in% dont.mind)]
Classobjs <- which(startsWith(same, ".__"))
if (length(Classobjs))
same <- same[-Classobjs]
same.isFn <- function(where) vapply(same, exists,
NA, where = where, mode = "function",
inherits = FALSE)
same <- same[same.isFn(i) == same.isFn(db.pos)]
if (length(same)) {
pkg <- if (sum(sp == sp[i]) > 1L)
sprintf("%s (pos = %d)", sp[i], i)
else sp[i]
message(.maskedMsg(sort(same), pkg, by = i <
db.pos), domain = NA)
}
}
}
}
if (pos == 1L)
stop("'pos=1' is not possible and has been warned about for years") if (is.character(what) &&
(length(what) == 1L)) {
if (!file.exists(what))
stop(gettextf("file '%s' not found", what),
domain = NA)
if (missing(name))
name <- paste0("file:", what)
value <- .Internal(attach(NULL, pos, name))
load(what, envir = as.environment(pos))
}
else value <- .Internal(attach(what, pos, name))
if (warn.conflicts && !exists(".conflicts.OK", envir = value,
inherits = FALSE)) {
checkConflicts(value)
}
if (length(names(value)) && .isMethodsDispatchOn())
methods::cacheMetaData(value, TRUE)
invisible(value)
}
<bytecode: 0x0000000014ad9f50>
<environment: namespace:base>
> newdata<-mtcars[order(mpg),]
Error: object 'lt' not found
> newdata
mpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec vs am gear carb Cadillac Fleetwood 10.4 8 472.0 205 2.93 5.250
17.98 0 0 3 4 Lincoln Continental 10.4 8 460.0 215 3.00 5.424 17.82 0 0 3 4 Camaro Z28 13.3 8
350.0 245 3.73 3.840 15.41 0 0 3 4 Duster 360 14.3 8 360.0 245 3.21 3.570 15.84 0 0 3 4
Chrysler Imperial 14.7 8 440.0 230 3.23 5.345 17.42 0 0 3 4 Maserati Bora 15.0 8 301.0 335 3.54
3.570 14.60 0 1 5 8 Merc 450SLC 15.2 8 275.8 180 3.07 3.780 18.00 0 0 3 3 AMC Javelin 15.2 8
304.0 150 3.15 3.435 17.30 0 0 3 2 Dodge Challenger 15.5 8 318.0 150 2.76 3.520 16.87 0 0 3 2
Ford Pantera L 15.8 8 351.0 264 4.22 3.170 14.50 0 1 5 4
R Console Page 3
Merc 450SE 16.4 8 275.8 180 3.07 4.070 17.40 0 0 3 3 Merc 450SL 17.3 8 275.8 180 3.07 3.730
17.60 0 0 3 3 Merc 280C 17.8 6 167.6 123 3.92 3.440 18.90 1 0 4 4 Valiant 18.1 6 225.0 105 2.76
3.460 20.22 1 0 3 1 Hornet Sportabout 18.7 8 360.0 175 3.15 3.440 17.02 0 0 3 2 Merc 280 19.2
6 167.6 123 3.92 3.440 18.30 1 0 4 4 Pontiac Firebird 19.2 8 400.0 175 3.08 3.845 17.05 0 0 3 2
Ferrari Dino 19.7 6 145.0 175 3.62 2.770 15.50 0 1 5 6 Mazda RX4 21.0 6 160.0 110 3.90 2.620
16.46 0 1 4 4 Mazda RX4 Wag 21.0 6 160.0 110 3.90 2.875 17.02 0 1 4 4 Hornet 4 Drive 21.4 6
258.0 110 3.08 3.215 19.44 1 0 3 1 Volvo 142E 21.4 4 121.0 109 4.11 2.780 18.60 1 1 4 2 Toyota
Corona 21.5 4 120.1 97 3.70 2.465 20.01 1 0 3 1 Datsun 710 22.8 4 108.0 93 3.85 2.320 18.61 1
1 4 1 Merc 230 22.8 4 140.8 95 3.92 3.150 22.90 1 0 4 2 Merc 240D 24.4 4 146.7 62 3.69 3.190
20.00 1 0 4 2 Porsche 914-2 26.0 4 120.3 91 4.43 2.140 16.70 0 1 5 2 Fiat X1-9 27.3 4 79.0 66
4.08 1.935 18.90 1 1 4 1 Honda Civic 30.4 4 75.7 52 4.93 1.615 18.52 1 1 4 2 Lotus Europa 30.4 4
95.1 113 3.77 1.513 16.90 1 1 5 2 Fiat 128 32.4 4 78.7 66 4.08 2.200 19.47 1 1 4 1 Toyota Corolla
33.9 4 71.1 65 4.22 1.835 19.90 1 1 4 1 > newdata<-mtcars[order(mpg,cyl),]
> newdata<-mtcars[order(mpg,cyl),]
> newdata<-mtcars[order(mpg,-cyl),]
> newdata<-mtcars[order(mpg,-cyl),]
> detach(mtcars)
> newdata
350.0 245 3.73 3.840 15.41 0 0 3 4 Duster 360 14.3 8 360.0 245 3.21 3.570 15.84 0 0 3 4
Ford Pantera L 15.8 8 351.0 264 4.22 3.170 14.50 0 1 5 4 Merc 450SE 16.4 8 275.8 180 3.07
4.070 17.40 0 0 3 3 Merc 450SL 17.3 8 275.8 180 3.07 3.730 17.60 0 0 3 3 Merc 280C 17.8 6
167.6 123 3.92 3.440 18.90 1 0 4 4 Valiant 18.1 6 225.0 105 2.76 3.460 20.22 1 0 3 1 Hornet
Sportabout 18.7 8 360.0 175 3.15 3.440 17.02 0 0 3 2 Pontiac Firebird 19.2 8 400.0 175 3.08
3.845 17.05 0 0 3 2 Merc 280 19.2 6 167.6 123 3.92 3.440 18.30 1 0 4 4 Ferrari Dino 19.7 6
145.0 175 3.62 2.770 15.50 0 1 5 6 Mazda RX4 21.0 6 160.0 110 3.90 2.620 16.46 0 1 4 4 Mazda
RX4 Wag 21.0 6 160.0 110 3.90 2.875 17.02 0 1 4 4 Hornet 4 Drive 21.4 6 258.0 110 3.08 3.215
19.44 1 0 3 1 Volvo 142E 21.4 4 121.0 109 4.11 2.780 18.60 1 1 4 2 Toyota Corona 21.5 4 120.1
97 3.70 2.465 20.01 1 0 3 1 Datsun 710 22.8 4 108.0 93 3.85 2.320 18.61 1 1 4 1 Merc 230 22.8
4 140.8 95 3.92 3.150 22.90 1 0 4 2 Merc 240D 24.4 4 146.7 62 3.69 3.190 20.00 1 0 4 2 Porsche
914-2 26.0 4 120.3 91 4.43 2.140 16.70 0 1 5 2 Fiat X1-9 27.3 4 79.0 66 4.08 1.935 18.90 1 1 4 1
Honda Civic 30.4 4 75.7 52 4.93 1.615 18.52 1 1 4 2 Lotus Europa 30.4 4 95.1 113 3.77 1.513
16.90 1 1 5 2 Fiat 128 32.4 4 78.7 66 4.08 2.200 19.47 1 1 4 1 Toyota Corolla 33.9 4 71.1 65 4.22
1.835 19.90 1 1 4 1 > newdata<-mtcars[order(mtcars$mpg),]
> print(newdata)
350.0 245 3.73 3.840 15.41 0 0 3 4 Duster 360 14.3 8 360.0 245 3.21 3.570 15.84 0 0 3 4
304.0 150 3.15 3.435 17.30 0 0 3 2
R Console Page 4
Dodge Challenger 15.5 8 318.0 150 2.76 3.520 16.87 0 0 3 2 Ford Pantera L 15.8 8 351.0 264
4.22 3.170 14.50 0 1 5 4 Merc 450SE 16.4 8 275.8 180 3.07 4.070 17.40 0 0 3 3 Merc 450SL 17.3
8 275.8 180 3.07 3.730 17.60 0 0 3 3 Merc 280C 17.8 6 167.6 123 3.92 3.440 18.90 1 0 4 4
Valiant 18.1 6 225.0 105 2.76 3.460 20.22 1 0 3 1 Hornet Sportabout 18.7 8 360.0 175 3.15
3.440 17.02 0 0 3 2 Merc 280 19.2 6 167.6 123 3.92 3.440 18.30 1 0 4 4 Pontiac Firebird 19.2 8
400.0 175 3.08 3.845 17.05 0 0 3 2 Ferrari Dino 19.7 6 145.0 175 3.62 2.770 15.50 0 1 5 6 Mazda
RX4 21.0 6 160.0 110 3.90 2.620 16.46 0 1 4 4 Mazda RX4 Wag 21.0 6 160.0 110 3.90 2.875
17.02 0 1 4 4 Hornet 4 Drive 21.4 6 258.0 110 3.08 3.215 19.44 1 0 3 1 Volvo 142E 21.4 4 121.0
109 4.11 2.780 18.60 1 1 4 2 Toyota Corona 21.5 4 120.1 97 3.70 2.465 20.01 1 0 3 1 Datsun 710
22.8 4 108.0 93 3.85 2.320 18.61 1 1 4 1 Merc 230 22.8 4 140.8 95 3.92 3.150 22.90 1 0 4 2
Merc 240D 24.4 4 146.7 62 3.69 3.190 20.00 1 0 4 2 Porsche 914-2 26.0 4 120.3 91 4.43 2.140
16.70 0 1 5 2 Fiat X1-9 27.3 4 79.0 66 4.08 1.935 18.90 1 1 4 1 Honda Civic 30.4 4 75.7 52 4.93
1.615 18.52 1 1 4 2 Lotus Europa 30.4 4 95.1 113 3.77 1.513 16.90 1 1 5 2 Fiat 128 32.4 4 78.7
66 4.08 2.200 19.47 1 1 4 1 Toyota Corolla 33.9 4 71.1 65 4.22 1.835 19.90 1 1 4 1 >
newdata<-mtcars[order(mpg,cyl),]
Error in order(mpg, cyl) : object 'mpg' not found
> detach(mtcars)
Error in detach(mtcars) : invalid 'name' argument
> attach(mtcars)
> newdata
350.0 245 3.73 3.840 15.41 0 0 3 4 Duster 360 14.3 8 360.0 245 3.21 3.570 15.84 0 0 3 4
4.070 17.40 0 0 3 3 Merc 450SL 17.3 8 275.8 180 3.07 3.730 17.60 0 0 3 3 Merc 280C 17.8 6
167.6 123 3.92 3.440 18.90 1 0 4 4 Valiant 18.1 6 225.0 105 2.76 3.460 20.22 1 0 3 1 Hornet
Sportabout 18.7 8 360.0 175 3.15 3.440 17.02 0 0 3 2 Merc 280 19.2 6 167.6 123 3.92 3.440
18.30 1 0 4 4 Pontiac Firebird 19.2 8 400.0 175 3.08 3.845 17.05 0 0 3 2 Ferrari Dino 19.7 6
145.0 175 3.62 2.770 15.50 0 1 5 6 Mazda RX4 21.0 6 160.0 110 3.90 2.620 16.46 0 1 4 4 Mazda
97 3.70 2.465 20.01 1 0 3 1 Datsun 710 22.8 4 108.0 93 3.85 2.320 18.61 1 1 4 1 Merc 230 22.8
4 140.8 95 3.92 3.150 22.90 1 0 4 2 Merc 240D 24.4 4 146.7 62 3.69 3.190 20.00 1 0 4 2 Porsche
914-2 26.0 4 120.3 91 4.43 2.140 16.70 0 1 5 2 Fiat X1-9 27.3 4 79.0 66 4.08 1.935 18.90 1 1 4 1
1.835 19.90 1 1 4 1 > newdata<-mtcars[order(mpg,cyl),]
> newdata
350.0 245 3.73 3.840 15.41 0 0 3 4 Duster 360 14.3 8 360.0 245 3.21 3.570 15.84 0 0 3 4
3.570 14.60 0 1 5 8 Merc 450SLC 15.2 8 275.8 180 3.07 3.780 18.00 0 0 3 3
R Console Page 5
AMC Javelin 15.2 8 304.0 150 3.15 3.435 17.30 0 0 3 2 Dodge Challenger 15.5 8 318.0 150 2.76
3.520 16.87 0 0 3 2 Ford Pantera L 15.8 8 351.0 264 4.22 3.170 14.50 0 1 5 4 Merc 450SE 16.4 8
275.8 180 3.07 4.070 17.40 0 0 3 3 Merc 450SL 17.3 8 275.8 180 3.07 3.730 17.60 0 0 3 3 Merc
280C 17.8 6 167.6 123 3.92 3.440 18.90 1 0 4 4 Valiant 18.1 6 225.0 105 2.76 3.460 20.22 1 0 3 1
Hornet Sportabout 18.7 8 360.0 175 3.15 3.440 17.02 0 0 3 2 Merc 280 19.2 6 167.6 123 3.92
3.440 18.30 1 0 4 4 Pontiac Firebird 19.2 8 400.0 175 3.08 3.845 17.05 0 0 3 2 Ferrari Dino 19.7
6 145.0 175 3.62 2.770 15.50 0 1 5 6 Mazda RX4 21.0 6 160.0 110 3.90 2.620 16.46 0 1 4 4
Mazda RX4 Wag 21.0 6 160.0 110 3.90 2.875 17.02 0 1 4 4 Volvo 142E 21.4 4 121.0 109 4.11
2.780 18.60 1 1 4 2 Hornet 4 Drive 21.4 6 258.0 110 3.08 3.215 19.44 1 0 3 1 Toyota Corona 21.5
4 120.1 97 3.70 2.465 20.01 1 0 3 1 Datsun 710 22.8 4 108.0 93 3.85 2.320 18.61 1 1 4 1 Merc
230 22.8 4 140.8 95 3.92 3.150 22.90 1 0 4 2 Merc 240D 24.4 4 146.7 62 3.69 3.190 20.00 1 0 4
2 Porsche 914-2 26.0 4 120.3 91 4.43 2.140 16.70 0 1 5 2 Fiat X1-9 27.3 4 79.0 66 4.08 1.935
18.90 1 1 4 1 Honda Civic 30.4 4 75.7 52 4.93 1.615 18.52 1 1 4 2 Lotus Europa 30.4 4 95.1 113
3.77 1.513 16.90 1 1 5 2 Fiat 128 32.4 4 78.7 66 4.08 2.200 19.47 1 1 4 1 Toyota Corolla 33.9 4
71.1 65 4.22 1.835 19.90 1 1 4 1 > newdata<-mtcars[order(mpg,-cyl),]
> newdata
350.0 245 3.73 3.840 15.41 0 0 3 4 Duster 360 14.3 8 360.0 245 3.21 3.570 15.84 0 0 3 4
4.070 17.40 0 0 3 3 Merc 450SL 17.3 8 275.8 180 3.07 3.730 17.60 0 0 3 3 Merc 280C 17.8 6
167.6 123 3.92 3.440 18.90 1 0 4 4 Valiant 18.1 6 225.0 105 2.76 3.460 20.22 1 0 3 1 Hornet
Sportabout 18.7 8 360.0 175 3.15 3.440 17.02 0 0 3 2 Pontiac Firebird 19.2 8 400.0 175 3.08
3.845 17.05 0 0 3 2 Merc 280 19.2 6 167.6 123 3.92 3.440 18.30 1 0 4 4 Ferrari Dino 19.7 6
145.0 175 3.62 2.770 15.50 0 1 5 6 Mazda RX4 21.0 6 160.0 110 3.90 2.620 16.46 0 1 4 4 Mazda
97 3.70 2.465 20.01 1 0 3 1 Datsun 710 22.8 4 108.0 93 3.85 2.320 18.61 1 1 4 1 Merc 230 22.8
4 140.8 95 3.92 3.150 22.90 1 0 4 2 Merc 240D 24.4 4 146.7 62 3.69 3.190 20.00 1 0 4 2 Porsche
914-2 26.0 4 120.3 91 4.43 2.140 16.70 0 1 5 2 Fiat X1-9 27.3 4 79.0 66 4.08 1.935 18.90 1 1 4 1
1.835 19.90 1 1 4 1 > detach(mtcars)
> newdata<-mtcars[order(mtcars$mpg),]
> newdata
350.0 245 3.73 3.840 15.41 0 0 3 4 Duster 360 14.3 8 360.0 245 3.21 3.570 15.84 0 0 3 4
Ford Pantera L 15.8 8 351.0 264 4.22 3.170 14.50 0 1 5 4
R Console Page 6
Merc 450SE 16.4 8 275.8 180 3.07 4.070 17.40 0 0 3 3 Merc 450SL 17.3 8 275.8 180 3.07 3.730
17.60 0 0 3 3 Merc 280C 17.8 6 167.6 123 3.92 3.440 18.90 1 0 4 4 Valiant 18.1 6 225.0 105 2.76
3.460 20.22 1 0 3 1 Hornet Sportabout 18.7 8 360.0 175 3.15 3.440 17.02 0 0 3 2 Merc 280 19.2
6 167.6 123 3.92 3.440 18.30 1 0 4 4 Pontiac Firebird 19.2 8 400.0 175 3.08 3.845 17.05 0 0 3 2
Ferrari Dino 19.7 6 145.0 175 3.62 2.770 15.50 0 1 5 6 Mazda RX4 21.0 6 160.0 110 3.90 2.620
16.46 0 1 4 4 Mazda RX4 Wag 21.0 6 160.0 110 3.90 2.875 17.02 0 1 4 4 Hornet 4 Drive 21.4 6
258.0 110 3.08 3.215 19.44 1 0 3 1 Volvo 142E 21.4 4 121.0 109 4.11 2.780 18.60 1 1 4 2 Toyota
Corona 21.5 4 120.1 97 3.70 2.465 20.01 1 0 3 1 Datsun 710 22.8 4 108.0 93 3.85 2.320 18.61 1
1 4 1 Merc 230 22.8 4 140.8 95 3.92 3.150 22.90 1 0 4 2 Merc 240D 24.4 4 146.7 62 3.69 3.190
20.00 1 0 4 2 Porsche 914-2 26.0 4 120.3 91 4.43 2.140 16.70 0 1 5 2 Fiat X1-9 27.3 4 79.0 66
4.08 1.935 18.90 1 1 4 1 Honda Civic 30.4 4 75.7 52 4.93 1.615 18.52 1 1 4 2 Lotus Europa 30.4 4
95.1 113 3.77 1.513 16.90 1 1 5 2 Fiat 128 32.4 4 78.7 66 4.08 2.200 19.47 1 1 4 1 Toyota Corolla
33.9 4 71.1 65 4.22 1.835 19.90 1 1 4 1 > airquality
Ozone Solar.R Wind Temp Month Day
1 41 190 7.4 67 5 1
2 36 118 8.0 72 5 2
3 12 149 12.6 74 5 3
4 18 313 11.5 62 5 4
5 NA NA 14.3 56 5 5
6 28 NA 14.9 66 5 6
7 23 299 8.6 65 5 7
8 19 99 13.8 59 5 8
9 8 19 20.1 61 5 9
10 NA 194 8.6 69 5 10
11 7 NA 6.9 74 5 11
12 16 256 9.7 69 5 12
13 11 290 9.2 66 5 13
14 14 274 10.9 68 5 14
15 18 65 13.2 58 5 15
16 14 334 11.5 64 5 16
17 34 307 12.0 66 5 17
18 6 78 18.4 57 5 18
19 30 322 11.5 68 5 19
20 11 44 9.7 62 5 20
21 1 8 9.7 59 5 21
22 11 320 16.6 73 5 22
23 4 25 9.7 61 5 23
24 32 92 12.0 61 5 24
25 NA 66 16.6 57 5 25
26 NA 266 14.9 58 5 26
27 NA NA 8.0 57 5 27
28 23 13 12.0 67 5 28
29 45 252 14.9 81 5 29
30 115 223 5.7 79 5 30
31 37 279 7.4 76 5 31
32 NA 286 8.6 78 6 1
33 NA 287 9.7 74 6 2
34 NA 242 16.1 67 6 3
35 NA 186 9.2 84 6 4
36 NA 220 8.6 85 6 5
37 NA 264 14.3 79 6 6
38 29 127 9.7 82 6 7
39 NA 273 6.9 87 6 8
40 71 291 13.8 90 6 9
41 39 323 11.5 87 6 10
42 NA 259 10.9 93 6 11
43 NA 250 9.2 92 6 12
44 23 148 8.0 82 6 13
45 NA 332 13.8 80 6 14
46 NA 322 11.5 79 6 15
47 21 191 14.9 77 6 16
48 37 284 20.7 72 6 17
49 20 37 9.2 65 6 18
50 12 120 11.5 73 6 19
R Console Page 7
51 13 137 10.3 76 6 20
52 NA 150 6.3 77 6 21
53 NA 59 1.7 76 6 22
54 NA 91 4.6 76 6 23
55 NA 250 6.3 76 6 24
56 NA 135 8.0 75 6 25
57 NA 127 8.0 78 6 26
58 NA 47 10.3 73 6 27
59 NA 98 11.5 80 6 28
60 NA 31 14.9 77 6 29
61 NA 138 8.0 83 6 30
62 135 269 4.1 84 7 1
63 49 248 9.2 85 7 2
64 32 236 9.2 81 7 3
65 NA 101 10.9 84 7 4
66 64 175 4.6 83 7 5
67 40 314 10.9 83 7 6
68 77 276 5.1 88 7 7
69 97 267 6.3 92 7 8
70 97 272 5.7 92 7 9
71 85 175 7.4 89 7 10
72 NA 139 8.6 82 7 11
73 10 264 14.3 73 7 12
74 27 175 14.9 81 7 13
75 NA 291 14.9 91 7 14
76 7 48 14.3 80 7 15
77 48 260 6.9 81 7 16
78 35 274 10.3 82 7 17
79 61 285 6.3 84 7 18
80 79 187 5.1 87 7 19
81 63 220 11.5 85 7 20
82 16 7 6.9 74 7 21
83 NA 258 9.7 81 7 22
84 NA 295 11.5 82 7 23
85 80 294 8.6 86 7 24
86 108 223 8.0 85 7 25
87 20 81 8.6 82 7 26
88 52 82 12.0 86 7 27
89 82 213 7.4 88 7 28
90 50 275 7.4 86 7 29
91 64 253 7.4 83 7 30
92 59 254 9.2 81 7 31
93 39 83 6.9 81 8 1
94 9 24 13.8 81 8 2
95 16 77 7.4 82 8 3
96 78 NA 6.9 86 8 4
97 35 NA 7.4 85 8 5
98 66 NA 4.6 87 8 6
99 122 255 4.0 89 8 7
100 89 229 10.3 90 8 8
101 110 207 8.0 90 8 9
102 NA 222 8.6 92 8 10
103 NA 137 11.5 86 8 11
104 44 192 11.5 86 8 12
105 28 273 11.5 82 8 13
106 65 157 9.7 80 8 14
107 NA 64 11.5 79 8 15
108 22 71 10.3 77 8 16
109 59 51 6.3 79 8 17
110 23 115 7.4 76 8 18
111 31 244 10.9 78 8 19
112 44 190 10.3 78 8 20
113 21 259 15.5 77 8 21
114 9 36 14.3 72 8 22
115 NA 255 12.6 75 8 23
116 45 212 9.7 79 8 24
117 168 238 3.4 81 8 25
118 73 215 8.0 86 8 26
119 NA 153 5.7 88 8 27
120 76 203 9.7 97 8 28
121 118 225 2.3 94 8 29
122 84 237 6.3 96 8 30
123 85 188 6.3 94 8 31
124 96 167 6.9 91 9 1
R Console Page 8
125 78 197 5.1 92 9 2

126 73 183 2.8 93 9 3
127 91 189 4.6 93 9 4
128 47 95 7.4 87 9 5
129 32 92 15.5 84 9 6
130 20 252 10.9 80 9 7
131 23 220 10.3 78 9 8
132 21 230 10.9 75 9 9
133 24 259 9.7 73 9 10
134 44 236 14.9 81 9 11
135 21 259 15.5 76 9 12
136 28 238 6.3 77 9 13
137 9 24 10.9 71 9 14
138 13 112 11.5 71 9 15
139 46 237 6.9 78 9 16
140 18 224 13.8 67 9 17
141 13 27 10.3 76 9 18
142 24 238 10.3 68 9 19
143 16 201 8.0 82 9 20
144 13 238 12.6 64 9 21
145 23 14 9.2 71 9 22
146 36 139 10.3 81 9 23
147 7 49 10.3 69 9 24
148 14 20 16.6 63 9 25
149 30 193 6.9 70 9 26
150 NA 145 13.2 77 9 27
151 14 191 14.3 75 9 28
152 18 131 8.0 76 9 29
153 20 223 11.5 68 9 30
> summary(airquality)
Ozone Solar.R Wind Temp
Min. : 1.00 Min. : 7.0 Min. : 1.700 Min. :56.00
1st Qu.: 18.00 1st Qu.:115.8 1st Qu.: 7.400 1st Qu.:72.00
Median : 31.50 Median :205.0 Median : 9.700 Median :79.00
Mean : 42.13 Mean :185.9 Mean : 9.958 Mean :77.88
3rd Qu.: 63.25 3rd Qu.:258.8 3rd Qu.:11.500 3rd Qu.:85.00
Max. :168.00 Max. :334.0 Max. :20.700 Max. :97.00
NA's :37 NA's :7
Month Day
Min. :5.000 Min. : 1.0
1st Qu.:6.000 1st Qu.: 8.0
Median :7.000 Median :16.0
Mean :6.993 Mean :15.8
3rd Qu.:8.000 3rd Qu.:23.0
Max. :9.000 Max. :31.0
> head(airquality)
1 41 190 7.4 67 5 1
2 36 118 8.0 72 5 2
3 12 149 12.6 74 5 3
4 18 313 11.5 62 5 4
5 NA NA 14.3 56 5 5
6 28 NA 14.9 66 5 6
> is.na(airquality)
[1,] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
[5,] TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
[6,] FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
[10,] TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
R Console Page 9

[27,] TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
R Console Page 10

> is.na(airqulaity$Ozone)
Error: object 'airqulaity' not found
> which(is.na(airquality))
[1] 5 10 25 26 27 32 33 34 35 36 37 39 42 43 45 46 52 53 54 [20] 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 65 72 75 83 84 102
103 107 115 119 150 158 [39] 159 164 180 249 250 251
> sum(is.na(airquality))
[1] 44
> mean(airquality$Temp)
[1] 77.88235
> mean(airquality$Ozone)
[1] NA
> mean(airquality$Ozone,na.rm=TRUE)
R Console Page 11
[1] 42.12931
> mean(head(airquality$Ozone),na.rm=TRUE)
[1] 27
> max(airquality$Ozone)
[1] NA
> max(head(airquality$Ozone),na.rm=TRUE)
[1] 41
> summary(head(airquality$Ozone),na.rm=TRUE)
Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max. NA's
12 18 28 27 36 41 1
> air=airquality
> median(airquality$Ozone,na.rm=TRUE)
[1] 31.5
> air$Ozone=ifelse(is.na(air$Ozone),median(air$Ozone,na.rm=TRUE),air$Ozone) > air
1 41.0 190 7.4 67 5 1
2 36.0 118 8.0 72 5 2
3 12.0 149 12.6 74 5 3
4 18.0 313 11.5 62 5 4
5 31.5 NA 14.3 56 5 5
6 28.0 NA 14.9 66 5 6
7 23.0 299 8.6 65 5 7
8 19.0 99 13.8 59 5 8
9 8.0 19 20.1 61 5 9
10 31.5 194 8.6 69 5 10
11 7.0 NA 6.9 74 5 11
12 16.0 256 9.7 69 5 12
13 11.0 290 9.2 66 5 13
14 14.0 274 10.9 68 5 14
15 18.0 65 13.2 58 5 15
16 14.0 334 11.5 64 5 16
17 34.0 307 12.0 66 5 17
18 6.0 78 18.4 57 5 18
19 30.0 322 11.5 68 5 19
20 11.0 44 9.7 62 5 20
21 1.0 8 9.7 59 5 21
22 11.0 320 16.6 73 5 22
23 4.0 25 9.7 61 5 23
24 32.0 92 12.0 61 5 24
25 31.5 66 16.6 57 5 25
26 31.5 266 14.9 58 5 26
27 31.5 NA 8.0 57 5 27
28 23.0 13 12.0 67 5 28
29 45.0 252 14.9 81 5 29
30 115.0 223 5.7 79 5 30
31 37.0 279 7.4 76 5 31
32 31.5 286 8.6 78 6 1
33 31.5 287 9.7 74 6 2
34 31.5 242 16.1 67 6 3
35 31.5 186 9.2 84 6 4
36 31.5 220 8.6 85 6 5
37 31.5 264 14.3 79 6 6
38 29.0 127 9.7 82 6 7
39 31.5 273 6.9 87 6 8
40 71.0 291 13.8 90 6 9
41 39.0 323 11.5 87 6 10
42 31.5 259 10.9 93 6 11
43 31.5 250 9.2 92 6 12
44 23.0 148 8.0 82 6 13
45 31.5 332 13.8 80 6 14
46 31.5 322 11.5 79 6 15
47 21.0 191 14.9 77 6 16
48 37.0 284 20.7 72 6 17
49 20.0 37 9.2 65 6 18
50 12.0 120 11.5 73 6 19
51 13.0 137 10.3 76 6 20
52 31.5 150 6.3 77 6 21
53 31.5 59 1.7 76 6 22
54 31.5 91 4.6 76 6 23
55 31.5 250 6.3 76 6 24
56 31.5 135 8.0 75 6 25
57 31.5 127 8.0 78 6 26
58 31.5 47 10.3 73 6 27
R Console Page 12
59 31.5 98 11.5 80 6 28
60 31.5 31 14.9 77 6 29
61 31.5 138 8.0 83 6 30
62 135.0 269 4.1 84 7 1
63 49.0 248 9.2 85 7 2
64 32.0 236 9.2 81 7 3
65 31.5 101 10.9 84 7 4
66 64.0 175 4.6 83 7 5
67 40.0 314 10.9 83 7 6
68 77.0 276 5.1 88 7 7
69 97.0 267 6.3 92 7 8
70 97.0 272 5.7 92 7 9
71 85.0 175 7.4 89 7 10
72 31.5 139 8.6 82 7 11
73 10.0 264 14.3 73 7 12
74 27.0 175 14.9 81 7 13
75 31.5 291 14.9 91 7 14
76 7.0 48 14.3 80 7 15
77 48.0 260 6.9 81 7 16
78 35.0 274 10.3 82 7 17
79 61.0 285 6.3 84 7 18
80 79.0 187 5.1 87 7 19
81 63.0 220 11.5 85 7 20
82 16.0 7 6.9 74 7 21
83 31.5 258 9.7 81 7 22
84 31.5 295 11.5 82 7 23
85 80.0 294 8.6 86 7 24
86 108.0 223 8.0 85 7 25
87 20.0 81 8.6 82 7 26
88 52.0 82 12.0 86 7 27
89 82.0 213 7.4 88 7 28
90 50.0 275 7.4 86 7 29
91 64.0 253 7.4 83 7 30
92 59.0 254 9.2 81 7 31
93 39.0 83 6.9 81 8 1
94 9.0 24 13.8 81 8 2
95 16.0 77 7.4 82 8 3
96 78.0 NA 6.9 86 8 4
97 35.0 NA 7.4 85 8 5
98 66.0 NA 4.6 87 8 6
99 122.0 255 4.0 89 8 7
100 89.0 229 10.3 90 8 8
101 110.0 207 8.0 90 8 9
102 31.5 222 8.6 92 8 10
103 31.5 137 11.5 86 8 11
104 44.0 192 11.5 86 8 12
105 28.0 273 11.5 82 8 13
106 65.0 157 9.7 80 8 14
107 31.5 64 11.5 79 8 15
108 22.0 71 10.3 77 8 16
109 59.0 51 6.3 79 8 17
110 23.0 115 7.4 76 8 18
111 31.0 244 10.9 78 8 19
112 44.0 190 10.3 78 8 20
113 21.0 259 15.5 77 8 21
114 9.0 36 14.3 72 8 22
115 31.5 255 12.6 75 8 23
116 45.0 212 9.7 79 8 24
117 168.0 238 3.4 81 8 25
118 73.0 215 8.0 86 8 26
119 31.5 153 5.7 88 8 27
120 76.0 203 9.7 97 8 28
121 118.0 225 2.3 94 8 29
122 84.0 237 6.3 96 8 30
123 85.0 188 6.3 94 8 31
124 96.0 167 6.9 91 9 1
125 78.0 197 5.1 92 9 2
126 73.0 183 2.8 93 9 3
127 91.0 189 4.6 93 9 4
128 47.0 95 7.4 87 9 5
129 32.0 92 15.5 84 9 6
130 20.0 252 10.9 80 9 7
131 23.0 220 10.3 78 9 8
132 21.0 230 10.9 75 9 9
R Console Page 13
133 24.0 259 9.7 73 9 10

134 44.0 236 14.9 81 9 11
135 21.0 259 15.5 76 9 12
136 28.0 238 6.3 77 9 13
137 9.0 24 10.9 71 9 14
138 13.0 112 11.5 71 9 15
139 46.0 237 6.9 78 9 16
140 18.0 224 13.8 67 9 17
141 13.0 27 10.3 76 9 18
142 24.0 238 10.3 68 9 19
143 16.0 201 8.0 82 9 20
144 13.0 238 12.6 64 9 21
145 23.0 14 9.2 71 9 22
146 36.0 139 10.3 81 9 23
147 7.0 49 10.3 69 9 24
148 14.0 20 16.6 63 9 25
149 30.0 193 6.9 70 9 26
150 31.5 145 13.2 77 9 27
151 14.0 191 14.3 75 9 28
152 18.0 131 8.0 76 9 29
153 20.0 223 11.5 68 9 30
> air$Solar.R=ifelse(is.na(air$Solar.R),median(air$Solar.R,na.rm=TRUE),air$Ozone) > air
1 41.0 41.0 7.4 67 5 1
2 36.0 36.0 8.0 72 5 2
3 12.0 12.0 12.6 74 5 3
4 18.0 18.0 11.5 62 5 4
5 31.5 205.0 14.3 56 5 5
6 28.0 205.0 14.9 66 5 6
7 23.0 23.0 8.6 65 5 7
8 19.0 19.0 13.8 59 5 8
9 8.0 8.0 20.1 61 5 9
10 31.5 31.5 8.6 69 5 10
11 7.0 205.0 6.9 74 5 11
12 16.0 16.0 9.7 69 5 12
13 11.0 11.0 9.2 66 5 13
14 14.0 14.0 10.9 68 5 14
15 18.0 18.0 13.2 58 5 15
16 14.0 14.0 11.5 64 5 16
17 34.0 34.0 12.0 66 5 17
18 6.0 6.0 18.4 57 5 18
19 30.0 30.0 11.5 68 5 19
20 11.0 11.0 9.7 62 5 20
21 1.0 1.0 9.7 59 5 21
22 11.0 11.0 16.6 73 5 22
23 4.0 4.0 9.7 61 5 23
24 32.0 32.0 12.0 61 5 24
25 31.5 31.5 16.6 57 5 25
26 31.5 31.5 14.9 58 5 26
27 31.5 205.0 8.0 57 5 27
28 23.0 23.0 12.0 67 5 28
29 45.0 45.0 14.9 81 5 29
30 115.0 115.0 5.7 79 5 30
31 37.0 37.0 7.4 76 5 31
32 31.5 31.5 8.6 78 6 1
33 31.5 31.5 9.7 74 6 2
34 31.5 31.5 16.1 67 6 3
35 31.5 31.5 9.2 84 6 4
36 31.5 31.5 8.6 85 6 5
37 31.5 31.5 14.3 79 6 6
38 29.0 29.0 9.7 82 6 7
39 31.5 31.5 6.9 87 6 8
40 71.0 71.0 13.8 90 6 9
41 39.0 39.0 11.5 87 6 10
42 31.5 31.5 10.9 93 6 11
43 31.5 31.5 9.2 92 6 12
44 23.0 23.0 8.0 82 6 13
45 31.5 31.5 13.8 80 6 14
46 31.5 31.5 11.5 79 6 15
47 21.0 21.0 14.9 77 6 16
48 37.0 37.0 20.7 72 6 17
49 20.0 20.0 9.2 65 6 18
50 12.0 12.0 11.5 73 6 19
R Console Page 14
51 13.0 13.0 10.3 76 6 20

52 31.5 31.5 6.3 77 6 21
53 31.5 31.5 1.7 76 6 22
54 31.5 31.5 4.6 76 6 23
55 31.5 31.5 6.3 76 6 24
56 31.5 31.5 8.0 75 6 25
57 31.5 31.5 8.0 78 6 26
58 31.5 31.5 10.3 73 6 27
59 31.5 31.5 11.5 80 6 28
60 31.5 31.5 14.9 77 6 29
61 31.5 31.5 8.0 83 6 30
62 135.0 135.0 4.1 84 7 1
63 49.0 49.0 9.2 85 7 2
64 32.0 32.0 9.2 81 7 3
65 31.5 31.5 10.9 84 7 4
66 64.0 64.0 4.6 83 7 5
67 40.0 40.0 10.9 83 7 6
68 77.0 77.0 5.1 88 7 7
69 97.0 97.0 6.3 92 7 8
70 97.0 97.0 5.7 92 7 9
71 85.0 85.0 7.4 89 7 10
72 31.5 31.5 8.6 82 7 11
73 10.0 10.0 14.3 73 7 12
74 27.0 27.0 14.9 81 7 13
75 31.5 31.5 14.9 91 7 14
76 7.0 7.0 14.3 80 7 15
77 48.0 48.0 6.9 81 7 16
78 35.0 35.0 10.3 82 7 17
79 61.0 61.0 6.3 84 7 18
80 79.0 79.0 5.1 87 7 19
81 63.0 63.0 11.5 85 7 20
82 16.0 16.0 6.9 74 7 21
83 31.5 31.5 9.7 81 7 22
84 31.5 31.5 11.5 82 7 23
85 80.0 80.0 8.6 86 7 24
86 108.0 108.0 8.0 85 7 25
87 20.0 20.0 8.6 82 7 26
88 52.0 52.0 12.0 86 7 27
89 82.0 82.0 7.4 88 7 28
90 50.0 50.0 7.4 86 7 29
91 64.0 64.0 7.4 83 7 30
92 59.0 59.0 9.2 81 7 31
93 39.0 39.0 6.9 81 8 1
94 9.0 9.0 13.8 81 8 2
95 16.0 16.0 7.4 82 8 3
96 78.0 205.0 6.9 86 8 4
97 35.0 205.0 7.4 85 8 5
98 66.0 205.0 4.6 87 8 6
99 122.0 122.0 4.0 89 8 7
100 89.0 89.0 10.3 90 8 8
101 110.0 110.0 8.0 90 8 9
102 31.5 31.5 8.6 92 8 10
103 31.5 31.5 11.5 86 8 11
104 44.0 44.0 11.5 86 8 12
105 28.0 28.0 11.5 82 8 13
106 65.0 65.0 9.7 80 8 14
107 31.5 31.5 11.5 79 8 15
108 22.0 22.0 10.3 77 8 16
109 59.0 59.0 6.3 79 8 17
110 23.0 23.0 7.4 76 8 18
111 31.0 31.0 10.9 78 8 19
112 44.0 44.0 10.3 78 8 20
113 21.0 21.0 15.5 77 8 21
114 9.0 9.0 14.3 72 8 22
115 31.5 31.5 12.6 75 8 23
116 45.0 45.0 9.7 79 8 24
117 168.0 168.0 3.4 81 8 25
118 73.0 73.0 8.0 86 8 26
119 31.5 31.5 5.7 88 8 27
120 76.0 76.0 9.7 97 8 28
121 118.0 118.0 2.3 94 8 29
122 84.0 84.0 6.3 96 8 30
123 85.0 85.0 6.3 94 8 31
124 96.0 96.0 6.9 91 9 1
R Console Page 15
125 78.0 78.0 5.1 92 9 2

126 73.0 73.0 2.8 93 9 3
127 91.0 91.0 4.6 93 9 4
128 47.0 47.0 7.4 87 9 5
129 32.0 32.0 15.5 84 9 6
130 20.0 20.0 10.9 80 9 7
131 23.0 23.0 10.3 78 9 8
132 21.0 21.0 10.9 75 9 9
133 24.0 24.0 9.7 73 9 10
134 44.0 44.0 14.9 81 9 11
135 21.0 21.0 15.5 76 9 12
136 28.0 28.0 6.3 77 9 13
137 9.0 9.0 10.9 71 9 14
138 13.0 13.0 11.5 71 9 15
139 46.0 46.0 6.9 78 9 16
140 18.0 18.0 13.8 67 9 17
141 13.0 13.0 10.3 76 9 18
142 24.0 24.0 10.3 68 9 19
143 16.0 16.0 8.0 82 9 20
144 13.0 13.0 12.6 64 9 21
145 23.0 23.0 9.2 71 9 22
146 36.0 36.0 10.3 81 9 23
147 7.0 7.0 10.3 69 9 24
148 14.0 14.0 16.6 63 9 25
149 30.0 30.0 6.9 70 9 26
150 31.5 31.5 13.2 77 9 27
151 14.0 14.0 14.3 75 9 28
152 18.0 18.0 8.0 76 9 29
153 20.0 20.0 11.5 68 9 30
> summary(air)
Ozone Solar.R Wind Temp
Min. : 1.00 Min. : 1.00 Min. : 1.700 Min. :56.00
1st Qu.: 21.00 1st Qu.: 21.00 1st Qu.: 7.400 1st Qu.:72.00
Median : 31.50 Median : 31.50 Median : 9.700 Median :79.00
Mean : 39.56 Mean : 47.13 Mean : 9.958 Mean :77.88
3rd Qu.: 46.00 3rd Qu.: 52.00 3rd Qu.:11.500 3rd Qu.:85.00
Max. :168.00 Max. :205.00 Max. :20.700 Max. :97.00
Month Day
Min. :5.000 Min. : 1.0
1st Qu.:6.000 1st Qu.: 8.0
Median :7.000 Median :16.0
Mean :6.993 Mean :15.8
3rd Qu.:8.000 3rd Qu.:23.0
Max. :9.000 Max. :31.0
> air$Sloar.Danger=air$Solar.R>100
Error: object 'gt' not found
> air$Sloar.Danger=air$Solar.R>100
> air
Ozone Solar.R Wind Temp Month Day Sloar.Danger
1 41.0 41.0 7.4 67 5 1 FALSE
2 36.0 36.0 8.0 72 5 2 FALSE
3 12.0 12.0 12.6 74 5 3 FALSE
4 18.0 18.0 11.5 62 5 4 FALSE
5 31.5 205.0 14.3 56 5 5 TRUE
6 28.0 205.0 14.9 66 5 6 TRUE
7 23.0 23.0 8.6 65 5 7 FALSE
8 19.0 19.0 13.8 59 5 8 FALSE
9 8.0 8.0 20.1 61 5 9 FALSE
10 31.5 31.5 8.6 69 5 10 FALSE
11 7.0 205.0 6.9 74 5 11 TRUE
12 16.0 16.0 9.7 69 5 12 FALSE
13 11.0 11.0 9.2 66 5 13 FALSE
14 14.0 14.0 10.9 68 5 14 FALSE
15 18.0 18.0 13.2 58 5 15 FALSE
16 14.0 14.0 11.5 64 5 16 FALSE
17 34.0 34.0 12.0 66 5 17 FALSE
18 6.0 6.0 18.4 57 5 18 FALSE
19 30.0 30.0 11.5 68 5 19 FALSE
20 11.0 11.0 9.7 62 5 20 FALSE
21 1.0 1.0 9.7 59 5 21 FALSE
22 11.0 11.0 16.6 73 5 22 FALSE
23 4.0 4.0 9.7 61 5 23 FALSE
24 32.0 32.0 12.0 61 5 24 FALSE
25 31.5 31.5 16.6 57 5 25 FALSE
R Console Page 16
26 31.5 31.5 14.9 58 5 26 FALSE

27 31.5 205.0 8.0 57 5 27 TRUE
28 23.0 23.0 12.0 67 5 28 FALSE
29 45.0 45.0 14.9 81 5 29 FALSE
30 115.0 115.0 5.7 79 5 30 TRUE
31 37.0 37.0 7.4 76 5 31 FALSE
32 31.5 31.5 8.6 78 6 1 FALSE
33 31.5 31.5 9.7 74 6 2 FALSE
34 31.5 31.5 16.1 67 6 3 FALSE
35 31.5 31.5 9.2 84 6 4 FALSE
36 31.5 31.5 8.6 85 6 5 FALSE
37 31.5 31.5 14.3 79 6 6 FALSE
38 29.0 29.0 9.7 82 6 7 FALSE
39 31.5 31.5 6.9 87 6 8 FALSE
40 71.0 71.0 13.8 90 6 9 FALSE
41 39.0 39.0 11.5 87 6 10 FALSE
42 31.5 31.5 10.9 93 6 11 FALSE
43 31.5 31.5 9.2 92 6 12 FALSE
44 23.0 23.0 8.0 82 6 13 FALSE
45 31.5 31.5 13.8 80 6 14 FALSE
46 31.5 31.5 11.5 79 6 15 FALSE
47 21.0 21.0 14.9 77 6 16 FALSE
48 37.0 37.0 20.7 72 6 17 FALSE
49 20.0 20.0 9.2 65 6 18 FALSE
50 12.0 12.0 11.5 73 6 19 FALSE
51 13.0 13.0 10.3 76 6 20 FALSE
52 31.5 31.5 6.3 77 6 21 FALSE
53 31.5 31.5 1.7 76 6 22 FALSE
54 31.5 31.5 4.6 76 6 23 FALSE
55 31.5 31.5 6.3 76 6 24 FALSE
56 31.5 31.5 8.0 75 6 25 FALSE
57 31.5 31.5 8.0 78 6 26 FALSE
58 31.5 31.5 10.3 73 6 27 FALSE
59 31.5 31.5 11.5 80 6 28 FALSE
60 31.5 31.5 14.9 77 6 29 FALSE
61 31.5 31.5 8.0 83 6 30 FALSE
62 135.0 135.0 4.1 84 7 1 TRUE
63 49.0 49.0 9.2 85 7 2 FALSE
64 32.0 32.0 9.2 81 7 3 FALSE
65 31.5 31.5 10.9 84 7 4 FALSE
66 64.0 64.0 4.6 83 7 5 FALSE
67 40.0 40.0 10.9 83 7 6 FALSE
68 77.0 77.0 5.1 88 7 7 FALSE
69 97.0 97.0 6.3 92 7 8 FALSE
70 97.0 97.0 5.7 92 7 9 FALSE
71 85.0 85.0 7.4 89 7 10 FALSE
72 31.5 31.5 8.6 82 7 11 FALSE
73 10.0 10.0 14.3 73 7 12 FALSE
74 27.0 27.0 14.9 81 7 13 FALSE
75 31.5 31.5 14.9 91 7 14 FALSE
76 7.0 7.0 14.3 80 7 15 FALSE
77 48.0 48.0 6.9 81 7 16 FALSE
78 35.0 35.0 10.3 82 7 17 FALSE
79 61.0 61.0 6.3 84 7 18 FALSE
80 79.0 79.0 5.1 87 7 19 FALSE
81 63.0 63.0 11.5 85 7 20 FALSE
82 16.0 16.0 6.9 74 7 21 FALSE
83 31.5 31.5 9.7 81 7 22 FALSE
84 31.5 31.5 11.5 82 7 23 FALSE
85 80.0 80.0 8.6 86 7 24 FALSE
86 108.0 108.0 8.0 85 7 25 TRUE
87 20.0 20.0 8.6 82 7 26 FALSE
88 52.0 52.0 12.0 86 7 27 FALSE
89 82.0 82.0 7.4 88 7 28 FALSE
90 50.0 50.0 7.4 86 7 29 FALSE
91 64.0 64.0 7.4 83 7 30 FALSE
92 59.0 59.0 9.2 81 7 31 FALSE
93 39.0 39.0 6.9 81 8 1 FALSE
94 9.0 9.0 13.8 81 8 2 FALSE
95 16.0 16.0 7.4 82 8 3 FALSE
96 78.0 205.0 6.9 86 8 4 TRUE
97 35.0 205.0 7.4 85 8 5 TRUE
98 66.0 205.0 4.6 87 8 6 TRUE
99 122.0 122.0 4.0 89 8 7 TRUE
R Console Page 17
100 89.0 89.0 10.3 90 8 8 FALSE

101 110.0 110.0 8.0 90 8 9 TRUE
102 31.5 31.5 8.6 92 8 10 FALSE
103 31.5 31.5 11.5 86 8 11 FALSE
104 44.0 44.0 11.5 86 8 12 FALSE
105 28.0 28.0 11.5 82 8 13 FALSE
106 65.0 65.0 9.7 80 8 14 FALSE
107 31.5 31.5 11.5 79 8 15 FALSE
108 22.0 22.0 10.3 77 8 16 FALSE
109 59.0 59.0 6.3 79 8 17 FALSE
110 23.0 23.0 7.4 76 8 18 FALSE
111 31.0 31.0 10.9 78 8 19 FALSE
112 44.0 44.0 10.3 78 8 20 FALSE
113 21.0 21.0 15.5 77 8 21 FALSE
114 9.0 9.0 14.3 72 8 22 FALSE
115 31.5 31.5 12.6 75 8 23 FALSE
116 45.0 45.0 9.7 79 8 24 FALSE
117 168.0 168.0 3.4 81 8 25 TRUE
118 73.0 73.0 8.0 86 8 26 FALSE
119 31.5 31.5 5.7 88 8 27 FALSE
120 76.0 76.0 9.7 97 8 28 FALSE
121 118.0 118.0 2.3 94 8 29 TRUE
122 84.0 84.0 6.3 96 8 30 FALSE
123 85.0 85.0 6.3 94 8 31 FALSE
124 96.0 96.0 6.9 91 9 1 FALSE
125 78.0 78.0 5.1 92 9 2 FALSE
126 73.0 73.0 2.8 93 9 3 FALSE
127 91.0 91.0 4.6 93 9 4 FALSE
128 47.0 47.0 7.4 87 9 5 FALSE
129 32.0 32.0 15.5 84 9 6 FALSE
130 20.0 20.0 10.9 80 9 7 FALSE
131 23.0 23.0 10.3 78 9 8 FALSE
132 21.0 21.0 10.9 75 9 9 FALSE
133 24.0 24.0 9.7 73 9 10 FALSE
134 44.0 44.0 14.9 81 9 11 FALSE
135 21.0 21.0 15.5 76 9 12 FALSE
136 28.0 28.0 6.3 77 9 13 FALSE
137 9.0 9.0 10.9 71 9 14 FALSE
138 13.0 13.0 11.5 71 9 15 FALSE
139 46.0 46.0 6.9 78 9 16 FALSE
140 18.0 18.0 13.8 67 9 17 FALSE
141 13.0 13.0 10.3 76 9 18 FALSE
142 24.0 24.0 10.3 68 9 19 FALSE
143 16.0 16.0 8.0 82 9 20 FALSE
144 13.0 13.0 12.6 64 9 21 FALSE
145 23.0 23.0 9.2 71 9 22 FALSE
146 36.0 36.0 10.3 81 9 23 FALSE
147 7.0 7.0 10.3 69 9 24 FALSE
148 14.0 14.0 16.6 63 9 25 FALSE
149 30.0 30.0 6.9 70 9 26 FALSE
150 31.5 31.5 13.2 77 9 27 FALSE
151 14.0 14.0 14.3 75 9 28 FALSE
152 18.0 18.0 8.0 76 9 29 FALSE
153 20.0 20.0 11.5 68 9 30 FALSE
> brks=c(0,50,100,150,200,250,300)
> brks
[1] 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
> air$Solar.R=cut(air$Solar.R,breaks=brks,include.lowest=TRUE)
> air
Ozone Solar.R Wind Temp Month Day Sloar.Danger
1 41.0 [0,50] 7.4 67 5 1 FALSE
2 36.0 [0,50] 8.0 72 5 2 FALSE
3 12.0 [0,50] 12.6 74 5 3 FALSE
4 18.0 [0,50] 11.5 62 5 4 FALSE
5 31.5 (200,250] 14.3 56 5 5 TRUE
6 28.0 (200,250] 14.9 66 5 6 TRUE
7 23.0 [0,50] 8.6 65 5 7 FALSE
8 19.0 [0,50] 13.8 59 5 8 FALSE
9 8.0 [0,50] 20.1 61 5 9 FALSE
10 31.5 [0,50] 8.6 69 5 10 FALSE
11 7.0 (200,250] 6.9 74 5 11 TRUE
12 16.0 [0,50] 9.7 69 5 12 FALSE
13 11.0 [0,50] 9.2 66 5 13 FALSE
14 14.0 [0,50] 10.9 68 5 14 FALSE
R Console Page 18
15 18.0 [0,50] 13.2 58 5 15 FALSE

16 14.0 [0,50] 11.5 64 5 16 FALSE
17 34.0 [0,50] 12.0 66 5 17 FALSE
18 6.0 [0,50] 18.4 57 5 18 FALSE
19 30.0 [0,50] 11.5 68 5 19 FALSE
20 11.0 [0,50] 9.7 62 5 20 FALSE
21 1.0 [0,50] 9.7 59 5 21 FALSE
22 11.0 [0,50] 16.6 73 5 22 FALSE
23 4.0 [0,50] 9.7 61 5 23 FALSE
24 32.0 [0,50] 12.0 61 5 24 FALSE
25 31.5 [0,50] 16.6 57 5 25 FALSE
26 31.5 [0,50] 14.9 58 5 26 FALSE
27 31.5 (200,250] 8.0 57 5 27 TRUE
28 23.0 [0,50] 12.0 67 5 28 FALSE
29 45.0 [0,50] 14.9 81 5 29 FALSE
30 115.0 (100,150] 5.7 79 5 30 TRUE
31 37.0 [0,50] 7.4 76 5 31 FALSE
32 31.5 [0,50] 8.6 78 6 1 FALSE
33 31.5 [0,50] 9.7 74 6 2 FALSE
34 31.5 [0,50] 16.1 67 6 3 FALSE
35 31.5 [0,50] 9.2 84 6 4 FALSE
36 31.5 [0,50] 8.6 85 6 5 FALSE
37 31.5 [0,50] 14.3 79 6 6 FALSE
38 29.0 [0,50] 9.7 82 6 7 FALSE
39 31.5 [0,50] 6.9 87 6 8 FALSE
40 71.0 (50,100] 13.8 90 6 9 FALSE
41 39.0 [0,50] 11.5 87 6 10 FALSE
42 31.5 [0,50] 10.9 93 6 11 FALSE
43 31.5 [0,50] 9.2 92 6 12 FALSE
44 23.0 [0,50] 8.0 82 6 13 FALSE
45 31.5 [0,50] 13.8 80 6 14 FALSE
46 31.5 [0,50] 11.5 79 6 15 FALSE
47 21.0 [0,50] 14.9 77 6 16 FALSE
48 37.0 [0,50] 20.7 72 6 17 FALSE
49 20.0 [0,50] 9.2 65 6 18 FALSE
50 12.0 [0,50] 11.5 73 6 19 FALSE
51 13.0 [0,50] 10.3 76 6 20 FALSE
52 31.5 [0,50] 6.3 77 6 21 FALSE
53 31.5 [0,50] 1.7 76 6 22 FALSE
54 31.5 [0,50] 4.6 76 6 23 FALSE
55 31.5 [0,50] 6.3 76 6 24 FALSE
56 31.5 [0,50] 8.0 75 6 25 FALSE
57 31.5 [0,50] 8.0 78 6 26 FALSE
58 31.5 [0,50] 10.3 73 6 27 FALSE
59 31.5 [0,50] 11.5 80 6 28 FALSE
60 31.5 [0,50] 14.9 77 6 29 FALSE
61 31.5 [0,50] 8.0 83 6 30 FALSE
62 135.0 (100,150] 4.1 84 7 1 TRUE
63 49.0 [0,50] 9.2 85 7 2 FALSE
64 32.0 [0,50] 9.2 81 7 3 FALSE
65 31.5 [0,50] 10.9 84 7 4 FALSE
66 64.0 (50,100] 4.6 83 7 5 FALSE
67 40.0 [0,50] 10.9 83 7 6 FALSE
68 77.0 (50,100] 5.1 88 7 7 FALSE
69 97.0 (50,100] 6.3 92 7 8 FALSE
70 97.0 (50,100] 5.7 92 7 9 FALSE
71 85.0 (50,100] 7.4 89 7 10 FALSE
72 31.5 [0,50] 8.6 82 7 11 FALSE
73 10.0 [0,50] 14.3 73 7 12 FALSE
74 27.0 [0,50] 14.9 81 7 13 FALSE
75 31.5 [0,50] 14.9 91 7 14 FALSE
76 7.0 [0,50] 14.3 80 7 15 FALSE
77 48.0 [0,50] 6.9 81 7 16 FALSE
78 35.0 [0,50] 10.3 82 7 17 FALSE
79 61.0 (50,100] 6.3 84 7 18 FALSE
80 79.0 (50,100] 5.1 87 7 19 FALSE
81 63.0 (50,100] 11.5 85 7 20 FALSE
82 16.0 [0,50] 6.9 74 7 21 FALSE
83 31.5 [0,50] 9.7 81 7 22 FALSE
84 31.5 [0,50] 11.5 82 7 23 FALSE
85 80.0 (50,100] 8.6 86 7 24 FALSE
86 108.0 (100,150] 8.0 85 7 25 TRUE
87 20.0 [0,50] 8.6 82 7 26 FALSE
88 52.0 (50,100] 12.0 86 7 27 FALSE
R Console Page 19
89 82.0 (50,100] 7.4 88 7 28 FALSE

90 50.0 [0,50] 7.4 86 7 29 FALSE
91 64.0 (50,100] 7.4 83 7 30 FALSE
92 59.0 (50,100] 9.2 81 7 31 FALSE
93 39.0 [0,50] 6.9 81 8 1 FALSE
94 9.0 [0,50] 13.8 81 8 2 FALSE
95 16.0 [0,50] 7.4 82 8 3 FALSE
96 78.0 (200,250] 6.9 86 8 4 TRUE
97 35.0 (200,250] 7.4 85 8 5 TRUE
98 66.0 (200,250] 4.6 87 8 6 TRUE
99 122.0 (100,150] 4.0 89 8 7 TRUE
100 89.0 (50,100] 10.3 90 8 8 FALSE
101 110.0 (100,150] 8.0 90 8 9 TRUE
102 31.5 [0,50] 8.6 92 8 10 FALSE
103 31.5 [0,50] 11.5 86 8 11 FALSE
104 44.0 [0,50] 11.5 86 8 12 FALSE
105 28.0 [0,50] 11.5 82 8 13 FALSE
106 65.0 (50,100] 9.7 80 8 14 FALSE
107 31.5 [0,50] 11.5 79 8 15 FALSE
108 22.0 [0,50] 10.3 77 8 16 FALSE
109 59.0 (50,100] 6.3 79 8 17 FALSE
110 23.0 [0,50] 7.4 76 8 18 FALSE
111 31.0 [0,50] 10.9 78 8 19 FALSE
112 44.0 [0,50] 10.3 78 8 20 FALSE
113 21.0 [0,50] 15.5 77 8 21 FALSE
114 9.0 [0,50] 14.3 72 8 22 FALSE
115 31.5 [0,50] 12.6 75 8 23 FALSE
116 45.0 [0,50] 9.7 79 8 24 FALSE
117 168.0 (150,200] 3.4 81 8 25 TRUE
118 73.0 (50,100] 8.0 86 8 26 FALSE
119 31.5 [0,50] 5.7 88 8 27 FALSE
120 76.0 (50,100] 9.7 97 8 28 FALSE
121 118.0 (100,150] 2.3 94 8 29 TRUE
122 84.0 (50,100] 6.3 96 8 30 FALSE
123 85.0 (50,100] 6.3 94 8 31 FALSE
124 96.0 (50,100] 6.9 91 9 1 FALSE
125 78.0 (50,100] 5.1 92 9 2 FALSE
126 73.0 (50,100] 2.8 93 9 3 FALSE
127 91.0 (50,100] 4.6 93 9 4 FALSE
128 47.0 [0,50] 7.4 87 9 5 FALSE
129 32.0 [0,50] 15.5 84 9 6 FALSE
130 20.0 [0,50] 10.9 80 9 7 FALSE
131 23.0 [0,50] 10.3 78 9 8 FALSE
132 21.0 [0,50] 10.9 75 9 9 FALSE
133 24.0 [0,50] 9.7 73 9 10 FALSE
134 44.0 [0,50] 14.9 81 9 11 FALSE
135 21.0 [0,50] 15.5 76 9 12 FALSE
136 28.0 [0,50] 6.3 77 9 13 FALSE
137 9.0 [0,50] 10.9 71 9 14 FALSE
138 13.0 [0,50] 11.5 71 9 15 FALSE
139 46.0 [0,50] 6.9 78 9 16 FALSE
140 18.0 [0,50] 13.8 67 9 17 FALSE
141 13.0 [0,50] 10.3 76 9 18 FALSE
142 24.0 [0,50] 10.3 68 9 19 FALSE
143 16.0 [0,50] 8.0 82 9 20 FALSE
144 13.0 [0,50] 12.6 64 9 21 FALSE
145 23.0 [0,50] 9.2 71 9 22 FALSE
146 36.0 [0,50] 10.3 81 9 23 FALSE
147 7.0 [0,50] 10.3 69 9 24 FALSE
148 14.0 [0,50] 16.6 63 9 25 FALSE
149 30.0 [0,50] 6.9 70 9 26 FALSE
150 31.5 [0,50] 13.2 77 9 27 FALSE
151 14.0 [0,50] 14.3 75 9 28 FALSE
152 18.0 [0,50] 8.0 76 9 29 FALSE
153 20.0 [0,50] 11.5 68 9 30 FALSE
> complete.cases(airquality)
[1] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE [13] TRUE TRUE TRUE
TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE [25] FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE [37] FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE
TRUE [49] TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE [61] FALSE TRUE
TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE [73] TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE
TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE [85] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
TRUE FALSE
R Console Page 20
[97] FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE [109] TRUE TRUE TRUE
TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE [121] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE [133] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
TRUE [145] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE
> airquality[complete.cases(airqulaity),]
Error in complete.cases(airqulaity) : object 'airqulaity' not found
> airquality[complete.cases(airquality),]
1 41 190 7.4 67 5 1
2 36 118 8.0 72 5 2
3 12 149 12.6 74 5 3
4 18 313 11.5 62 5 4
7 23 299 8.6 65 5 7
8 19 99 13.8 59 5 8
9 8 19 20.1 61 5 9
12 16 256 9.7 69 5 12
13 11 290 9.2 66 5 13
14 14 274 10.9 68 5 14
15 18 65 13.2 58 5 15
16 14 334 11.5 64 5 16
17 34 307 12.0 66 5 17
18 6 78 18.4 57 5 18
19 30 322 11.5 68 5 19
20 11 44 9.7 62 5 20
21 1 8 9.7 59 5 21
22 11 320 16.6 73 5 22
23 4 25 9.7 61 5 23
24 32 92 12.0 61 5 24
28 23 13 12.0 67 5 28
29 45 252 14.9 81 5 29
30 115 223 5.7 79 5 30
31 37 279 7.4 76 5 31
38 29 127 9.7 82 6 7
40 71 291 13.8 90 6 9
41 39 323 11.5 87 6 10
44 23 148 8.0 82 6 13
47 21 191 14.9 77 6 16
48 37 284 20.7 72 6 17
49 20 37 9.2 65 6 18
50 12 120 11.5 73 6 19
51 13 137 10.3 76 6 20
62 135 269 4.1 84 7 1
63 49 248 9.2 85 7 2
64 32 236 9.2 81 7 3
66 64 175 4.6 83 7 5
67 40 314 10.9 83 7 6
68 77 276 5.1 88 7 7
69 97 267 6.3 92 7 8
70 97 272 5.7 92 7 9
71 85 175 7.4 89 7 10
73 10 264 14.3 73 7 12
74 27 175 14.9 81 7 13
76 7 48 14.3 80 7 15
77 48 260 6.9 81 7 16
78 35 274 10.3 82 7 17
79 61 285 6.3 84 7 18
80 79 187 5.1 87 7 19
81 63 220 11.5 85 7 20
82 16 7 6.9 74 7 21
85 80 294 8.6 86 7 24
86 108 223 8.0 85 7 25
87 20 81 8.6 82 7 26
88 52 82 12.0 86 7 27
89 82 213 7.4 88 7 28
90 50 275 7.4 86 7 29
91 64 253 7.4 83 7 30
92 59 254 9.2 81 7 31
93 39 83 6.9 81 8 1
94 9 24 13.8 81 8 2
95 16 77 7.4 82 8 3
99 122 255 4.0 89 8 7
100 89 229 10.3 90 8 8
101 110 207 8.0 90 8 9
R Console Page 21
104 44 192 11.5 86 8 12

105 28 273 11.5 82 8 13
106 65 157 9.7 80 8 14
108 22 71 10.3 77 8 16
109 59 51 6.3 79 8 17
110 23 115 7.4 76 8 18
111 31 244 10.9 78 8 19
112 44 190 10.3 78 8 20
113 21 259 15.5 77 8 21
114 9 36 14.3 72 8 22
116 45 212 9.7 79 8 24
117 168 238 3.4 81 8 25
118 73 215 8.0 86 8 26
120 76 203 9.7 97 8 28
121 118 225 2.3 94 8 29
122 84 237 6.3 96 8 30
123 85 188 6.3 94 8 31
124 96 167 6.9 91 9 1
125 78 197 5.1 92 9 2
126 73 183 2.8 93 9 3
127 91 189 4.6 93 9 4
128 47 95 7.4 87 9 5
129 32 92 15.5 84 9 6
130 20 252 10.9 80 9 7
131 23 220 10.3 78 9 8
132 21 230 10.9 75 9 9
133 24 259 9.7 73 9 10
134 44 236 14.9 81 9 11
135 21 259 15.5 76 9 12
136 28 238 6.3 77 9 13
137 9 24 10.9 71 9 14
138 13 112 11.5 71 9 15
139 46 237 6.9 78 9 16
140 18 224 13.8 67 9 17
141 13 27 10.3 76 9 18
142 24 238 10.3 68 9 19
143 16 201 8.0 82 9 20
144 13 238 12.6 64 9 21
145 23 14 9.2 71 9 22
146 36 139 10.3 81 9 23
147 7 49 10.3 69 9 24
148 14 20 16.6 63 9 25
149 30 193 6.9 70 9 26
151 14 191 14.3 75 9 28
152 18 131 8.0 76 9 29
153 20 223 11.5 68 9 30
> which(complete.cases(airquality))
[1] 1 2 3 4 7 8 9 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 [19] 23 24 28 29 30 31 38 40 41 44 47 48 49 50 51 62
63 64 [37] 66 67 68 69 70 71 73 74 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 85 86 87 [55] 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 99 100
101 104 105 106 108 109 110 111 [73] 112 113 114 116 117 118 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128
129 130 131 [91] 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 [109]
151 152 153
> which(!complete.cases(airquality))
[1] 5 6 10 11 25 26 27 32 33 34 35 36 37 39 42 43 45 46 52 [20] 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 65 72 75 83 84
96 97 98 102 103 [39] 107 115 119 150
> air2<-which(!complete.cases(airquality))
> airquality[-air2,]
1 41 190 7.4 67 5 1
2 36 118 8.0 72 5 2
3 12 149 12.6 74 5 3
4 18 313 11.5 62 5 4
7 23 299 8.6 65 5 7
8 19 99 13.8 59 5 8
9 8 19 20.1 61 5 9
12 16 256 9.7 69 5 12
13 11 290 9.2 66 5 13
14 14 274 10.9 68 5 14
15 18 65 13.2 58 5 15
16 14 334 11.5 64 5 16
17 34 307 12.0 66 5 17
R Console Page 22
18 6 78 18.4 57 5 18
19 30 322 11.5 68 5 19
20 11 44 9.7 62 5 20
21 1 8 9.7 59 5 21
22 11 320 16.6 73 5 22
23 4 25 9.7 61 5 23
24 32 92 12.0 61 5 24
28 23 13 12.0 67 5 28
29 45 252 14.9 81 5 29
30 115 223 5.7 79 5 30
31 37 279 7.4 76 5 31
38 29 127 9.7 82 6 7
40 71 291 13.8 90 6 9
41 39 323 11.5 87 6 10
44 23 148 8.0 82 6 13
47 21 191 14.9 77 6 16
48 37 284 20.7 72 6 17
49 20 37 9.2 65 6 18
50 12 120 11.5 73 6 19
51 13 137 10.3 76 6 20
62 135 269 4.1 84 7 1
63 49 248 9.2 85 7 2
64 32 236 9.2 81 7 3
66 64 175 4.6 83 7 5
67 40 314 10.9 83 7 6
68 77 276 5.1 88 7 7
69 97 267 6.3 92 7 8
70 97 272 5.7 92 7 9
71 85 175 7.4 89 7 10
73 10 264 14.3 73 7 12
74 27 175 14.9 81 7 13
76 7 48 14.3 80 7 15
77 48 260 6.9 81 7 16
78 35 274 10.3 82 7 17
79 61 285 6.3 84 7 18
80 79 187 5.1 87 7 19
81 63 220 11.5 85 7 20
82 16 7 6.9 74 7 21
85 80 294 8.6 86 7 24
86 108 223 8.0 85 7 25
87 20 81 8.6 82 7 26
88 52 82 12.0 86 7 27
89 82 213 7.4 88 7 28
90 50 275 7.4 86 7 29
91 64 253 7.4 83 7 30
92 59 254 9.2 81 7 31
93 39 83 6.9 81 8 1
94 9 24 13.8 81 8 2
95 16 77 7.4 82 8 3
99 122 255 4.0 89 8 7
100 89 229 10.3 90 8 8
101 110 207 8.0 90 8 9
104 44 192 11.5 86 8 12
105 28 273 11.5 82 8 13
106 65 157 9.7 80 8 14
108 22 71 10.3 77 8 16
109 59 51 6.3 79 8 17
110 23 115 7.4 76 8 18
111 31 244 10.9 78 8 19
112 44 190 10.3 78 8 20
113 21 259 15.5 77 8 21
114 9 36 14.3 72 8 22
116 45 212 9.7 79 8 24
117 168 238 3.4 81 8 25
118 73 215 8.0 86 8 26
120 76 203 9.7 97 8 28
121 118 225 2.3 94 8 29
122 84 237 6.3 96 8 30
123 85 188 6.3 94 8 31
124 96 167 6.9 91 9 1
125 78 197 5.1 92 9 2
126 73 183 2.8 93 9 3
127 91 189 4.6 93 9 4
128 47 95 7.4 87 9 5
R Console Page 23
129 32 92 15.5 84 9 6
130 20 252 10.9 80 9 7
131 23 220 10.3 78 9 8
132 21 230 10.9 75 9 9
133 24 259 9.7 73 9 10
134 44 236 14.9 81 9 11
135 21 259 15.5 76 9 12
136 28 238 6.3 77 9 13
137 9 24 10.9 71 9 14
138 13 112 11.5 71 9 15
139 46 237 6.9 78 9 16
140 18 224 13.8 67 9 17
141 13 27 10.3 76 9 18
142 24 238 10.3 68 9 19
143 16 201 8.0 82 9 20
144 13 238 12.6 64 9 21
145 23 14 9.2 71 9 22
146 36 139 10.3 81 9 23
147 7 49 10.3 69 9 24
148 14 20 16.6 63 9 25
149 30 193 6.9 70 9 26
151 14 191 14.3 75 9 28
152 18 131 8.0 76 9 29
153 20 223 11.5 68 9 30
> air3<-na.omit(airquality)
> air3
1 41 190 7.4 67 5 1
2 36 118 8.0 72 5 2
3 12 149 12.6 74 5 3
4 18 313 11.5 62 5 4
7 23 299 8.6 65 5 7
8 19 99 13.8 59 5 8
9 8 19 20.1 61 5 9
12 16 256 9.7 69 5 12
13 11 290 9.2 66 5 13
14 14 274 10.9 68 5 14
15 18 65 13.2 58 5 15
16 14 334 11.5 64 5 16
17 34 307 12.0 66 5 17
18 6 78 18.4 57 5 18
19 30 322 11.5 68 5 19
20 11 44 9.7 62 5 20
21 1 8 9.7 59 5 21
22 11 320 16.6 73 5 22
23 4 25 9.7 61 5 23
24 32 92 12.0 61 5 24
28 23 13 12.0 67 5 28
29 45 252 14.9 81 5 29
30 115 223 5.7 79 5 30
31 37 279 7.4 76 5 31
38 29 127 9.7 82 6 7
40 71 291 13.8 90 6 9
41 39 323 11.5 87 6 10
44 23 148 8.0 82 6 13
47 21 191 14.9 77 6 16
48 37 284 20.7 72 6 17
49 20 37 9.2 65 6 18
50 12 120 11.5 73 6 19
51 13 137 10.3 76 6 20
62 135 269 4.1 84 7 1
63 49 248 9.2 85 7 2
64 32 236 9.2 81 7 3
66 64 175 4.6 83 7 5
67 40 314 10.9 83 7 6
68 77 276 5.1 88 7 7
69 97 267 6.3 92 7 8
70 97 272 5.7 92 7 9
71 85 175 7.4 89 7 10
73 10 264 14.3 73 7 12
74 27 175 14.9 81 7 13
76 7 48 14.3 80 7 15
77 48 260 6.9 81 7 16
78 35 274 10.3 82 7 17
R Console Page 24
79 61 285 6.3 84 7 18
80 79 187 5.1 87 7 19
81 63 220 11.5 85 7 20
82 16 7 6.9 74 7 21
85 80 294 8.6 86 7 24
86 108 223 8.0 85 7 25
87 20 81 8.6 82 7 26
88 52 82 12.0 86 7 27
89 82 213 7.4 88 7 28
90 50 275 7.4 86 7 29
91 64 253 7.4 83 7 30
92 59 254 9.2 81 7 31
93 39 83 6.9 81 8 1
94 9 24 13.8 81 8 2
95 16 77 7.4 82 8 3
99 122 255 4.0 89 8 7
100 89 229 10.3 90 8 8
101 110 207 8.0 90 8 9
104 44 192 11.5 86 8 12
105 28 273 11.5 82 8 13
106 65 157 9.7 80 8 14
108 22 71 10.3 77 8 16
109 59 51 6.3 79 8 17
110 23 115 7.4 76 8 18
111 31 244 10.9 78 8 19
112 44 190 10.3 78 8 20
113 21 259 15.5 77 8 21
114 9 36 14.3 72 8 22
116 45 212 9.7 79 8 24
117 168 238 3.4 81 8 25
118 73 215 8.0 86 8 26
120 76 203 9.7 97 8 28
121 118 225 2.3 94 8 29
122 84 237 6.3 96 8 30
123 85 188 6.3 94 8 31
124 96 167 6.9 91 9 1
125 78 197 5.1 92 9 2
126 73 183 2.8 93 9 3
127 91 189 4.6 93 9 4
128 47 95 7.4 87 9 5
129 32 92 15.5 84 9 6
130 20 252 10.9 80 9 7
131 23 220 10.3 78 9 8
132 21 230 10.9 75 9 9
133 24 259 9.7 73 9 10
134 44 236 14.9 81 9 11
135 21 259 15.5 76 9 12
136 28 238 6.3 77 9 13
137 9 24 10.9 71 9 14
138 13 112 11.5 71 9 15
139 46 237 6.9 78 9 16
140 18 224 13.8 67 9 17
141 13 27 10.3 76 9 18
142 24 238 10.3 68 9 19
143 16 201 8.0 82 9 20
144 13 238 12.6 64 9 21
145 23 14 9.2 71 9 22
146 36 139 10.3 81 9 23
147 7 49 10.3 69 9 24
148 14 20 16.6 63 9 25
149 30 193 6.9 70 9 26
151 14 191 14.3 75 9 28
152 18 131 8.0 76 9 29
153 20 223 11.5 68 9 30
> na.exclude(airquality)
1 41 190 7.4 67 5 1
2 36 118 8.0 72 5 2
3 12 149 12.6 74 5 3
4 18 313 11.5 62 5 4
7 23 299 8.6 65 5 7
8 19 99 13.8 59 5 8
9 8 19 20.1 61 5 9
12 16 256 9.7 69 5 12
R Console Page 25
13 11 290 9.2 66 5 13
14 14 274 10.9 68 5 14
15 18 65 13.2 58 5 15
16 14 334 11.5 64 5 16
17 34 307 12.0 66 5 17
18 6 78 18.4 57 5 18
19 30 322 11.5 68 5 19
20 11 44 9.7 62 5 20
21 1 8 9.7 59 5 21
22 11 320 16.6 73 5 22
23 4 25 9.7 61 5 23
24 32 92 12.0 61 5 24
28 23 13 12.0 67 5 28
29 45 252 14.9 81 5 29
30 115 223 5.7 79 5 30
31 37 279 7.4 76 5 31
38 29 127 9.7 82 6 7
40 71 291 13.8 90 6 9
41 39 323 11.5 87 6 10
44 23 148 8.0 82 6 13
47 21 191 14.9 77 6 16
48 37 284 20.7 72 6 17
49 20 37 9.2 65 6 18
50 12 120 11.5 73 6 19
51 13 137 10.3 76 6 20
62 135 269 4.1 84 7 1
63 49 248 9.2 85 7 2
64 32 236 9.2 81 7 3
66 64 175 4.6 83 7 5
67 40 314 10.9 83 7 6
68 77 276 5.1 88 7 7
69 97 267 6.3 92 7 8
70 97 272 5.7 92 7 9
71 85 175 7.4 89 7 10
73 10 264 14.3 73 7 12
74 27 175 14.9 81 7 13
76 7 48 14.3 80 7 15
77 48 260 6.9 81 7 16
78 35 274 10.3 82 7 17
79 61 285 6.3 84 7 18
80 79 187 5.1 87 7 19
81 63 220 11.5 85 7 20
82 16 7 6.9 74 7 21
85 80 294 8.6 86 7 24
86 108 223 8.0 85 7 25
87 20 81 8.6 82 7 26
88 52 82 12.0 86 7 27
89 82 213 7.4 88 7 28
90 50 275 7.4 86 7 29
91 64 253 7.4 83 7 30
92 59 254 9.2 81 7 31
93 39 83 6.9 81 8 1
94 9 24 13.8 81 8 2
95 16 77 7.4 82 8 3
99 122 255 4.0 89 8 7
100 89 229 10.3 90 8 8
101 110 207 8.0 90 8 9
104 44 192 11.5 86 8 12
105 28 273 11.5 82 8 13
106 65 157 9.7 80 8 14
108 22 71 10.3 77 8 16
109 59 51 6.3 79 8 17
110 23 115 7.4 76 8 18
111 31 244 10.9 78 8 19
112 44 190 10.3 78 8 20
113 21 259 15.5 77 8 21
114 9 36 14.3 72 8 22
116 45 212 9.7 79 8 24
117 168 238 3.4 81 8 25
118 73 215 8.0 86 8 26
120 76 203 9.7 97 8 28
121 118 225 2.3 94 8 29
122 84 237 6.3 96 8 30
123 85 188 6.3 94 8 31
R Console Page 26
124 96 167 6.9 91 9 1

125 78 197 5.1 92 9 2
126 73 183 2.8 93 9 3
127 91 189 4.6 93 9 4
128 47 95 7.4 87 9 5
129 32 92 15.5 84 9 6
130 20 252 10.9 80 9 7
131 23 220 10.3 78 9 8
132 21 230 10.9 75 9 9
133 24 259 9.7 73 9 10
134 44 236 14.9 81 9 11
135 21 259 15.5 76 9 12
136 28 238 6.3 77 9 13
137 9 24 10.9 71 9 14
138 13 112 11.5 71 9 15
139 46 237 6.9 78 9 16
140 18 224 13.8 67 9 17
141 13 27 10.3 76 9 18
142 24 238 10.3 68 9 19
143 16 201 8.0 82 9 20
144 13 238 12.6 64 9 21
145 23 14 9.2 71 9 22
146 36 139 10.3 81 9 23
147 7 49 10.3 69 9 24
148 14 20 16.6 63 9 25
149 30 193 6.9 70 9 26
151 14 191 14.3 75 9 28
152 18 131 8.0 76 9 29
153 20 223 11.5 68 9 30
> x<- c(1, 1, 4, 5, 4, 6)
> duplicated(x)
[1] FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE
> x[duplicated(x)]
[1] 1 4
> x[!duplicated(x)]
[1] 1 4 5 6
> my_data[!duplicated(my_data$Sepal.Width),
+ x<- c(1, 1, 4, 5, 4, 6)
+ unique(x)
Error: unexpected symbol in:
"x<- c(1, 1, 4, 5, 4, 6)
unique"
> unique(x)
[1] 1 4 5 6
> df1 = data.frame(CustomerId = c(1:6), Product = c(rep("Toaster", 3), rep("Radio", 3))) > df2 = data.frame(CustomerId =
c(2, 4, 6), State = c(rep("Alabama", 2), rep("Ohio", 1))) > df1
CustomerId Product
1 1 Toaster
2 2 Toaster
3 3 Toaster
4 4 Radio
5 5 Radio
6 6 Radio
> df2
CustomerId State
1 2 Alabama
2 4 Alabama
3 6 Ohio
> merge(df1, df2, by = "CustomerId")
CustomerId Product State
1 2 Toaster Alabama
2 4 Radio Alabama
3 6 Radio Ohio
> merge(x = df1, y = df2, by ="CustomerId", all = TRUE)
1 1 Toaster <NA>
2 2 Toaster Alabama
3 3 Toaster <NA>
4 4 Radio Alabama
5 5 Radio <NA>
6 6 Radio Ohio
> merge(x = df1, y = df2, by = "CustomerId", all.x = TRUE)
R Console Page 27
1 1 Toaster <NA>
2 2 Toaster Alabama
3 3 Toaster <NA>
4 4 Radio Alabama
5 5 Radio <NA>
6 6 Radio Ohio
> merge(x = df1, y = df2, by ="CustomerId", all.y = TRUE)
1 2 Toaster Alabama
2 4 Radio Alabama
3 6 Radio Ohio
> merge(x = df1, y = df2, by = NULL)
CustomerId.x Product CustomerId.y State
1 1 Toaster 2 Alabama
4 4 Radio 2 Alabama
5 5 Radio 2 Alabama
6 6 Radio 2 Alabama
10 4 Radio 4 Alabama
13 1 Toaster 6 Ohio
14 2 Toaster 6 Ohio
15 3 Toaster 6 Ohio
16 4 Radio 6 Ohio
17 5 Radio 6 Ohio
18 6 Radio 6 Ohio
> x <- c(3,4,5,6,7,8)
> x[x<6] <- 0
>x
[1] 0 0 0 6 7 8
> x <- c(3,4,5,6,7,8)
> x[x==6] <- NA
>x
[1] 3 4 5 NA 7 8
> A <- c(3, 2, NA, 5, 3, 7, NA, NA, 5, 2, 6)
>A
[1] 3 2 NA 5 3 7 NA NA 5 2 6
> A[ is.na(A) ] <- 0
>A
[1] 3 2 0 5 3 7 0 0 5 2 6
> gender <- c("MALE","FEMALE","FEMALE",“MALE","MALE")
Error: unexpected input in "gender <- c("MALE","FEMALE","FEMALE",“"
> gender <- c("MALE","FEMALE","FEMALE","MALE","MALE")
> gender
[1] "MALE" "FEMALE" "FEMALE" "MALE" "MALE"
> gender <- c("MALE","FEMALE","FEMALE","MALE","MALE")
> gender
[1] "MALE" "FEMALE" "FEMALE" "MALE" "MALE"
> ifelse(gender == "MALE", 1, 2)
[1] 1 2 2 1 1
> gender <- c("MALE","FEMALE","FEMALE","UNKNOWN","MALE")
> gender
[1] "MALE" "FEMALE" "FEMALE" "UNKNOWN" "MALE"
> ifelse()
Error in ifelse() : argument "test" is missing, with no default
> gender <- c("MALE","FEMALE","FEMALE","UNKNOWN","MALE")
> ifelse(gender == "MALE", 1, ifelse(gender == "FEMALE", 2, 3))
[1] 1 2 2 3 1
> A <- data.frame(Gender = c("F", "F", "M", "F", "B", "M", "M"),
+ Height = c(154, 167, 178, 145, 169, 183, 176))
>A
Gender Height
1 F 154
2 F 167
3 M 178
4 F 145
5 B 169
6 M 183
7 M 176
R Console Page 28
> A[,1] <- ifelse(A[,1] == "M", 1, ifelse(A[,1] == "F", 2, 99))

>A
Gender Height
1 2 154
2 2 167
3 1 178
4 2 145
5 99 169
6 1 183
7 1 176
> save.image("C:\\Users\\18MIS7002\\Documents\\lab5 18MIS7002")
> y <- c(1,2,3,NA)
> is.na(y)
[1] FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE
> df <- data.frame(col1 = c(1:3, NA),
+
+ col2 = c("this", NA,"is", "text"),
+
+ col3 = c(TRUE, FALSE,TRUE,TRUE),
+
+ col4 = c(2.5, 4.2, 3.2, NA),
+
+ stringsAsFactors = FALSE)
> >is.na(df)
Error: unexpected '>' in ">"
> is.na(df)
col1 col2 col3 col4
[1,] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
[2,] FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE
[3,] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
[4,] TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE
> is.na(df$col4)
[1] FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE
> which(is.na(df))
[1] 4 6 16
>
> sum(is.na(df))
[1] 3
> x <- c(1,2,NA,3)
> mean(x)
[1] NA
> mean(x, na.rm=TRUE)
[1] 2
> > df[complete.cases(df),]
Error: unexpected '>' in ">"
> df[complete.cases(df),]
col1 col2 col3 col4
1 1 this TRUE 2.5
3 3 is TRUE 3.2
> newdata <- na.omit(df)
> na.exclude(df)
col1 col2 col3 col4
1 1 this TRUE 2.5
3 3 is TRUE 3.2
> save.image("C:\\Users\\18MIS7002\\Documents\\lab 5 18MIS7002")
>

18MIS7020 - Lab 8

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18MIS7020 - Lab 8

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LAB 8

R version 3.6.2 (2019-12-12) -- "Dark and Stormy Night"

R is free software and comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY.

Natural language support but running in an English locale

R is a collaborative project with many contributors.

Type 'demo()' for some demos, 'help()' for on-line help, or

125 78 197 5.1 92 9 2

[19,] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE

[93,] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE

133 24.0 259 9.7 73 9 10

51 13.0 13.0 10.3 76 6 20

125 78.0 78.0 5.1 92 9 2

26 31.5 31.5 14.9 58 5 26 FALSE

100 89.0 89.0 10.3 90 8 8 FALSE

15 18.0 [0,50] 13.2 58 5 15 FALSE

89 82.0 (50,100] 7.4 88 7 28 FALSE

104 44 192 11.5 86 8 12

124 96 167 6.9 91 9 1

> A[,1] <- ifelse(A[,1] == "M", 1, ifelse(A[,1] == "F", 2, 99))

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