CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS What is Cost Estimate? This is defined as an activity in a particular work to make task based on a stipulated sum. possible offers to execute g s incurred for a certain building o; ploying certain methods. The cost cess, that is the controlling of are embarked upon. This is a technique to forecast the possible cost: construction project via a systematic calculation em estimate to be prepared is part of the cost planning pro the project cost at the design stage before any drawings According to Seeley (1996, p154) the main importance of an estimate at the design stage is as follows: “The primary function of approximate or preliminary estimating is to produce a forecast of the probable cos of future projec, before the building has been designed ‘nn detail and contract particulars prepared. In this way the building client is made aware of is likely financial conumitments before extensive design work is undertaken. outa good cost estimate. This estimate The cost planning, will not be successful with e design stage to the acceptance of is required at the early stages of the project, from th tender which would confirm the preciseness of the estimate. MumpagenfonCostiEstiniate ‘The main purpose a cost estimate is prepared at the prelimi i : a ared at the preliminary stage of a project is to ae the actual cost forecast of a project. This is done before the erojectis designed letail and the relevant documents are prepared. In other words, the cost estimate will assist the client in knowing to wha eds . A « toa particular project. 8 hat extent he needs to be financially committed An estimate ich is is Presta eee Pre not encourage the client to continue withthe : ; mparison : result in an inferior design. This then will not satisfy the est eee nos Therefore, the estim: or else he will be labell design guide whether estimate is higher th could be carried out: ate by the quantity surveyor must be led careless by the cli i client. Th ji the project is appropri he cost estimate also functions as 4 ian the allocated sum ane the allocation made earlier. If the rv that particular Project, the following accurate and reasonable i, the design could be altered to reduce cost cos\ ii. extra provisi / a Islons are sought after or Tequested fro} ili, the project is Postponed or cancelled mane lent 116PRELIMINARY ESTIMATES However, sont’ if the estimate is lower than the allocated sum, the following could be lone: i, to accept the estimate ii, to modify the design and/or ecificati i i Saige Roar sre provisions ere peiications to increase the estimate Cy The cost estimate of a building is associ * type shape and size * the various quality and materi * methods of construction changes in price level, materials, | iated with its: als used labour, plant, etc. All the above would create problems when a making estimates. Sufficient and good cost data plays an important role in establishin; \g the accuracy of an estimate. Purposes for Cost Estimate to Parties Involved in the Design Process @ The Client A cost estimate helps a client to allocate the budget required to execute a planned project. © The Architect The cost estimate acts as a guideline to prepare a design so that it does not exceed the cost limit stated by the client. @ The Contractor The cost estimate assists in the preparation of offer price to ensure the offer price forwarded is reasonable. © The Project Manager The cost estimate is used as a guide to control the cost of a project especially in the Preparation stage of the design and in the execution of project at the site. ®@ The Building Manager 4 The cost estimate assists in establishing information on the total cost of repairs and maintenance of the building. 117Methods for Preliminary Estimate > In general, the preliminary estimate can be divided into two: * Preliminary estimate nist esa i imate estimat It is used to establish the probable initial allocation or the approxi ate of a project. Methods employed: 1. Unit 2. Cubic 3. Floor area 4. Storey enclosure ° Later stage estimate It is used to produce value, which is comparable to the lowest tender sum. Methods i 1 employed: 1. Approximate quantity 2. Elemental estimate Table 7.1: Cost estimate methods - appropriateness of use 1 1 aa | i ii | Method | When itis used | Note | Unit of measurement | Unit | Inception Appropriate for projects | Cost/student | Feasibility that have a standard Cost/classroom | | unit of accommodation. | Cost/bed | tis commonly used to | Cost/chair | establish the cost limit | for public sector | | projects, Cubic | Outline proposal Amethod Previously Costim3 used by the architect, This method is only used to calculate the volume of air- Conditioned Space or Space which is given mechanical ventilation, Outline proposal | | Floor area “a oihaie hd Still used extensively. A Cost/m2 Popular method and Can be used for almost all types of building. ee 118Appro- ximate- quantities Elemental estimate Scheme design Detailed design Detailed design When it is used Used especially for unique or difficult Projects and when the duration to prepare the estimate is long. This is not an actual estimating method. Preparation of cost is based on element to ease the process of Cost control. This method is closely | elated to cost planning. Stilla popular method PRELIMINARY ESTIMATES. Unit of measurement depends on the method employed for calculating composite items Unit of measurement is more towards cost er unit (m, m2, m?) If time allotted is short, then a simple and easy method is used. More information will allow a thorough method to be utilised. ii, {RE Experience of the quantity surveyor 2 The surveyor’s experience could assist in choosing the best method to make an estimate. and type of cost data available The cost data information includes cost data, drawings and project specifications. i tion that the A visit to the site is important for a quantity surveyor as the assump site may be | Unit Method level, etc. may be inaccurate. ildi1 ion’. Iti d to estimate This method is also referred to as ‘cost according '0 building function Scone ire the building cost where the size depends on the population unit, total muy orsi of beds ina hos ital, the ts ina school, total number of beds in a h stel or hospi iber of students in 7 is ii asiest method but the ‘etal number of seats in the stadium or cinema etc. This is the e team 119 i client or the design ost unrefined. The total population can be obtained from theCONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS evaluation cost for projecss by rEWD based ' asses costs of building (excludin i ilding ca ies. The cost stated encomp: Tee external works and fa ost Ti casemic block, the eee and quarters are based on the design by Table 7.2 shows an example of unit Table 7.2: Unit evaluation cost for PWD projects - Talc eae SST annaniaiil Uni ange | Average Building ion | RM) | (RM) | category povaluaten Ls a — & | | Administrative Lettable area Tze | | | trative block | | Police office block | Lettable area | 1,400 - 2,000 1,700 | Education, | 2storey academic | Classroom | 60,700 75,000 | 67,000 | Culture, block | | | Science | m Asstorey academic | Classroom | 60,700-69,000 | 65,000. block | | Berey laboratory | Classroom | 78,000 — 96,000 | 86,700 | | {bee | ie | beef rarer rca | ore Store | | 260-33 | 295 | | Industry | Workshop M3 270- 320 = al Residential 4-st host esas = | Residential -storey hostel No. of 4 | | occupants °700 ~ 5,800 | 9250) | Class C quarters: Unit | | | 2-storey, bungalow " 234,000 - 283,000 | 258,009 | | | | | Class D quarters: Unit [ | | 2storey, bungalow | 174.000 ~ 216,000 195,000 | | Class D quarters: Unit | | 2-storey, semi- 137,000 ~ 174.099 155,000 | | | detached | , | | | Class E quarters: | Unit | | 2storey, semi- ¥44.000~ 196.000 | 179 200 | | detached , | | Class F quarters: Unit 9 | | 2-storey 090 100,000 98,000 Class G quarters: Unit }04,000 ~ | S-storey it 104,000 132,000 118,000 Class H quarters: U _ I | aa nit 36,000-45,000 | 49 699 [& to LoUni Stalinten Range © Average Hospital ee eM) 69,000-75,000 | 00 | Clinic (KK2) oa 8,100,000- | g 7,200,000 #20000 Clinic (KK3) 2.100, 100,000- | po 2,700,000 “nee Religious 1-storey mosque 1 200-1 600 | - Congregations , , mo | Source: Panduan Kos Binaan JKR edisi 2001, p19 @ Usage * The cost estimate is obtained by multiplying the number of accommodation for anew building with the cost per unit of accommodation based ona suitable building * The current unit of accommodation can be obtained by calculating from the sketch design or by obtaining information from the client. Estimates based on this method can be done by not referring to the es asit is sufficient to know the number of accommodation. Therefore, this method eeey suitable to make a preliminary estimate for the purpose of obtaining monetary allocations. Example Ee ’ jon of 500 individuals. | | Estimate the total cost to build a mosque to house a congregation ol | i jmilar mosque that has been | From a suitable cost dala, get the cost/congregation of a simi ngregation. Updated, Let us say that the cost is RM1400.00/cong i ngregation | Toal cost = Number of accommodation x Cost/cong 500 individuals 4,400.! = RM700,000.00 __ PRELIMINARY ESTIMATES qCONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS ® Advantages * Fast and easy * Easiest method to obtain cost limit to prepare the monetary allocations for several years to come * No necessity for drawings. @ Disadvantages * An unrefined method and inaccurate. Only suitable to provide an overall approximate estimate * Does not take into account changes to plan, number of storeys and other factors related to design * Unrelated work concerning unit of accommodation has to be calculated separately. It must be noted that this method is onl The cost estimate will differ depending on finishes used. Therefore, this method has to y Suitable in the initial stages of a project. type of construction and the standard of be utilised carefully. At one point in time, it was used extensivel currently itis not extensively used. In Malaysia, this method is seldom or almost never used. Only in certain circumstances, it is utilised, for example, to calculate the cost of space which needs to be air-conditioned or the space that needs mechanical ventilation, ly in the United Kingdom. However, @ Usage * Measure the volume of the new build ling and this volume is then multiplied with a suitable price rate per m’, Unrelated works to the volume must be calculated separately. The volume of the building is calculated as follows: Volume = L x BX H L_= Length from the external face of external wall B = Width from the external face of external wall H = HeightPRELIMINARY ESTIMATES ;, Height of pitch roof From the top surface of the foundation to half apex/height of roof ji. Height of flat roof From the top surface of foundation to 600: bi wall (whichever is higher), mm above the flat roof or parapet he For the PWD projects, the volume is calculated based on the dimension of the Jan which is measured from the external face of the external wall multiplied by the vertical dimension which is measured from the top surface of the foundation to half of the height of pitch roof or 0.61 metre above the flat roof (Panduan Kos Binaan JKR edisi 2001, p10) * The volume of the storage tank, car park etc. has to be measured separately and be added to the building volume. * Portions of building with specific use, design and different specifications must be priced separately even though they are part of the similar project. Example; Shop-house @ Office-factoryCONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS Pitch roof B fo PLAN | fy Roofs =n H + oI Flat roof SECTIONPRELIMINARY ESTIMATES pape Estimate the total cost to build a 2-storey bun, 7 , fonstruction is RMS50.00. Estimate theca Construction cost/m? of a similar a. Pitch roof iN cost based on: } b. Flat roof | 7 ¢ } a 4 20.00 ea | The H H 3.50 | + i g PI | 8 can 3.50 1 f TTIT i 1.00 i SECTION | i a. Pitch roof i Building volume = 20.00 x 10.00 x (1.00 + 2/3.50 + '/, x 1.50) i = 20.00 x 10.00 x 8.75 i = 1750 m?* Total building cost. += ~—-Volume x cost/m? | = 1750 x 550.00 i = RM962,500.00 i ‘ b. Flat roof Building volume = 20.00 x 10.00 x (1.00 + 2/3.50 + 0.60) : = 20.00 x 10.00 x 8.60 } = 1720m° i q Total building cost. = ~+—- Volume x cost/m? l = 1720 x 550.00 I = RM946,000.0 | eer]~~rys UNUL HUN ECONOMICS ® Advantages * The estimate can be prepared quickly. @ Disadvantages * Does not take into account changes to plan, height of storey and the overall height of the building * Unrelated work to the volume has to be calculated separately * Does nothelp the architect in design work as it is difficult ie Predict orto know the effects of the changes to specifications, design, etc to the cost pe * Difficult to obtain similar cost data. Floor Area Method Up to now, this is a method often used to make a preliminary estimate as most of the cost data are kept or are available in this form. @ Usage * Takes into account the floor area of a buildin; ig to be erected. Only the building uses this floor area method. Other wor ks may use other methods like approximate quantity * Calculate the building area (m?). The total building cost is calculated with this formula: Total cost = Area x Costim? Gross Floor Area (GFA) Area ~ Calculate the area of the buildi , : ing. The rs according to practise, '9- The measurement method differ Costim? GFA ~ From similar building ty (Pe and function The measurement for GFA m a analysed /referred Ust be simila GF ar between the new building and the building, whether Measured from: Times i. The internal face of the external wall ii. The external face of the external wallArea = Length x Breadth PLAN © Criteria Taken into Consideration in Measurement of Area In calculating the floor area of a building there are several criteria that need to be taken into consideration. These are: 1. The actual area of the building. Several clients will only state the usable area of the building in his brief. Therefore, the following space must be added: ® The areas for circulation and passages «= The areas for the internal walls and partitions = Other areas that do not provide income/rent These are to allow the building to function efficiently. Example — — ——_—_— | Area (m?) fable area 2500 | gabulation and passage area @ 20% 500 pecondary area @ 10% 250 Nernal walls and partitions @10% 250 —nalwalis and partitions @10% 250 Actual building area/GFA 3500 127CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS 2. If the project offers a standard or different type of accommodation, it is better for each to be priced separately such as in the case of: * Shop-house * Office-factory * Shop-office 3. Unrelated work to the area, for example, external works must be priced separately. Example — as } | | Estimate the total cost of a double-storey bungalow, if the GFA of the house is given as | | 350m? and cost/m? GFA is RM1,000/m2, | Total cost = Area x Cost/m? Gross Floor Area 350 x 1,000.00 | = RM350,000.00 Example | st is RM SOOM 9 building by referring to the plans given if the construction | | cost is RM1,500/m?, | Estimate the cost of the followin, | | | | } | 5.00 | | | | 7.00 | _ Ground floor plan25.00 5.00 15.00 3.00 k | i i i i } 10.00 First floor plan Alldimensions are from the internal face of the external wall. | | | Floor area: | Ground floor | m? } 25.00 5.00 = 125.00 it | 10.00 x 3.00 30.00 | | 5.00% 7.00 = 35.00 190.00 i i | First floor | m a | 25.00 x 5.00 = 125.00 | | 10.00 x 3.00 30.00 155.00 | | Total area 345.00 i Total cost 345 x 1,500.00 | = RMS517,500.00 = Area x Costim? Gross Floor Area i | The rate per m?chosen must be the current rate as building cost often differs. The site, external works, conditions of contract, the quantity and the quality of equipment and others that are not related to the floor area must be calculated separately. It is clear that the difficulty of this method lies in choosing the appropriate rate, which Tequires experience, observation and familiarity towards varied building types. © Advantages * The client and the architect easily understand the concept of floor area. Most work items are appropriately associated with the concept of floor area rather than the volume method * Easy and fast * Cost data are easily available as most of the data from previous projects mostly Utilise this method.CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS @ Disadvantages : ight . * Does not take into account differences in Plan, storey Heigh or overall height a ah of the building as these factors affect the building c Building A Building B PLAN Buildings A and B have similar floor area, but because the area of the external walls of Building A is more (; as depicted by the two overlapping lines) and is difficult ‘o measure, therefore Building A will be more expensive than Building B. * External works, piling and others which are not related to the floor area must be calculated separately * Itis difficult to calculate and allocate the cost for different site Conditions, quality of materials, conditions of contract etc Storey Enclosure Method The Study Group, RCIS, UK in 1954 introduced this method to ov, ‘ ercome the shortcomings of Preliminary estimate methods. This method attempts to take into account changes to plan and height of the building. The principle behind the cost estimate th area method, only that it includes the area weightage to reflect the on only asa reference at uses this method is similar to the Al of the external walls, roof an Nd it uses actual design. This method is not used atall now. Itig elaborate and not for practical use In relation to this, this method takes into account: i. Building shape * By measuring the area of the external wallsPRELIMINARY ESTIMATES ii Total floor area « By measuring the area of each floor iii, Vertical position of the floor area « By using a larger weightage for the higher storey Chapter. € YF jv. Height of the building z + By comparing the floor and roof areas with the external walls area y, Additional cost for the basement + By using a larger weightage @ Usage * Obtain the floor area (this is measured from the internal face of the external walls) and multiply it with the following weightage: PLANCONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS 2°4 Floo 43'Floor=L X BX 2.15 x BX 2.00 Ground Floor Basement =L x B X 3.00 ! * Measure the roof area This is calculated flat and if there are eaves, calculate the area to the ed area edgesPRELIMINARY ESTIMATE * Measure the area of the external walls The area of the basement walls is multiplied by the weightage 2.00. Area above ground = L X H1 (or circumference x H1) Area of basement = L X H2 x 2.00 (or circumference x H2 x 2.00) * Total up the storey enclosure area Total storey enclosure area = floor area + roof area + external walls area Total Cost = Total storey enclosure area X cost/m? storey enclosure * The approximate cost of external works, etc, which is not related to the storey enclosure, must be calculated separately.GUNS IKUU IIUN ECONOMICS, ‘- Example 10.00 | 3.00 450 mm eaves | | 3.00 i +> | 3.00 | | | 4.00 | Dimension is from the external | | face of the external wall. \ Thickness of external wall is 115 mm. Estimate the total cost of the above building, if the given cost/m? storey enclosure is RM450.00. i, Floor L x B | 10.00 15.00 | Less wall | 2s 23 23 | 9.77 14.77 = 144.30 Area Weightage Ground Floor = 144.30 x 2.00 9 = 288.60 Flor 144.30 x 945 310.25 lor 144,30 x = 3311 Basement = 144139 sc 300 ae 200-74 432.90 1363.64ii, Roof Total building cost = Total storey enclosure area x cost/unit of storey enclosure 2386.95 x 450.00 RM1,074,127.50 " L x B 10.00 15.00 Add eaves 2/450 90 90 70.90 15.90 = 173.31 iii, External wall | Circumference Weightage Ground Floor 2(10.00 + 15.00) x 3.00 ~ 4" Floor 2(10.00 + 15.00) x 3.00 — 2” Floor 2(10.00 + 15.00) x 3.00 - 450.00 Basement = 2(10.00 + 15.00) x 4.00 x 2.00 400.00 Total storey enclosure area 2386.95 | 4, ® Advantages * Faster than the approximate quantities method and is more accurate/realistic compared to other preliminary estimate methods as it takes the design into consideration * Can be used to portray the cost for different designs at the initial design stage as this is the most economical scheme in terms of plan shape, storey height, etc. This scheme possesses the smallest storey enclosure area. ® Disadvantages * The price rate is difficult to obtain and is not listed as the building cost is also not listed or priced using this method * Costs that are not included in the price rate must be calculated separately * Requires much calculation compared to the earlier estimating methods * The storey enclosure concept conveys no meaning to the client since most clients do not comprehend this method. ‘ Approximate Quantities ) Generally, this method is considered the best method to prepare the estimate. This is because this method uses a short cut process as in the preparation and pricing of the ills of quantities, 135surveyor as itis not on} pare the quanti This is the most favoured method by the quantity £ cost checks at the de: 'Y Accurate but all the information can be used for the purpose o! sign Stage, @ Usage The measurement method is as follows: © The quantities of works are calculated as in the preparation of bills of quantities, however, a short cut method is employed ; * Usually this short method contains the measurement of Composite items utilising a set of dimensions to represent several items. (The Composite items are grouping of items that can be associated with a sequence of operations and relating them to a common unit of measurements) ’ * The price for the composite items is based on the current price and allocation must be made for non measured items © The measurements of dimensions are taken as gross overall and deductions are only made on large openings only (gross measurement). Some of the data required before this method is utilised are: 1. The sketches or preliminary working drawings 2. Specifications 3. The current price rates which are obtained from available cost data sources. Examples of approximate quantities estimate using composite items St aaa area errr aie foie he - _—_ Description | unit Qty | Rate | Amoun sand (1:3) including plastering Half brickwall in cement and and two coats emulsion paint | | | | | __| both sides | M2 | 56 | 7245 | 4,087.20 | 15.00 | | 3.00 | 45.00 | Wall (A) | | | 3.50 | | | 3.00 | 10.50 | Wall (B) | | 55.50 | | | | | | Build-up rate: | Halfowk 28.00 | Plastering both sides | | —_ 2/12.00 24.00 JPRELIMINARY ESTIMATES. __Pescription Unit | Qty | Rate | Amount | Painting both oy | sides 2/8.50 17.00 69.00 at } ¢ Allowance for | stiffener @ 5% | To collection 4,057.20 ! _ . _ re] Description | aty | Rate | Amount | Ie ficideemeena eas Gumi Oty. | Rate’ |" Amount | { | Excavation to reduce level and | remove surplus, lay 200 mm thick | | | | hardcore, dpm, and 200 mm thick | | | | concrete (Grade 30) bed | M2 | 37 | 51.00 | 1,887.00 | 8.00 4.00 | 32.00 | Area (A) | | | | 1.50 Area (B) | | 3.00 | _4.50 | | | | | 36.50 | | Build-up rate: | | 400 mm Thk exct i | and disposal 5.00 | | | | | | | 200 mm Hardcore 7.00 | 200 mm Concrete 36.00 Dpm —3.00 51.00 To collection 1,887.00 —— Now 7 ‘ The composite item above combines 4 different items which could be related to and “sociated with similar measurement. The quantity must be measured from the drawing.ONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS © Advantages © Is the best method with condition that most information can be obtained © The estimate is divided into elements or composite items and this can assist the architect at the design stage * Easy to make adjustments on estimates if there are changes to the quantity/ quality of materials involved * Adjustments to estimate can be done to take into account changes to design and specifications. © Disadvantages ¢ Preparation of the estimate requires much time * Some essential information is required before this method is employed ° If measurements are based on composites, measurements based on elements are difficult. Example eas ae , _ By utilising the approximate quantities method, estimate the cost of the con: aa struction project for a store-office building. i _ Note: the price rate used in this example is the current price rate for Klang Valley, Selangor (as shown in Table 7.3). Different locations require price adjustments that could bereferred » to in the schedule of rates, bills of quantities or other cost data, |Diagram 7.1; Store-office 5.00 300 x 300 mm column > Q 2400 x 600 mm casement f window with 4 mm clear 5.00 sheet glass 4800 x 600 mm casement window } 900 x 2100 mm flush door ———______| 115 mm brickwall with plaster and paint Plan of store-office 35 mm (avg) w/p screed a ee 100 mm sla ———______________/ i 20 mm screed, 125 mm slab, DPM | 3.00 | 150 mm hardcore LS 0.90 |, 1200 x 1200 x 300 mm pad foundation ——>| 0 0.30 |) 50 mm blinding ———H > Sections of foundation and column eee] ee) ; 300 mm 300 mm | eaves eaves all around Note: Drawings are not to scale ; Ground beam size 150 mm x 450 mm high Roof beam size 150 mm x 300 mm high el Hl i i i Front view Left/right view J}7.3: Schedule of rates ee Table 7.3: chedule Ine Unit Description oe lovel averag deol Excavate to reduce level average 300 mm deep surplus spoil . Excavate for isolated foundation, 9 exceeding 1.50 m deep, backlill an and deposit, spread and level - and remove round beam, etc. not \d remove surplus spoil Hardcore Concrete grade 25 _ 50mm concrete blinding | 20 mm Waterproof concrete screec a concrete works Fabric reinforcement — Straight and bend bar reinforcement 10. _ Damp-proof membrane : 11. Half brickwall in cement and sand including brick _feinforcement ._ Damp proof course 115 mm wide ‘Cement and sand plaster | One coat cement based paint and two coats emulsion paint 15. Composite aluminium window and fixed light overall size | 600 mm 600 mm high [No | 90.00 | 4mm Clear sheet glass 1 m2 40.00 | 900 mm x 2100 mm High timber flush door _ironmongery and painting Sees Ne 50.00 | —— iO — 50 mm x 150 mm Grade A timber frame and painting M1260 20 mm Cement and sand (1:3) screed to floor | M2 300, Table 7.4: Approximate weight of reinforcement for concre te components I Component 1,_| Pad foundation |_2. | Ground beam _3._| Roofbeam |_Column stump | Column 6._| 100 mm Floor slabDescription Uni it | Qty | Rate | Amount 49.79 |; | Excavation to reduce level. | |) | average 275 mm deep and remove surplus away including 150 mm hardcore, damp proof membrane, 125 mm concrete slab with 20 mm thick cement and sand screed M2 25 | 49.79 | 1244.75 5.00 5.00 | 25.00 Build-up rate: | Excavation | | 275 @ 2.50 | 300 2.29 | Hardcore | 150_ @ 30.00 1000 4.50 | | DPM 3.00 | | | Concrete | | | 125_ @ 180.00 | 7000 22.50 | Fabric | reinforcement 9.50 | | | Screed 8.00 | ae ' | To collection 1244.75 141 chapterTeac | Description | Unit | Qty | Rate | Amoun i 25 in 1200 mm x 1200 mm x 300 mm high in isolated foundation including excavation, blinding, formwork and reinforcement No 4 | 221.83) 887,32 | Height of excavation | 900 | Add base 300 | blinding _50. leo io io S a 3 | 4l | Ia > Build-up rate: | Excavation | 1.20 | 1.20 | 1.25 1.80 @ 13.00 | 23.40 | | | | Blinding 1.20 1.20 1.44 @ 5.00 Concrete 1.20 1.20 0.30 0.432 @ 180.00 | | 77.76 | Formwork | 411.20 _0.30 1.44 @ 26.00 37.44 | Reinforcement | 0.432 m3 x 80 kg/m? @2.20 76.03 221.83 | To collection 987.32 Note: Composite items for foundation and related works could also be measured in m'. Measurement in unit Number should use the actual size,PRELIMINARY ES Hiviar es —— ——— ao T | | Description Unit | Qty | Rate | Amount Reinforced concrete grade 25 in 300 mm x 300 mm x 900 mm high isolated column stump including formwork and reinforcement No 4 76.52 | 306.08 aja | 4 | Build-up rate: Concrete | 0.30 | | | | 0.30 | | 0.90 0.081@180.00 14.58 | | | | | Formwork ; | | 410.30 } | | 0.90 1.08 @ 26.00 28.08 | | | Reinforcement | | | 0.081 x 190kg/m? | | | | | | @2.20 33.86. | | 76.52 | \ [ | | To collection 306.08 143 Chapter.ote — : aty | Rate | Amount” Jesci Eis peo |e, al Reinforced concrete grade 25 in 150mm x 450mm high ground beam including r excavation, blinding, formwor! a no, | 67.20 | 134589 and reinforcement 41 | 5.00 | 20.00 Build-up rate: Excavation 0.15 0.50 4.00 0.075 @ 13.00 Blinding | 0.15 | 1,00 0.15 @ 5.00 Concrete | 0.15 | 0.45 | | | 1.00 0.068 @180.00 | | | 12.24 | Formwork 210.45 | 1.00 0.90 @ 26.00 23.40 Reinforcement | 0.068 m? x 200 kg/m? @2.20 29.92 67.29 | To collection i 1345.80 | 1of beam, column stun or ground by : mp, c ae Note: Composite items for ground beam, ro could also be , 144Reinforced concrete grade 25 in 300 mm x 300 mm x 3000 mm high column including formwork and reinforcement 4 |i No 237.24 948.96 Build-up rate: Concrete 0.30 0.30 3.00 0.27 @ 180.00 48.60 Formwork 410.30 —3.00 3.60 @ 26.00 93.60 Reinforcement 0.27 x 160 kg/m? @ 2.20 95.04 237.24 | To collection 948.96 145CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS Description Reinforced concrete grade 25 in 150 mm Xx 300 mm high roof beam including formwork and reinforcement 4/ | 5.00 | 20.00 Build-up rate: Concrete 0.15 0.30 1,00 0.045 @180.00 8.10 Formwork 0.75 1.00 0.75 @ 26.00 Reinforcement 0.045 x 160 kg/m? @2.20 Unit aty Rate 20 43.44 868.89 To collection 868.80 |Description =| Unit Rate | Amount | Half brickwall in cement and sand (1:3) reinforced with brick reinforcement, damp proof course complete with plaster and paint both sides M2 46 | 78.50 | 3611.00 LB 5.00 Dat column 2/'1,J300 30 4.70 Height 3.00 Dat roof beam 30 2.70 4] | 4.70 2.70 | 50.76 | 0.90 | Dat openings 2.10 Door) | 1.80 | | 0.60 w1) | }240) | | | 0.60 Ww2) 4.41 | | 46.35 | Build-up rate: | Brickwork 35.00 | Plaster b.s. 2112.00 24.00 | Paint b.s. 2/8.50 17.00 | Dpc 2.50 | 78.50 L To collection eetiey Note: Plastering and painting costs to column and stiffener are included in the “Sundry” cost. 147oe i Description unit | Qty Rate Reinforced concrete grade 25 in roof slab including 35 mm (average) waterproof screed, formwork, reinforcement and plaster and paint to soffit m2 | 34 | 107.50) 3655.59 LB 5.00 Add 2/115 230 | 2/300 600 0.83 | 5.83 | | i | | 5.83 | 33.99 | | | | | Build-up rate: | | | Concrete i \ 100 @ 180.00 18.00 | | | | 1000 | \ \ | Formwork 26.00 | i | \ | i | | | | Wip screed ) | f 35 @ 12.00 21.00 \ | 20 } | | | | | Reinforcement | | | | 10kgim’@2.20 22.00 | | Plaster | 12.00 | | Paint | 8.50 - 107.50 i _] | To collection 1 3655.50 iPRELIMINARY ESTIMATES Note: Composite items for window and door and related works could also be measured in unit mt. Description Composite aluminium window and fixed light overall size 1800 mm x 600 mm high complete with 4 mm clear | sheet glass | Build-up rate: Frame 1.80 x 0.60 @ 90.00 | 0.60 x 0.60 270.00 Glass | 1.80 | 0.60 1.08 @ 40.00 _43.20 313.20 | Ditto overall size 2400 mm x 600 mm high ditto Build-up rate: Frame 2.40 x 0.60 @ 90.00 0.60 x 0.60 360.00 Glass 2.40 (0.60 1.44 @ 40.00 _57.60 ~— 417.60 To collection Cost of lintol is included in “Sundry” cost. Unit | aty | Rate No. 1 | 313.20 | 730.80CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS Description Unit | Qty | Rate | Amoung| Bi 900 mm x 2100 mm Timber flush door including framing, ironmongery and painting No | 1 |813.75) 313.75 1 | 4 Build-up rate: Flush door 250.00 Door frame & Painting 5.10@ 12.50 63.75 313.75 | | To collection 313.75 Summary of total building cost Description Unit | Qty | Rate | Amount | Excavation 1244.75 | Foundation 887.32 Column stumps 306.08 | Ground beams 1345.80 | Columns 948.96 | | Roof beams 868.80 Brickwall 3611,00 Roof 3655.50 Window 730.80 Door 5 Sub-total | Sundry items @ 10% | 4400.00 Total building cost 15312.81 - { Note: “Sundry items” include cost of minor/small items, which are not measured. 150PRELIMINARY ESTIMATES Summary of electrical installation cost Description Unit Electrical installation | ——— Fi = " | Cl an Ea and fitting [No 1_\175.00| 175.00 eB i Lighting point and fitting No 2 90.00 180.00 Qty | Rate | Amount LH , Plug point No | 2 | 65.00| 130.00 , | 485.00 |_| Sundry items @ 10% | 49.00 Total electrical work 534.00 Summary of project cost Total building cost = 15312.81 Electrical installation 534.00 15846.81 15800.00 External works @ 2% 316.00 300.00 Total cost of project (excluding Preliminary works cost) 16100.00 Cost/m? GEA = 12100.00 = RM644.00 (Elemental Estimate This method of estimate is used as the basis in the Elemental Cost Planning. It can be used to calculate the reasonable expenditure for a particular project or several parts of the project. The total cost is obtained in a similar way to the floor area method, but great expertise is required to distribute the cost to smaller breakdowns. @ Usage The basis for using this method depends on the use of elemental cost analysis. * Ifa preliminary estimate is required, several analyses from earlier projects are referred to, The costs shown on the analyses which most closely represent the proposed project would be adjusted to form the basis of a new cost plan * Differences between the analysed building and the proposed building are observed and changes especially to the quantity and quality are priced * A llist of all the main components (elements) of the building together with the adjusted costs is prepared and totalled up 151CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS * Allocations for preliminary works and contingency works are added to the total building cost * For a more comprehensive prep: aration of elemental estimate, Chapter 4: Cost Planning. In preparing the elemental estimate, elements. Table 7.5 depicts the elemen! Elemental Cost Analysis produced by ISI Elemental Cost Analysis Form. refer tp the building is divided into several particular t list as in the Manual for the Preparation of M. This list is also the standard list in the Table 7.5: Element list in the Manual for the Preparation of Elemental Cost Analysis, ISM Fe az i 4 | Code Element Yardstick Unit | 1A Piling Total length of piles m 1B | Works below lowest _ | floor finish Area of lowest floor measured as for GFA mt [2a | Frame Area of floors relating to frame measured as , for GFA _ m 2B | Upper floor Total area of upper floor m 2c | Roof | Total area of roof m | L - | 2D | Stairs _- - | 2E | External walls Area of external walls measured on outer face | | | (excluding openings) m QF Windows and Total area of windows and external doors 2 external doors measured over frames [om te | 26 | Internal walls and Total area of internal walls and partitions sl partitions (excluding openings) 2H_ | Internal doors | Area of internal doors measured over frames |_™ | 3A_| Wall finishes Total area of wall finishes 3B | Floor finish sor fini [oe loor finishes Total area of floor finishes | 3C_| Ceiling finishes Total area of ceiling finishes | m4 30 | External finishes - =} 4 | Fittings and furnishings = | = = 5A _| Sanitary appliances | Number of ‘draw-off points’ | Ne 5B | Plumbing installation - | 4 5C | Refuse disposal - Le 152 2PRELIMINARY ESTIMATES Element Yardstick Unit Air-conditioning and ventilation systems: | Electrical installation Cube of treated space Tm? 5E | = 5F | Fire protection ~ _ installation [56_| Liftand conveyor oT - | installation 5H | Communication OO installation Special installation Builder's profit and attendance on services [SL | Builder's workin | connection with | services i | 6A | Site work “| - = _ 88 | Drainage i - = L 6C | Extemal services | - = 6D | Ancillary building = = | 6E Recreational facilities _ = Source: 153 Manual for the Preparation of Elemental Cost Analysis, ISM, 1985