Normal Shock Waves

Recall

P
P0
?

P* ? ?
?
?
P0

Distance along nozzle

● Complete isentropic solution is impossible for some boundary

conditions ( ???), i.e; for some Pb values ???.

● If Solutions are to be found, a new PHENOMENON must be

introduced;

Discontinuity ?? Shock Wave ??

● It has been observed and seen that at SUPERSONIC speeds, very

rapid changes in the properties of the flow may occur, mainly:

Pressure Velocity

Shock Wave

30
 Schlieren Photo of
"Supersonic Flow Past X15 flight, M=3.5"

Schlieren Photo of
"Supersonic Flow Past Blunt Body"

31
● Normal shock waves ?

● Oblique shock waves ?

● Curved shock waves ?

● Thickness of N.S.W. is of the order of 0.3  m

● We are normally interested in the flow properties on both sides of the
shock wave, don't care much about what happens inside the shock.

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 Governing Relations of NSW

x y

Vx Vy
N. S. W.

Energy Equation:
2
Vx2 V
hx   h y  y  ho
2 2 (1)

"Adiabatic, No work & Steady"

Continuity Equation:

m
x Vx   y Vy  (2)
A

Momentum Equation:

px  p y A  m Vy  Vx 
p x  x Vx2  p y   y Vy2 (3)

State Equations:
h  h s,  (4)
s  s p, 
(5)

33
Fanno Line ?
If conditions at x are fixed, and we are h ox  h oy  h o
to calculate conditions at y, equations (1),
(2), and (4) define a locus of states passing
through x. This locus is called Fanno Line
h

i.e.;
● Choose Vy 
m
A
 const.
● Calculate y from (2)
● Calculate hy from (1)
s
● Calculate sy from (4)
● Repeat for other values of Vy

Notes:

m
● Fanno Line is a line of constant & ho
A
● To pass along Fanno Line, frictional effects are required !??

Rayleigh Line ?
It is similar to Fanno Line, but using equations (2), (3), and (5)

Notes:
● Rayleigh Line is a line of constant h

m 
& F
A
● To pass along Rayleigh Line,
heat transfer effects are required !?? 
m
A
 const.

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Intersection of Fanno & Rayleigh Lines

h ox  h oy

h Fanno
y
ds = 0

Shock
Rayleigh

● Since N.S. must satisfy eqns (1), (2), (3), (4), & (5), and as well, must
intersection points x & y

 Shock wave must lie on both lines; i.e points x & y must lie on the
shock wave.

● Direction of shock wave is from x to y, why ?

Note:
● The points of maximum s on both Fanno & Rayleigh lines are of
sonic velocity, show that.

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 Normal Shock in a Perfect Gas
● For a perfect gas, the energy equation is:

Vx2 Vy2
c p Tx   c p Ty   c p To
2 2

Or, simply is: Tox  Toy  To

● It can be shown that:

2
M 2x 
M 2y  k 1
2k
M 2x  1
k 1
py 2k k 1
 M 2x 
px k 1 k 1

 k  1 2   2k 
 1 Mx   M 2x  1
Ty 

2   k 1 
Tx k  1 M 2
2

2k  1
x

 y Vx p y Ty
 
 x Vy p x Tx
 . . . f M 2x , k  
p oy
p ox

A*x
A*y

 . . . f M 2x , k 
p oy
px

 . . . f M 2x , k 

Working Formulas, Charts & Tables

● For any Mx & k ,
p y Ty  y Vy poy p
My , , , , , , and oy
p x Tx x Vx pox px

can be calculated using the previous formulas or read from the charts or
tables

36
● Charts and tables are called Normal Shock Charts & Normal
Shock Tables

Working Chart of Normal Shock

Perfect Gas (air), k = 1.4

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 Table of Normal Shock
Perfect Gas (air), k = 1.4

Vx/Vy Ax*/Ay*
Mx My py/px or Ty/Tx or poy/px
y/x poy/pox
1 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.89293
1.01 0.99013 1.02345 1.01669 1.00665 0.99999 1.91521
- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
1.05 0.95321 1.11958 1.08398 1.03284 0.99986 2.00825

5.00 0.41523 29.00000 5.00000 5.80000 0.06172 32.65347

10 0.38758 116.50000 5.71429 20.38750 0.00304 129.21700

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Example:
A Stream of air with M = 2, p = 70 kPa, and T = 270 K passes through a
normal shock wave, calculate: (a) Final velocity (b) Final stagnation
pressure

Given:
x y
Mx  2
Vy  ?
p x  70 kPa
poy  ?
Tx  270 K

Ty
For M x  2, enter N. S. tables & read M y  0.57735,  1.6875,
Tx
poy
and  5.64004
px

 Ty  (270)(1.6875)  455.63 K
, poy  (70)(5.64004)  394.8 kPa
, Vy  M ya y  0.57735 1.4x 287 x 455.63  247.03 m/s

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 Supersonic Pitot Tube
It is used for measuring the velocity of a supersonic stream …

40
 p oy
M x 1
x y

curved shock
wave

p oy
Toy

T py

poy poy py px
Note that:  
px py px x

and recall that:

s
2
k M 2x 
poy  k  1 2  1 py 2k k 1 k 1
 1  My 
k
,  M 2x  , M 2y 
py  2  px k 1 k 1 2k
M 2x  1
k 1
poy p y p
 by substitutipng for , , and M y into the equality of oy , one gets :
py px px

k 1
poy k  1 2  k 1  2k k  1  k 1
 Mx   M 2x  
px  2   k 1 k  1

Rayleigh Supersonic Pitot-tube Formula

41
Notes:

1. To get Mx, poy & px are to be measured, how ?

2. Once poy & px are obtained, you can calculate Mx from Pitot-
tube Formula. You can, instead, read Mx off the Normal shock
tables.
3. The supersonic Pitot-tube formula indicates that the pressure ratio
(poy/px) depends only on the Mach number (Mx) and the gas type
(k). Illustrative plot of the above formula looks like:

Air (k=1.4)

p oy
px

Mx

42
Example:
A Pitot tube is inserted into a supersonic air stream, and records a
pressure of 0.7 bar. The static pressure upstream of the tube is 0.15 bar,
and the static temperature is 350 K. Calculate the flow velocity upstream
of the tube ?.

p x  0.15 bar
Tx  350 K poy  0.7 bar
Vx  ?
x y

poy 0.7 N. S. tables

  4.667 M x  1.8
p x 0.15
 Vx  M x c x  M x kRT
 1.8 1.4  287  350  675 m/s

NOTE:
If the Pitot tube was inserted in a subsonic air stream rather than a
supersonic stream, the stream velocity would have been calculated as
follows:
Bernoulli’s equation:
Total pressure = static pressure + dynamic pressure

po  p  2 V
1 2

2po - p  2 R T po - p  2  287  350 0.7 - 0.15

V   
 p 0.15
 858.3 m / s

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Converging-Diverging Nozzle Under Varying Back Pressure
Pe
M=1
Po Pb (variable)
To
*

(1)
I
(2)
P
P0 (3) II
(4)
P* (5) III
P0 (6)
IV
(7)
Distance along nozzle

IV III II I

(7) (6) (5) (4) (3) (2)

 T0
m
A *p 0 (1)
p*
p0
0
0 pb 1

Flow Regimes:
p0
I Flow is not choked yet, pe=pb
II Choked flow, pe= pb
III Choked flow, pe< pb
IV Choked flow, pe > pb
Note: case (6) ,where the nozzle is fully expanded and pe = pb,
is known as the Design Conditions of the Nozzle.

44
 Schlieren photographs of flow through CD nozzle

(a) Weak shock just downstream of throat

(b) Shock further downstream than in (a)
(c) Strong shock accompanied by flow separation
(d) Back pressure low enough to allow pure supersonic flow in the
diverging part

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