DEFENCE FORCES TECHNICAL COLLEGE

DIPLOMA IN MARINE ENGINEERING

PROJECT TITLE: DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF AUTOMATIC OPERATED JACK

PRESENTED BY: PHILEMON KIPKORIR

PROJECT NUMBER: 25051/306

COLLEGE NUMBER: 408101

INDEX NUMBER: 152290

PRESENTED TO: KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL IN PARTIAL

FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF DIPLOMA IN MARINE

ENGINEERING.

SUPERVISOR: Mr CAPTAIN BET

SERIES: AUGUST 2022

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DECLARATION

I declare that this project report is my original research work and to the best of my knowledge. It

has not been submitted anywhere for the award of diploma in equivalent course.

Signature…………………………………………………………..

Date …………………………………………………………………..

This project has been submitted to KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL with my

approval as the project supervisor.

Signature ………………………………………………………..

Date ………………………………………………………………………

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DEDICATION

This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life

throughout the period and to my friends for their support and moral care towards me. Also to my

mentor Mr captain bet for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield

them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavor Amen.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the

encouragement of my Instructors and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my

humble and able supervisor Mr Captain Bet for his kindness in supervising this project. My

warmest gratitude goes to DEFENCE FORCES TECHNICAL COLLEGE for their moral,

spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.

My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr Captain Bet and

……………. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of DEFTEC. Finally, my

appreciation goes to my colleagues and many others who were quite helpful.

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Table of Contents
DECLARATION.......................................................................................................................................ii
DEDICATION..........................................................................................................................................iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT........................................................................................................................iv
Abstract....................................................................................................................................................vii
CHAPTER ONE........................................................................................................................................1
1.0 INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................1
1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION..........................................................................................1
1.2 Objectives.........................................................................................................................................2
1.3 Project hypothesis............................................................................................................................2
1.4 Problem statement...........................................................................................................................3
1.5 Scope.................................................................................................................................................3
1.6 Methods of data collection..............................................................................................................3
1.6.1 Questionnaires..........................................................................................................................3
1.6.2 Secondary sources.....................................................................................................................4
1.6.3 Measurement.............................................................................................................................4
1.7 Significant of automatic jack......................................................................................................4
CHAPTER TWO.......................................................................................................................................6
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW...................................................................................................................6
2.1 BACKGROUND..................................................................................................................................9
2.2 EXISTING METHODS....................................................................................................................10
2.2.1 Pneumatic operated jack................................................................................................................10
2.2.2 Hand jack or ball fly jack...............................................................................................................12
2.2.3 Screw jack.......................................................................................................................................13
2.2.4 constant temperature hydraulic jack............................................................................................14
2.2.5 Manually operated hydraulic jack................................................................................................15
2.3 Operating principles of the Automatic operated jack.....................................................................16
CHAPTER THREE.................................................................................................................................22
3.0 METHODOLOGY........................................................................................................................22
3.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................................22
3.1.1 What Is a Hydraulic jack.......................................................................................................23
3.1.2 How Do jacks Work?..............................................................................................................24
3.1.3 What Types of jack Are There?.............................................................................................25

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 i. H-Frame........................................................................................................................................25
ii. Roll Frame...................................................................................................................................25
iii. Bench Frame........................................................................................................................25
iv. Arbor jacks/C-Frame..........................................................................................................26
3.2 Material Selection......................................................................................................................26
3.3 Interpretation of Block diagram...............................................................................................27
3.3.2 Safety Door:.............................................................................................................................28
3.3.3 Limit switch:...........................................................................................................................28
3.3.4 Manual control Valve:............................................................................................................28
3.3.5 Relief valve:.............................................................................................................................28
3.3.6 Pressure gauge:.......................................................................................................................28
3.3.7 Hydraulic cylinder:.................................................................................................................29
3.3.8 Oil tank:...................................................................................................................................29
3.3.9 Pressing Plate:.........................................................................................................................29
3.3.10 Bailing Compartment:..........................................................................................................29
3.3.4 Calculation of force.................................................................................................................29
3.4.1 Design analysis of some machine components:.....................................................................30
3.4.2 Machine frame........................................................................................................................30
3.4.3 Determination of volume of hydraulic tank..........................................................................30
3.4.4 Design of Block of automatic operated jack..........................................................................30
3.4.5 Determination of weight of the piston of the Hydraulic press.............................................32
3.4.6 Determination of the weight of the jack cylinder.................................................................32
3.4.7 Determination of oil flow rate................................................................................................33
3.5.0 Machine fabrication process..................................................................................................34
3.6.0 Design parameters..................................................................................................................36
3.6.1 Design of hydraulic jack.........................................................................................................38
3.6.2 Design calculation...................................................................................................................38
3.6.3 Motor specification.........................................................................................................................40
3.6.4 spring specification.................................................................................................................40
3.6.5 Motor specification.................................................................................................................41
CHAPTER FOUR...........................................................................................................................44
4.1 Data analysis..............................................................................................................................44
4.1.2 The hydraulic press machine.................................................................................................44
4.2.0 Related Reports. 4.2.1 Hydraulic Cylinder Market.............................................................44

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 4.3 Project findings..........................................................................................................................45
4.4 Recommendations......................................................................................................................45
4.5 Conclusion..................................................................................................................................45
4.6 Bills of Quantity.................................................................................................................................46
Reference..................................................................................................................................................47

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Abstract

With the increasing levels of technology, the efforts are being put to produce any kind of work

that has been continuously decreasing. The efforts required in achieving the desired output can

be effectively and economically be decreased by the implementation of better designs. Power

screws are used to convert rotary motion into reciprocating motion. An object lifting jack is an

example of a power screw in which a small force applied in a horizontal plane is used to raise or

lower a large load. In this fabricated model, an electric motor will be integrated with the object

lifting jack and the electricity needed for the operation will be taken from the d.c battery and

thereby the mechanical advantage will be increased.

A screw jack is a portable device consisting of a screw mechanism used to raise or lower the

load. The principle on which the screw jack works is similar to that of an inclined plane. There

are mainly two types of jacks-hydraulic and mechanical.

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 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Our research survey in this regard revealed that in several automobile garages , revealed the facts

that mostly some difficult methods were adopted in lifting the vehicles for reconditioning, repair

and maintenance. This fabricated model has mainly concentrated on this difficulty, and hence a

suitable device has been designed, such that the vehicle and heavy objects can be lifted from

floor land without the application of impact force. The fabrication part of it has been considered

with almost case for its simplicity and economy, such that this can be accommodated as one of

its essential tools on automobile garages. The object lifting jack has been developed to cater to

the needs of small and medium automobile garages, which are normally man powered with

minimum skilled labour. In most of the garages the vehicles are lifted by using screw jack. This

needs high man power and skilled labour. In order to avoid all such disadvantages, the automated

motorized object lifting jack has been designed in such a way that it can be used to lift the

vehicle very smoothly without any impact force. The operation is made simple so that even

unskilled labour can use it with ease. The d.c motor is coupled with the lead screw by gear

arrangement; the lead screw rotation depends upon the rotation of d.c motor. This is an era of

Automation where it is broadly defined as replacement of manual effort by mechanical power in

all degrees of automation. The operation remains to be an essential part of the system although

with changing demands on physical input, the degree of mechanization is increased.

1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION

The automatic operated jack has been developed to cater to the needs of small and medium

automobile garages, which are normally man powered with minimum skilled labor. In most of

the garages, the vehicles are lifted by using screw jack. This needs high work force and skilled
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labor.In order to avoid all such disadvantages, the automatic operated jack has been designed in

such a way that it can be used to lift the vehicle very smoothly without any impact force. The

operation is made simple so that even unskilled labor can use it with ease.

The d.c motor is coupled with the screw jack by a gear arrangement. The screw jack shaft’s

rotation depends upon the rotation of D.C motor. This is a simple type of automation project.

This is an era of automation where it is broadly defined as replacement of manual effort by

mechanical power in all degrees of automation. The operation remains to be an essential part of

the system although with changing demands on physical input, the degree of mechanization is

increased.

1.2 Objectives

 To achieve mass production

 To reduce man power

 To increase efficiency of the plant.

 To increase production cost.

 To reduce production time

 To reduce material handling

 To reduce the fatigue of workers

 To achieve good production quality

1.3 Project hypothesis

 To design, fabricate and test a automatic operated jack using a jack and a motor as the

main hydraulic mechanism.

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  To reduce the cost of purchasing automatic operated jack in that the materials are locally

available and are relatively cheap.

 To increase the speed of the work in the workshop done by the automatic operated jack

and also reduce the human effort that would have otherwise been used when doing

manually.

1.4 Problem statement

The jack can be raised and lowered with a metal bar that is inserted into the jack. The operator

turns the bar with his hands in a clockwise direction. This turns the screw inside the jack and

makes it go up. The screw lifts the small metal cylinder and platform that are above it. As the

jack goes up, whatever is placed above it will rise as well, once the jack makes contact. The bar

is turned until the jack is raised to the level needed. To lower the jack the bar is turned in the

opposite direction. An automatic screw jack has gears inside the jack that are connected to the

screw. These gears are connected by other gears and bars that are turned by a power source to

raise and lower the jack.

Automatic jack mainly consists of a screw, a nut, thrust bearings, and a body. A stationary

platform is attached to the top of the screw. This platform acts as a support for the load and also

assists it in lifting or lowering of the load. These jacks are sturdier than the scissor jacks and can

lift heavier loads.

1.5 Scope

The basic purpose of the motorized hydraulic press machine is to conduct the pressing operations

in the dockyard in a fast and accurate manner. The research area of study was Kenya Navy fleet

where the press machines are manually operated and are very slow. The area of research was

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also covered in Kenya Ferry where the technicians also encountered such situations in the area of

work.

1.6 Methods of data collection

1.6.1 Questionnaires

A good number of questionnaires were dispatched to workshops in the Kenya Navy Dockyard

and other workshops such as African Marine and General Engineering Company limited

(AMGECO) and Southern Engineering Company (SECO). For determination of useful data on

how the press machine.

1.6.2 Secondary sources

A number of textbooks, manuals and the internet enabled the designer to obtain useful

information for the design of a motorized hydraulic press machine.

1.6.3 Measurement

The design was involved in a lot of measurement work during the designing of a motorized of

hydraulic press machine and specifying its components, also measured the distance of the ram

and the speed of the motor in which it will drive the driven wheel.

1.7 Significant of automatic jack

 Automatic operated jack has a large load carrying capacity.

 The overall dimensions of the Automatic motor operated jack are small, resulting in a

compact construction.

 Automatic operated jack is simple to design

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 The manufacturing of Automatic operated jack is easy without requiring specialized

machinery Square threads are turned on lathe. Trapezoidal threads are manufactured on a

thread-milling machine.

 Automatic operated jack provides large mechanical advantage. A load of 15 kN can be

raised by applying an effort as small as 400N. Therefore, most of the Automatic motor

operated jack used in various applications like screw-jacks, clamps, valves and vices are

usually manually operated.

 Automatic operated jack provide precisely controlled and highly accurate linear motion

required in machine tool applications.

 Automatic operated jack give smooth and noiseless service without any maintenance.

 There are only a few parts in the power screw. This reduces cost and increases reliability.

 Automatic motor operated jack can be designed with the self-locking property. In screw-

jack application, self-locking characteristic is required to prevent the load from

descending on its own.

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 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

The research survey revealed that few methods were adopted to lift the vehicle for

reconditioning, repairing and others. This hydraulic jack has mainly focused on this difficulty.

Therefore, a suitable device has been designed for lifting the vehicle without apply any impact

force. The device has been considered for simple and economy therefore it is one of the

important and essential equipment in automobile service center is which required minimum

skilled technician are. In many auto service center’s vehicles are lifted by using screw jack, to

avoid this automatic hydraulic jack may be utilized in lifting the vehicles easily without impact

force. Even unskilled operator can operate this. The DC motor is joined with the lead screw by

the help of gear arrangement and lead screw rotation depending on the rotation of the above-

mentioned DC motor. The lead screw is considered as an inclined plane with inclination α. When

the load is being raised or lowered, following forces act at a point on this inclined plane.

2.3 Components of fabricated model

The main parts of the automated motorized object lifting jack are as follows:

1.3.1 D.C motor

An electric motor is a machine which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Its

action is based on the principle that when a current carrying conductor is placed on a magnetic

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field, it experiences a magnetic force whose direction is given by Fleming’s left hand rule. When

a motor is in operation, it develops torque. This torque can produce mechanical rotation. D.C

motors are also like generators classified into shunt wound or series wound or compound wound

motors.

1.3.2 Lead Screw

A lead screw is a portable device consisting of s screw mechanism used to raise or lower the

load. The lead screw can be short, tall, fat or thin depending on the amount of pressure they will

be under and space that they need to fit into. It is made of various types of metals but the screw

itself is made of lead. A large amount of heat is generated in it and long lifts can cause serious

overheating. To retain the efficiency, it must be used under ambient temperatures, otherwise

lubricants must be applied. These are oil lubricants intended to enhance the equipment’s

capabilities. Apart from proper maintenance, to optimize the capability and usefulness of lead

screw it is imperative to employ it according to its design and construction.

1.3.3 Batteries

In isolated systems away from the grid, batteries are used for storage of excess solar energy

which can be converted into electrical energy. In fact for small units with output less than one

kilowatt, batteries seem to be less the only technically and economically available storage means.

Since both the photovoltaic system and batteries are high in capital costs , it is necessary that the

overall system be optimized with respect to available energy and local demand pattern.

1.3.4 Ball bearing

This is a type of rolling element bearing that uses balls to maintain the separation between the

bearing races. The purpose of a ball bearing is to reduce rotational friction and support and radial

and axial loads. It achieves this by using atleast two races to contain the balls and transmit the

loads through the balls.

1.3.5 Spur gears

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These are designed to transmit motion and power between parallel shafts which are the most

economical gears in the power transmission industry. Two types are used in this model:

1.3.5.1.Internal spur gear

These spur gears are turned inside out. In other words, the teeth are cut into the inside diameter

while the outside diameter is kept smooth. This design allows for the driving pinion to rotate

internal to the gear, which, in turn, allows for clean operation. Intended for light duty

applications, these are gears always available only in

brass. When choosing a mating spur gear always remember that the difference in the number of

teeth between the internal gear and pinion should not be less than 12 or 15.

1.3.5.2 External spur gear

Perhaps the most often used and simplest gear system, external spur gears are cylindrical gears

with straight teeth parallel to the axis. They are used to transmit rotary motion between parallel

shafts and the shafts that rotate in opposite directions. They tend to be noisy at high speeds as the

two gear surfaces come into contact at once.

1.3.6 Limit Switch

It is a switch operated by the motion of a machine part or presence of an object. It is used for

control of a machine, as safety interlocks, or to count objects passing a point. It is a

electromechanical device that consists of an actuator mechanically linked to a set of contacts.

When an object comes into contact with the actuator, the device operates the contacts to make or

break an electrical connection. It is used in a variety of applications and environments because of

their ruggedness, ease of installation, and reliability of operation. It can determine the

presence or absence, passing, positioning and end of travel of an object. It was first used to

define the limit of travel of an object, hence the name ‘limit switch.’

1.3.7 Control switch

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It is used in order to start or stop the entire operation of the object lifting jack. The type of switch

that is used is known as a toggle switch. The toggle switch is a class of electrical switches that

are manually actuated by a mechanical lever, handle, or rocking mechanism..This is designed to

provide the simultaneous actuation of multiple sets of electrical contacts, or the control of large

amounts of electric current or mains voltages.

1.3.8 Control cables

These are used in order to connect the battery to the motor and the switch.

1.3.9 Base and Frame

A base for the entire set-up has also been made. The motor is mounted on an inverted U shaped

support frame. Ball rollers are attached to four ends of the base for movement and are electrically

controlled by switch.

2.2 BACKGROUND

A Hydraulic machine is a machine that uses hydraulic fluid to generate a compressive force. The

top and bottom segment has to resist the force generated while pressing operation and it is

significant to calculate the mechanical properties like total deformation and stress developed on

the machine. The machine is designed and fabricated for this special purpose of loading only the

load capacity of 10tonnes. In this automatic operated jack the observation was that the

deformation is high and the optimization of cylinder and tie rod are analyzed by using analysis

system (ANSYS).

The objective of this project is to reduce the weight and cost of the pressing machine in the

quality of output in the component of the machine. The size and shape of the machine is such

that it not only provides safe operation but also the working stress and deformation do not exceed

9
specific limit. It depends upon Pascal’s principle that is; the pressure throughout an enclosed

system is constant.

There exists several types of hydraulic press machines, which are used in the workshops. Some

of the existing press machines are expensive or ineffective.

2.2 EXISTING METHODS

2.2.1 Pneumatic operated jack.

A pneumatic operated jack is a machine using a pneumatic cylinder to generate a compressive

force. Frame, pneumatic cylinder and press table are the main components of the pneumatic

press with various attachments. An air compressor is a heart of the pneumatic system. An air

compressor pressurizes the atmospheric air with the help of an electric motor. Atmospheric air is

forced in large quantity into a storage tank and by that, pressure is increased. When the pressure

in the tank is reached to the upper limit, the air compressor is shutoff. This compressed air is held

in the tank under pressure until it is required for use.

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Advantages

1. A Wide Range of Designs

There are many different types of hydraulic jack suitable for different applications. Some of the

different types of jack are; Vertical H-frame style, C-frame jack, Horizontal jack, Movable table

jack, Tire jack, Movable frame presses, and Lab jack.

Each design is also available with single or double acting work head, and manual, air or electric

operation. The hydraulic jack is extremely versatile!

 2. Smooth jack

Hydraulics give you smooth, even pressure throughout the ram stroke. This allows tonnage to be

achieved at any point of the ram travel unlike mechanical presses where you only get the tonnage

is at the bottom of the stroke.

 3. Feel the Pressure

Arbor jack are great when the application requires “feel” for manually pressing

items at lower pressures, as well as low production parts. 

4. Pressure Control

Many hydraulic jack have pressure relief valves available. You can dial in whatever pressure you

require and the press will repeat that preset pressure consistently taking the guesswork out of the

equation of too much or too little pressure.

 5. Lifting and Pressing Ability

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Many jacks feature double acting cylinders which means you have lifting force as well as

pressing forces. Any tooling attached to the ram can easily be raised with double acting cylinder.

6. Adaptability

Hydraulic jack can be adapted to your applications. Some common adaptations include;

traversing work heads, pressure control, nose pieces, dual palm buttons, daylight modifications,

and more.

7. Simple Design

Hydraulic jack are simple in design, easy to operate and, when used and maintained properly,

will last for many years with trouble free operation.

Disadvantages

i. Using of cylinders in pneumatic system that are very large and hence the heavy load is

not suitable for pneumatic system.

ii. The main source of pneumatic system is compressed air. In working condition,

sometimes the volume of air is compressed or heated. This causes inaccurate supply of

compressed air, thus causing losses in the system and affects the overall system

performance.

iii. It is not very convenient for a small scale industry. In a point of cost, place and number of

skilled workers, which are producing less number of parts and for that one have to

perform number of operations on same components and on same machine.

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2.2.2 Hand jack or ball fly jack

This type jack machine is operated by hand. The main parts of the hand jack machine are the

frame, ram, nut and screw, iron ball, handle, punch and die. The frame of the machine is rigid

‘C’ shaped casting. The typical shape of the frame leaves the front open, which facilitates the

feeding of the sheet metal below the ram from the side of the machine.

Disadvantages

 Not very good for drawing a billet. Even if you make yourself an aggressive drawing die,

it just takes too long to wind up the wheel and squeeze the steel.

 It is manually operated that makes it inconvenient for work that requires speedy

operation.

 Too heavy on small parts(steel and titanium)

2.2.3 Screw jack

Screw jack use the rotational energy of a motor to turn a large screw. Typically, a friction disk is

used to translate the force from the drive shaft to the screws head. The screw presses are similar

to hydraulic presses in that they are relatively slow and require a longer contact with the work.

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 Disadvantages

 Relatively slow compared to the motorized hydraulic press machine.

 At one pressing, process flow in the screw press is continuously replaced after each

stroke.

2.2.4 constant temperature hydraulic jack.

Hot jack is a metallurgical process that involves high pressure, low strain rate for forming

of a powder compact at a high temperature capable of inducing pressing process. `Hot

pressing is achieved with a hot hydraulic press (hydraulic jack equipped with a heater).

While the hydraulic press is responsible for the compression operation by exerting high

compressive force, the heating device supplies the needed heat for the heating operation.

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 Components

I. Hydraulic cylinder: provides the needed pressure required for the pressing operation of

the device.

II. Pressure gauge: The pressure gauge indicates the pressure value as the hydraulic jack

piston is being raised.

III. Hydraulic pump: This component creates the vacuum needed to force the movement of

the hydraulic fluid from the reservoir to the hydraulic jack supply port.

IV. Temperature control device: The temperature control device supplies a variable

current from 4000Wto the plates and they are two in number.

V. Rollers: Provides mobility for the device.

VI. Base plate: This houses all other components of the press machine. The base plate is

fitted with tires to aid mobility.

Disadvantages

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 i. Temperature builds up above 82`C(180F) can degrade and oxidize the hydraulic fluid,

make it more viscous and deposit sludge at the bottom of the cylinder. This lessens the

systems lubrication, blocks relief valves and can seize up operations.

ii. It is not suitable for long distance transmission and requires hydraulic energy.

iii. Poor resistance to working fluid pollution

iv. Difficult manufacturing and high cost.

2.2.5 Manually operated hydraulic jack.

A manual hydraulic jack comprise of a frame, cylinder and piston, two threaded studs,

hydraulic pump and hose, work piece support. A manual hydraulic press contains two

cylinders, which are connected to one another. Each cylinder contains hydraulic fluid and

one is larger than the other. The larger cylinder is known as the ram and the small one is

known as the plunger. The pressure between the plunger and the ram then works to crush

the item placed between them.

Disadvantages

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 I. It has low operational speed.

II. There are chances of hydraulic fluid leakage.

III. Hydraulic lines could burst due to excessive pressure.

IV. Handling of hydraulic oil can be messy.

2.3 Operating principles of the Automatic operated jack.

Jack is a mechanical device used to lift heavy loads or apply great forces. Available jacks present

difficulties for the elderly people and women and are especially disadvantageous under adverse

weather conditions. Presently available jacks further require the operator to remain in prolonged

bent or squatting position to operate the jack, which is not ergonomic to human body. It will give

physical problems in course of time. Moreover, the safety features are also not enough for

operator to operate the present jack. Furthermore, available jacks are typically large, heavy and

also difficult to store, transport, carry or move into the proper position under an automobile.

The purpose of this project is to overcome these problems. An electric car jack, which has a

frame type of design by using electricity from the car, will be developed. Operator only needs

to press the button from the controller without working in a bent or squatting position for a long

period of time to change the tire.. The major parts are;

 Hydraulic Jack

 Motor

 Connecting bar

 Cam

 Ram

 Return springs

 Release valve

 Column

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 Bed

 Gears (driver and driven)

1. Hydraulic jack

Hydraulic jack is a device that is used to lift and is controlled with hydraulic control.

Hydraulic jack working is based on Pascal’s principle. That is, the pressure applied to a

fluid stored in a container will be distributed equally in all directions.

www.google.com

2. Electric Motor

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 The electric motor will aid in the jacking process in that the pumping piston will be

connected to the motor and as it rotates, the rotation will be converted to reciprocating

motion by the cam in the driven gear.

www.google.com

3. BELT

The belt connects the driver wheel and the driven gear to help in transmission of motion

from the motor.

4. CAM

The cam is connected to the driven gear where it aid in converting rotary motion to

reciprocating motion that drives the piston whereby after jacking causes the motion of the

ram that in turn causes the pressing.

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5. RETURN SPRINGS

The return spring helps to return the ram in position after the pressing activity. The

springs are connected to the column and is used to restrain the ram back into position.

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 www.google.com

6. BED

The bed is used to hold the work piece. It is made of steel because it is incredibly sturdy

and can handle high compression loads.

www.google.com

7. Connecting bar

The connecting bar links the pumping piston to the driven wheel through the cam.it also

transmit the reciprocating motion of the driven wheel to the pumping piston that results to

the motion of the ram from the jack.

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 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

The load on the screw is the load which is to be lifted W, twisting moment M, between the screw

threads and force F at the handle to rotate the screw. The load W is compressive in nature and

induces the compressive stress in the screw. It may also lead the screw to buckle. The load F

produces bending and it is maximum, when the screw is at its maximum lift. The screw also

experiences twisting moment due to F, the shear stress is also induced in the screw due to the

twisting moment between the threads of screw and nut.

Step I Problem Specification

It is required to design an object lifting jack for supporting the machine parts during their repair

and maintenance. It should be a general purpose jack with a load carrying capacity of 50 KN and

a maximum lifting height of 0.3m. The jack is so operated by means of a D.C motor.

Step II Selection of Materials

i)The frame of the object-lifting jack has complex shape. It is subjected to compressive stress.

Grey cast iron is selected as the material for the frame. Cast iron is cheap and it can be given any

complex shape without involving costly machining operations. Cast iron has higher compressive

strength compared with steel.

Therefore, it is technically and economically advantageous to use cast iron for the frame.

(ii) The screw is subjected to torsional moment, compressive force and bending moment. From

strength Consideration, EN8 is selected as material for screw.

(iii) There is a relative motion between the screw and the nut, which results in friction. The

friction causes wear at the contacting surfaces. When the same material is used for these two

components, the surfaces of both components get worn out, requiring replacement. This is

22
undesirable. The size and shape of the screw make it costly compared with the nut. The material

used for the nut is stainless steel.

Step III Design of object lifting jack

The object lifting jack is an intermittently use device and wear of threads is not an important

Consideration. Therefore, instead of trapezoidal threads, the screw is provided with square

threads. Square threads have higher efficiency and provision can be made for self-locking

arrangement. When the condition of self-locking is fulfilled, the load itself will not turn the

screw and descend down, unless an effort in the reverse direction is applied.

3.1.1 What Is a Hydraulic jack

A hydraulic press is a device used to press out materials, aiding facilities in fabrication, assembly

and maintenance. It employs pressure generated by a pump to push a steel cylinder into a

material at a set force.

The main parts of a press include:

 A frame that holds the press together and gives it strength, with different frame shapes

used for various pressing applications

 A table or bolster, which supports the material as it is pressed and can often be

repositioned to properly line up materials with the press

 A hydraulic steel cylinder or ram, which is extended to apply force to compress parts or

separate them.

 A pump that uses hydraulic fluid to create pressure that drives the cylinder to create a

specific force output.

23
Presses are used in a variety of facilities and applications where materials need to be pressed

together or separated. Presses are typically used to press two things together or press two things

apart, such as bearings, other shaft fitted metal parts or to bend or straighten materials. Certain

smaller presses, such as C-frame presses, can also be used to hold materials together during

assembly or to disassemble parts for maintenance.

3.1.2 How Do jacks Work?

While there are many different types of jacks, each hydraulic jack works in essentially the same

way. Jacks are powered by a hydraulic pump, which can be manual, pneumatic or electric

depending on the application and press size. Pumps create a fixed pressure that determines the

force of the press, rated in tons. Once engaged, the pressure created by the pump forces the

pressing cylinder to extend. This cylinder makes contact with the material, pressing against it

with a set force controlled by the pump.

Once pressure is removed, the cylinder retracts to its housing. The process is repeated with each

press operation. In larger scale pressing operations, or when a press is frequently used, pumps

may be electric- or air-operated to reduce the need for a press operator to control the pressure by

hand. Operators may also set the press and the bolster one time and complete repetitive tasks

without the need to constantly realign or adjust the press.

Varying the pump type that you choose to create more or less power allows press force to be

controlled. The most basic pump is a hand-operated model, used for low-volume, low-force tasks

such as folding metal or placing bearings. Hand pumps allow the press to move as quickly as you

pump, while electric and air pumps can provide more consistent, even force. Operators set up a

press before each application, so that the right force, alignment and spacing are achieved. Presses

need to be adjusted when materials or parts are changed.

24
3.1.3 What Types of jack Are There?

i. H-Frame

H-frame jacks are large floor units that combine a steel frame, a press cylinder, a pump and a

movable bolster—forming an "H" shape. These presses can be used for a variety of applications,

including in repair and maintenance facilities and on production lines for assembly. H-frame

jacks are typically paired with hand pumps for low-volume applications, with air pumps in

facilities where pressurized air is available or with electric pumps for consistent operation.

Cylinder size can also vary depending on the force needed and the application.

ii. Roll Frame

While similar to H-frame jacks, roll frame jacks feature a table that can be several feet long to

accommodate large materials, at the bottom of the jack frame. Depending on the model, either

the table or the jacks frame can move, allowing operators to make more calculated presses when

working with large or complex materials. Roll frame press operators will often use a forklift or

an overhead lifting system to move materials onto the press, and slide either the frame or the

table (depending on model) to align the press and materials appropriately, explains Kurt Huber,

Senior Global Products Manager for Tools at Enerpac, a global manufacturing company that

produces hydraulic jacks. Roll frame presses allow operators to bring materials down safely and

slide them into the jack, rather than risk an accident with a large work piece.

iii. Bench Frame

Like H-frame jacks, bench frame presses combine a jack cylinder with a steel frame. Bench

frame jacks are smaller than H-frame jacks, can mount to tabletops or workstations and often

feature hand pumps and removable cylinders. Facilities with higher-volume applications,

25
explains Huber, will often use bench frames to rapidly assemble bearings or other parts, saving

space when compared to larger H-frame models. They can also be used for lower-volume or

smaller fabrication tasks such as bending metal parts.

iv. Arbor jacks/C-Frame

Arbor presses and C-frame presses both take on a smaller, more mobile design than larger H-

frame models. These presses combine a solid steel frame with a removable cylinder. The major

difference between arbor and C-frame presses is that arbor frame models are designed to be

mounted onto a surface and feature mounting holes. Arbor frame presses can also handle higher

tonnages for more intense pressing applications. C-frame presses are designed to be more

portable and can be used to hold parts in place for assembly, or can be used to remove

components or mount to a bench for repetitive tasks such as bearing installation.

While hydraulic jacks all work the same way, they come in a range of types and sizes based on

your specific needs. Now that you know the types of hydraulic jacks and how they work, you

can choose the right one for your application.

3.2 Material Selection

In this design, the main components of the machine are made of mild steel. This is

because of its cost, availability and the ability to lend itself to the manufacturing process

employed.

Also, certain mechanical properties of metals have greatly influenced my decisions.

These properties include:

26
  Strength: it is the ability of a material to resist the externally applied force

without breakdown or yielding the internal resistance offered without breakdown

or yielding the internally applied force is called stress.

 Stiffness: It is the ability of a material to resist deformation under stress

 Hardness: it embraces difference properties such as resistance to water,

scratching, deformation and machinability

 Elasticity: it is the property of a material to regain original shape after

deformation when the external forces are removed.

 Toughness: It the ability to absorb energy without fracturing or rupturing.

3.3 Interpretation of Block diagram.

3.3.1 Diagram of motorized hydraulic press machine

 Safety Door

27
  Limit switch

 Manual control valve

 Electrical control box

 Relief valve

 Pressure gauge

 Hydraulic cylinder

 Motor

 Oil tank

 Pressing Plate

 Bailing Compartment

3.3.2 Safety Door:

Safety door is just like the correction gate when any accessories get damage than from this door

we can fix this.

3.3.3 Limit switch:

It is a switch that prevents the travel of an object in a mechanism past some predetermined point,

mechanically operated by the motion of the object itself.

3.3.4 Manual control Valve:

The operation is controlled manually with the help of the valve.

3.3.5 Relief valve:

When pressure is high exceeds the limit this valve is used to release or control the pressure

28
3.3.6 Pressure gauge:

It is fixed thereto measure the pressure.

3.3.7 Hydraulic cylinder:

This is a mechanical actuator which is used to give a unidirectional force through a

unidirectional stroke

3.3.8 Oil tank:

Here hydraulic oil is stored and supply.

3.3.9 Pressing Plate:

The main works of pressing plates are to provide pressure to the object and this plate having high

strength.

3.3.10 Bailing Compartment:

Here the work piece and placed and press according to the required shape and size.

3.3.4 Calculation of force

In achieving the aim of this work, component parts of the machine were designed using various

design equations. The design results were used to select materials for various components. The

detailed drawing of the developed hydraulic press machine was done using Pro E software. In

fabricating the machine, mild steel was used as the locally sourced material. The use of mild

steel is due to the fact that its strength, rigidity and machinability falls within the design

specifications. It is also available and cost effective.

29
3.4.1 Design analysis of some machine components:

Some components parts of the machine developed include; the frame (stand, base support,

column, top plate), cylinder mounting table, press pin, working table/bed, cylinder/ram

assembly, hydraulic tank, hand lever, pressure hose, pressure indicator and hydraulic pump.

3.4.2 Machine frame

A frame is a structure on which main units of a machine tool are assembled. For this work, the

frame was designed to accommodate ram assembly, hydraulic pump, oil thank, and working

table (bed). The design consideration is that of direct tension imposed on the pillars. Other frame

members are subjected to simple bending stresses.

3.4.3 Determination of volume of hydraulic tank

The volume of hydraulic tank was calculated from the Equation (1);

V=LWH

(1)

where L is the length of the tank in metres, W is the Width of the tank in metres, H is the height

of the tank in metres.

3.4.4 Design of Block of automatic operated jack

i. Lead Screw

The lead screw used as a linkage in a machine to turning motion into linear motion. The size and

shape (i.e. short, tall, fat & thin) of lead screw depends on the load under they work and space in

which they need to fit. Due to sliding contact of the lead screw, a large amount of heat is

30
generated. To overcome such problem and to increase efficiency it should be work under

ambient condition or lubricant must be applied.

ii. DC Motor

It is a machine which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. It works on the principle

of electromagnetic induction i.e. when current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field it

experiences a magnetic force whose direction is given by Flaming right-hand rule. The main

advantage of DC motor is that its direction of rotation can be changed by changing the polarity

of the power supply.

iii. Control Switch

This is the switch used to operate the DC motor by which the entire operation of the jack is to be

controlled. The commonly used switch is Toggle Switch. This switch is manually actuated by a

mechanical lever. These switches are designed in such a way that it can operate multiple sets of

electrical contacts.

iv. Control Cables

These cables are used to provide electrical connection to a various part of the system with the

battery.

v. Base and frame

It is a rigid construction on which all the parts are assembled.

3.4.4.1 Design and fabrication

Let the jack has a capacity of 1 ton and the load acting on the jack is of ¼ of a total load of the

vehicle. Therefore load acting on one wheel is from 300 to 500 kg, for safety consideration the

load assumes to be 400 Kg.

Load (W) = 400 Kg = 4000 N

Major Screw Diameter (do) = 12 mm

31
Pitch of Screw (p) = 3 mm

Mean diameter (dm) = 𝑑𝑜−(𝑝2) =12−(32) =10.5 𝑚𝑚

Lead (l) = pitch (p) = 3 mm ….(since screw is single star)

Let,

Lead angle (⍺) 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼=𝑙𝜋𝑑𝑚

3.4.5 Determination of weight of the piston of the Hydraulic press.

The weight of piston was determined from Equation (6)

Densityofmetal(ρ)=Massofmetal(m)Volumeofpiston(V)p

(6)

But density of metal ρm = 7850 kg/m3

Volume of piston (Vp)=πr2h

(7)

Mass of Piston, Mp=ρmVp

And WeightofPiston(Wp)=mpg

(8)

3.4.6 Determination of the weight of the jack cylinder.

The weight of jack cylinder was determined by applying Equation (9)

Weight of cylinder (Wc)=ρmVcg

32
 (9)

where Vc is the volume of cylinder

Vc=π(r22−r12)h

(10)

h is the height of cylinder, r1 is the internal radius, r2 is the outer radius.

3.4.7 Determination of oil flow rate.

Oil flow rate of the pump was determined using Equation (11):

Q=AV

(11)

where Q is the flow rate in m3/s, V is the velocity of flow in m/s, A is the area of pipe in m2.

Equation (12) was used to determine the hydraulic power of the machine

Hydraulic Power Ph=Qρgh

(12)

where Q is the flow rate in m3/s, ρ is the density of oil in kg/m3, g is the acceleration due to

gravity in m/s2, h is the differential head in metres (m).

33
3.5.0 Machine fabrication process.

The various processes used in the fabrication of this hydraulic jack machine include:

Measurement, Marking out, Cutting, Drilling, Welding, Fastening, Grinding and Painting.

Assembly and Welding of Machine Components

In welding various components of this machine together, electric arc welding technique was used

because of the ease of concentration of heat. Heat spread reduces buckling and warping. The heat

concentration also increases the depth of penetration and speeds up the welding operation. The

base which is made of U Channel mild steel was first set up. The base has a length of 840 mm,

breadth of 180 mm and thickness of 6 mm. The column which is made of four pieces of vertical

flat mild steel plate was welded to the base that has been set up. Each of the plate has length of

1650 mm (vertical height), breadth of 102 mm and thickness of 20 mm. They were all welded to

the base to form the column of the machine. Having done this, two pieces of flat mild steel plate

(length of 840 mm, breadth of 225 mm and thickness of 16 mm) were welded to the top part of

the frame. With all the major frame parts in firm position, the frame stand was welded to the base

of the frame to provide for stability of the machine during operations.

Three holes of 50 mm in diameter was made on each of the column. This is to give room for

adjustment of the bed (table). Also, a rectangular oil tank of (203.2 × 203.2 × 209.5) mm was

fabricated and welded to the Centre part of the column.

CAD Model

34
 S/N Design Factor Design Values

1 Volume of Hydraulic tank 0.00867 m3

2 Core diameter, dc 7 mm

3 External load acting on bolt and nut 28.3 KN

4 Initial tension in a bolt, Pi 14.5 N

5 Stress area 7.28 × 10−6 m2

6 Weight of piston, Wp 42.4 N

7 Weight of Cylinder, Wc 150 N

8 Velocity of flow of fluid, Vf 4.22 m/s

9 Oil flow rate, Q 0.00133 m3/s

10 Hydraulic Power, Ph 10.8 W

Table 1. Some designed values for the hydraulic press.

35
Figure 1.

Shear force and bending moment diagrams for a simply supported beam with a point load of 300

kN. of the machine frame. This tank serves as oil reservoir needed to pump the hydraulic pump.

A hand operated lever, which is made of mild steel rod of 610 mm length, and 25 mm thickness

was connected to oil tank with the aid of a pivot. SAERI2 Pressure hose was fitted to the

hydraulic oil tank in order to convey hydraulic oil from the tank to a single acting hydraulic

pump which is mounted on the top part of the frame. The hydraulic pump has a load capacity

of 30 tons. All the machine parts were firmly secured to ensure rigidity and support. The

finishing of the fabricated machine involves grinding the welded joints and painting with

emulsion paint.

3.6.0 Design parameters.

Load (W): It always acts in vertically downward direction.

Normal reaction (N): It acts perpendicular (normal) to the inclined plane.

36
Frictional force (µN): It acts opposite to the motion. When the load is moving the inclined plane,

frictional force acts along the inclined plane in downward direction and when the load is moving

down the inclined plane, frictional force acts along the inclined plane in upward direction

Effort(P): It acts in a direction perpendicular to the load (W). It may act towards right to

overcome the friction and raise the load.

When load is raised, For an equilibrium of horizontal forces, P = µN cos α + N sin α ….(1)

For an equilibrium of vertical forces, W = N cos α - µN sin α ….(2)

Dividing equation (1) by (2) we get,

P = W (µ cosα + sin α) ….(3)

cos α - µ sin α

The coefficient of friction µ is expressed as µ= tan θ ….(4)

Substituting equation (4) in (3) we get,

P = W tan (θ + α) ….(5)

The torque T required to raise the load is given by, T = tan (θ + α) ….(6)

When load is lowered,

For an equilibrium of horizontal forces, P = µN cos α - N sin α ….(7)

For an equilibrium of vertical forces, W = N cos α + µN sin α ….(8)

Dividing equation (7) by (8) we get,

P = W (µ cosα - sin α) ….(9)

cos α + µ sin α

Substituting equation (4) in (9) we get,

P = W tan (θ - α) ….(10)

The torque T required to raise the load is given by, T = tan (θ - α) ….(11)

37
3.6.1 Design of hydraulic jack

Inner diameter of cylinder = 45 mm

• Outer diameter of cylinder = 53 mm

• Thickness of the cylinder = 4 mm

• Pressure inside the cylinder = 9.43 N/mm²

• Maximum tensile strength = 210 N/mm²

•Factor of safety = 3

• Yield strength = 210/3

=70 N/mm²

3.6.2 Design calculation.

Nominal diameter of screw, d = 13.7 mm

Core diameter of screw, dc = 11 mm

Pitch of screw thread, p = 2 mm

Load W = 20 kg

Coefficient of friction, µ = 0.15

Mean diameter of screw, dm = 12.7 mm

Helix angle of screw, α = 2.680

Tangential force required at the circumference of the screw to raise the load µ = tan ø = 0.15

p = W × tan α + tan ø = 40.2 N

1- tan α.tan ø

Torque required to operate the screw = p × d + µrm

= 40.2 × (12.7/2) + (0.15 × 200 × 18)

= 825.27 N mm = 0.8257 Nm = 8.5 Kg cm

38
Efficiency of the screw = T0/T1

= 200×(12.7/2) = 27%

0.15×200×18+200×(12.7/2)

For lowering load (P) = W tan (α + ø)

= W × tan α + tan ø = 19.826 N

1-tan α.tan ø

Torque = p × d + µrm W= 0.662 N

Shear stress due to torque T1, τ = 16T1/ π(dc)3 = 825.27 N/mm2 = 3.15 N/mm2

Compressive stress due to axial load (σc) = W/A = 2.10 N/mm

Shear stress due to torque (σc max) = 0.5 [σc + σc2 + 4τ2 = 4.5 N/mm2 < 50 N/mm2

Maximum shear stress = 3.32 N/mm2 < 40 N/mm2

So, design is safe.

Spur Gear,

Gear Ratio = 1.75

Tp = 16 Tg = 28

Velocity ratio = 0.571

Np = 150 Ng = 85.714

Ap= 44.95 Ag= 73.45

Dp= 32.96 Dg= 61.80

Y = 0.175 - 0.841/no. of teeth

= π × m × Tp × Np = 40πm

160

Taking Cs = 1

Wt = P × Cs = 15.40×1 = 122.55

39
V 0.12566

3.6.3 Motor specification

Motor is 12vDC

Motor power- 300w /= 0.4HP

Motor rpm = 3000rpm

Motor toque =1N.M

3.6.4 spring specification.

All springs are constructed to have an initial tension, that force that keeps the coils together in a

set position. As a measurement, initial tension is the load or force necessary to overcome the

internal force to start coil separation. How to calculate spring tension, and its importance will

help to determine how effectively a spring will function in a particular application. Measuring

how much potential energy is stored in the spring and the force required to deform it must be

calculated.

Fs = kx

40
PEs = 1/2 k * x^2

Fs = spring force

k = spring constant (the spring constant (k) is defined as the ratio of the force affecting the spring

to the displacement caused by it).

x = change in spring length from starting position

PEs = Potential energy of the spring. (J)

3.6.5 Motor specification.

To calculate multiple pulley sets, where the first driven (large) pulley shaft drives the second

driver (small) pulley, and so on, enter first (small) driver pulley RPM and pulley set diameters

and centres separated by commas and - as shown below.

The RPM of the first driven (large) pulley is transferred to second set small (driver) pulley and

so on. The sets of pulleys will be drawn at the bottom of the page with each set RPM reductions

and total RPM reduction through all entered sets.

For a belt drive system, the motor torque required during constant velocity is simply the total

axial force (Fa) on the belt multiplied by the radius (r1) of the drive pulley.

Tc = torque required during constant velocity (Nm)

Fa = total axial force (N)

r1 = radius of drive pulley (mm)

η = efficiency of belt drive system

41
Notice that the efficiency (η) of the belt drive system is included in the torque equation. This

efficiency accounts for losses such as friction between the belt and pulleys. Also note that we’ve

assumed the drive and idler (driven) pulleys have the same radius, which is often the case for belt

driven linear motion systems.

Unlike screw drives, which often encounter axial forces due to external operations such as

pressing or drilling, belt drives aren’t designed to withstand external axial forces. So the total

axial force for a belt drive system consists only of the force required to move the load, which is

the weight (m*g) of the load (both the external load and the belt) multiplied by the coefficient of

friction (μ) of the guide supporting the load.

m = mass of moved load (external load plus belt) (kg)

g = gravity (m/s2)

μ = coefficient of friction of guide 

42
43
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 Data analysis.

The report on the automatic operated jack market provides a holistic update, market size and

forecast, trends, growth drivers, and challenges, as well as vendor analysis. This study identifies

the demand for fabricated metal in the automotive sector as one of the prime reasons driving the

hydraulic press machine market growth during the next few years. However, advances in sheet

hydroforming may hamper the market.

Technavio analyzes the market by End-user (Transportation, General Machinery, and Others)

and Geography (APAC, Europe, North America, MEA, and South America).

This report presents a detailed picture of the market of study, synthesis, and summation of data

from multiple sources by an analysis of key parameters.

4.1.2 The hydraulic press machine

 Automatic operated jack Market Sizing

 Automatic operated jack Market Forecast

 Automatic operated jack Market Analysis

4.2.0 Related Reports.

4.2.1 Hydraulic Cylinder Market

The hydraulic cylinder market size is expected to grow by Ksh 2..54 billion and records a CAGR

of 4.96% during 2021-2025.

44
4.2.2 Hydraulic Equipment Market -The hydraulic equipment market size is expected to reach

a value of USD 15.50 billion, at a CAGR of 4.71%, during 2021-2025

4.3 Project findings.

The screw jack is the best device lift the heavy load. It is necessary that the jack is portable, easy

to use, operate by any unskilled worker. It is desirable that it should be stable and can be

operated by switch quickly from inside the vehicle by safety point of view.

Our project helps to cover all the above parameter.

4.4 Recommendations.

The developed automatic operated jack was achieved by following the stated objectives of

this work. The machine developed was made from locally sourced materials. Mild steel was

used in fabricating majority of the components of the machine. One important feature of this

press machine is interchangeability of mould and die without dismantling the ram assembly.

4.5 Conclusion.

Object lifting jacks are the ideal product to push, pull, lift, lower and position loads of anything

from a couple of kilograms to hundreds of tonnes. The need has long existed for an improved

portable jack for automotive vehicles. it is highly desirable that a jack become available that can

be operated alternatively from inside the vehicle or from a location of safety off the road on

which the vehicle is located. Such a jack should be light enough and be compact enough so that

it can be stored in an automobile trunk, can be lifted up and carried

by most adults to its position of use, and yet be capable of lifting a wheel of a 4000-5000 pound

vehicle off the ground. Further, it should be stable and easily controllable by a switch so that

jacking can be done from a position of safety. It should be easily movable either to a position

45
underneath the axle of the vehicle or some other reinforced support surface designed to be

engaged by a jack. Thus, the product has been developed considering all the above requirements.

This particular design of motorized automated object lifting jack will prove to be beneficial in

lifting and lowering of heavy loads.

4.6 Bills of Quantity.

Serial Item Description Quantity Unit price Amount

number

01 Hydraulic 25tonnes (car jack) 1 15000 15000

system

02 .Internal spur Aluminum alloy or 1 1500 1500

gear carbon fiber

External spur

gear

03 Limit Switch 1.5mm 1 1000 1000

Control

switch

04 Electric 0.5 Horse power 1 9000 9000

motor

/Control

cables

05 Springs 1.7x0.25 2 500 1000

06 Flat bar 5Mx2inches thick 1 1000 1000

07 Pedal 9x20outside 1 2000 2000

crankshaft diameter 14.2mm

inside diameter

46
 13mm

08 Base and 8.8 gauge 10 20 200

Frame 3x1

09 Batteries 12V 1 1000 1000

10 C-channel 200mmx50mmx3m 5 1000 5000

columns

11 Lead Screw

Total Ksh.

14,450.00

Reference.

[1] M.M. Noor, K. Kadirgama and M.M. Rahman, Analysis Of Auto Car Jack, National
Conference in
Mechanical Engineering Research and Postgraduate Students, FKM Conference Hall, UMP,
Kuantan,
Pahang, Malaysia, 26-27 May 2010, 198-203.

[2] Mohd Abuzaid, Mohd Hasnain, Shabaj Alam, Sohail Khan and Surendra Agarwal, Inbuilt
Hydraulic jack
in Automobile vehicles, International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology,
2(2),2013,76-84.

[3] Tarachand G. Lokhande, Ashwin S. Chatpalliwar and Amar A. Bhoyar, Optimizing

Efficiency of Square
Threaded Mechanical Screw Jack by Varying Helix Angle, International Journal of Modern
Engineering
Research,.2(1), 2012, 504-508.

[4] P.S. Rana, P.H. Belge, N.A. Nagrare, C.A. Padwad, P.R. Daga, K.B. Deshbhratar and N.K.
Mandavgade,
European Journal of Applied Engineering and Scientific Research, 1 (4), 2012,167-172.
[5] Prashant Kumar Srivastav, Vipin Kumar Pandey, Shailesh Kumar Maurya, Ajit Tiwari,
Jawed Rafiq and
S.K. Dwivedi, Highly Efficient Motorized Screw Jack, International Journal of Computational
Engineering Research, 3(5), 2013, 35-41.
[6] A. S. Akinwonmi and A. Mohammed, Modification of the Existing Design of a Car Jack,
Journal of
Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences, 3 (4), 2012, 581-588.

47
[7] J.J. Ferreira, M.G. Boocock and M.I. Gray, Review of the risks associated with pushing and
pulling heavy
loads (Health and Safety Laboratory Broad Lane Sheffield S3 7HQ, 2004).

48