UNIT 9

Unit 12 and13 in the book

THE EMPIRE OF THE AUSTRIAS

Mónica Fuentes Jiménez
INDEX
1. CARLOS V and the origin of the Hispanic Empire.
1.1 DOMESTIC POLICY OF CARLOS V:
a) Revolt of Las Comunidades 1520-1522.
b) Revolt of Las Germanías 1519-1523
1.2 FOREIGN POLICY OF CARLOS V:
a) WAR AGAISNT FRANCE
b) DEFENSE OF CHRISTIANITY AGAINST THE TURKS
c) DEFENSE OF CATHOLICIMS AGAINST PROTESTANTISM in the Empire.
2. Felipe II, a new Hispanic Empire.
2.1 Government and administration of Felipe II
2.2 Internal problems
a) Revolt of los moriscos of Granada and Alpujarras War 1568-1570.
b) Rebelion of Aragón 1590-1592. “Antonio Pérez”
3. War and rebelion in Europe
a) Rebelion of the Lowlands– Conflict 1568-1648.
b) Continue the war with France until 1557
c) Turks
4. Los Austrias in the 17th century: loss of territories and end of the dinasty.
4.1 Internal decadence
a. The favourites
b. Bankruptcy
c. Centralization project by Olivares and Crisis of 1640
4.2 FOREING POLICY CRISIS: loos of territories and supremacy in Europe.
a. Thirty Years War - Guerra de los Treinta Años
b. War with France
JUANA I DE CASTILLA 1506-1516
When Isabel La Católica died in1504, the heir to all her territories was Juana I de
Castilla, that together with her husband Felipe I “El Hermoso” goberned from 1504
to 1506. When Felipe died, Fernando el Católico would became regent of Castilla up
to his death in del hijo de 1516 when the son of Juana and heir Carlos V will be
crowned.
• http://www.rtve.es/alacarta/videos/isabel/isabel-estaba-juana-loca-preparada-para-
reinar/2883478/
1. CARLOS V and the origin of the Hispanic Empire
CARLOS I, an universal empire
With the arrival to the Iberian Peninsula of the new Habsburg (or Austria)
dinasty, the same king, Carlos V, ocupied for the first time the thrones of
Castilla, Aragón and Navarra, what configured the future Spain.
Carlos I of Spain (1516-1556) and V of Germany, inheritated vast
territories:

INHERITANCE OF CARLOS I:
→MOTHER(Reyes Católicos): Castilla, the
Indias and Navarra, and Aragón with the
Italian posesions.

→FATHER(from Maximiliano de Austria y

María de Borgoña): territories from the
Habsburgo, the right to be chosen emperor,
Flanders and the Franch Conté (Franco
Condado).

→ + Being chosen Emperor of the H.R.E in

1519.
 1.1 DOMESTIC POLICY OF CARLOS V:
Reactions against the power of the Austrias. THE
REVOLTS AGAINST CARLOS I (p. 246)
• Carlos V was born and raised outside the peninsular
kingdoms “borgoñón”. Also, his mother, Juana, noihfojaih!!!
Grdmaspñeoj
whom some considered the true heir, was still alive.

• For this reason, when he arrived to the Iberian

Peninsula being 17 faces great oposition: foreigner,
assisted by foreigners, demanding great monetary
resources to finance his European policy.
• These caused a rebelion when he abandon the
Peninsula to be named emperor (taxes Adriano of
Utrech: THE REVOLT OF LAS COMUNIDADES.
a. Revolt of Las Comunidades 1520-1522
Led by the interior cities of Castilla (Toledo, Segovia, Salamanca). They named
themselves “comunity”, so they were known as “comuneros”.
It is a political rebelion, led by Padilla, Bravo y Maldonado.

The comuneros were defeated in the Batle of Villalar in

1521, and their main leaders were executed.
 DiscoVillalar
de Mester
de
histórica.
de
los Comuneros: Juglaría
representación

• Link al disco dedicado a la revuelta de las Comunidades.

https://youtu.be/2qR0NM42K9A

Estatua de Juan de Padilla

en Toledo.

Estatua de Juan Bravo en

Segovia.
 b. Revolt of the Germanías 1519-1523
• Took place in Valencia and Mallorca with great social component.
• The urban gilds of artisans and traders, and peasants associated in
hermandades or germanías faced the feudal lords.
• Their main reasons were the economic crisis and the abuses of the
nobility. They claimed a restriction on the nobility rights
• On march 1523 the agermanados were defeated by orders of Carlos V.
• The monarchy came out reinforced in fornt of the cities and the Cortes,
which definetely became in Castilla a submissive institution.
1.2. FOREIGN POLICY OF CARLOS V:

a) WAR AGAISNT FRANCE

b) DEFENSE OF CHRISTIANITY AGAINST THE
TURKS
c) DEFENSE OF CATHOLICIMS AGAINST
PROTESTANTISM in the Empire.
 a) WAR AGAISNT FRANCE
5 wars for European hegemony
❖Main centers in Italy (Dukedom of Milán), Navarra and
Borgoña (Franch-Conté).
❖One of the main Carlos’ sucess was the supremacy in Italy against France won in the
conquest of Milan → Battle of Pavia 1525).
 .
b DEFENSE OF CHRISTIANITY AGAINST THE TURKS

The conquest of Suleymán “the Magnificent” in Belgrad and

Mohacs, brought the otoman threat to the Empire.
→The Siege of Viena (1529), released by the Emperor made
alarms ring: the Otomans were at the doors of Europe.
→In the Mediterranean, the pirate Barbarrossa took many
strongholds in the north of Africa.

Suleymán y
Barbarroja
c. DEFENSE OF CATHOLICIMS AGAINST PROTESTANTISM in
the Empire.
• When diplomacy fails, the military
conflict starts.
• The German princes embraced the new faith as one
more element against the Emperor. The formed the
Esmalkalda League which will fight
the emperor between 1546 – 1547,
year in which Carlos V defeats them
in the Battle of Muhlberg.

• In 1555 is signed the PEACE OF

AUGSBURG:
• Free cult for the princes.
• Delegates the Imperial Government to his brother
Fernando.
Deberes:
Copy/draw the map of the empire of Carlos V in your notebook or
booklet
1º Colour the map with the territories received as inheritance by Carlos.
2º Make a list with all these territories and say who Charles inherited
them from.
3º Make a map commentary.
Esta actividad forma parte del cuadernillo y NO tendréis que repetirla dos
veces.

1º INTRODUCTION. This is a map of…

2º ANALYSIS. Describe what you see. “We can see the
territories inherited from his father Felipe de Habsburgo
who lets him the Franche-Comté, the Netherlands
(Spanish Netherlands)and Luxemburg. In purple…”
3º COMMENTARY. Here we tell everything about the
foreign policy of Carlos V. “To maintain the hegemony in
Europe, Charles had to fight in many fronts…”
4º CONCLUSIONb
4. Felipe II, an Hispanic Empire.
• Carlos V abdicate in 1556 leaving everything to his son Felipe II:
Iberian Penisula, Burgondy, Flanders, Luxemburg and Franche
Conté.
• He left the Empire to his brother Fernando.

• Felipe II 1556-1598 wouln’t left Castilla. He was born and

raised in Castilla. This will produce an “Hispanización” of his
policy, stablishing a permanent court in Madrid (1561) and
governing the rest of his domains from Castilla.

• The concept of Hispanic Monarchy comes from this

“hispanisation” process, but also because of Felipe II getting
the crown of Portugal since 1580, having all the territories of
the Iberian Peninsula under the same crown.
The annexation of Portugal 1580
In 1580 the king of Portugal died without heir.
Felipe II claimed his rights to the throne (he was son of Isabel of Portugal)
and defeated a Portuguese army.
 During his reign the Catholic monarchs system was
followed and improved: the COUNSILS MODEL.
. In general, the Austrias increases the political and religious authoritarism. For that they
increased numer of burocrats and perfectioned the instituions

-PROFESIONAL ARMY: Tercios

-COUNSILS:
Tematic (Estado, Hacienda, Inquisición, Órdenes,
Cruzada, Guerra y Cámara)
Territorials (Castilla, Aragón, Navarra, Flanders and
Burgondy, Italy and Portugal)

Each territory preserved their institutions, but

they were similar in all of them:
-VICEROY: Represents the King in territories
where the King is not present.
-COURTS: they keep their medieval
organization, but due to the authoritarian
monarchies, they are submissive.
-CHANCILLERIES/CANCILLERÍAS: UpperJustice
tribunals–Valladolid y Granada
-In the castillian cities, a CORREGIDOR, acted
as representative of the Crown.
2.2 Internal problems
The increase of the authoritarism caused some revolts against
Felipe II.

a)Revolt of los moriscos of Granada and Alpujarras War 1568-1570.

-Caused by the prohibition(Pragmática Sanción) of use the arabic
language and clothes and other practices of muslim origin.
-After the rebelion, most of the moriscos (around 80.000) were
deported and distributed around Castilla.
Aclaración terminología religiosa.

• MUDÉJARES: musulmanes que viven en territorio cristiano.

• MORISCOS: nuevos cristianos, antiguos musulmanes que se
convierten al cristianismo tras la Pragmática de 14 de febrero de
1502 de los RRCC que obligaba a la conversión o el exilio.
____________________________________________
• MULADÍ: nuevo musulmán antiguo cristiano que se convierte al
islam.
• MOZÁRABE: cristiano que vive en Al Ándalus.
 b) Rebelion of Aragón 1590-1592. “Antonio Pérez”
The Justicia Mayor of Aragón gave refuge to the king’s secretary
Antonio Pérez, searched by the Inquisition accused by murder. The
revold finished with the execution of the Justicia Mayor and the
Aragonese cortes naming Felipe II Justicia Mayor. Antonio Pérez
escaped to Europe.

Antonio Pérez, found refuge

in France. From there feed
the “Black Legend” of Spanish
Inquisition and Felipe II in a
smear campaign.
2.3 War and rebellion in Europe
REBELION OF THE NETHERLANDS
It was the greatest problem of his reign. It was a conflict that lasted with
some interruptions for more than 80 years 1568-1648.
-It triggers due to the harsh represion on calvinist protestants of the Low
Lands.
-Adding to that was the rejection to the authoritarism of the king, who
treated the territory as a distance province of Spain.
The conflict produced a progresive division of the area in 2 zones:
Flanders: the south catholic provinces(today Belgium and Luxemburg)
The United Provices: calvinist of the north led by Willhem of Orange.
(today Netherlands)
a. The WAR WITH FRANCE continues, it’s a conflict inheritated from his
father Carlos I.
After defeating the French in Gravelins and San Quintín in 1557, the
peace of Cateau-Cambresí, was signed putting an end to the long
conflict.
War and rebellion in Europe
b. WAR WITH ENGLAND. Elisabeth I supported the protestants of Flanders
against Felipe II and promoted piracy on the Atlantic against Castilla.
Isabel I
Felipe II planned to invade England. To this purpose he built a great fleat:
LA GRAN ARMADA o Armada Invencible (enemy mockery) 1588, formed
by120 to 130 ships, that sank in the English coasts.
A year later the English Contrarmada was defeated in Lisbon, meaning the recovery
of the naval supremacy for Spain. The Spanish armada was reinforced in the Indias
and many Drake and Hawkins attack were rejected.

¡¡No he enviado
a mis barcos a
luchar contra
los elementos!!
¡Un bloody Mary
por favor!
 c. The turks in the Mediterranean Sea. The priority of the first 20
years of Felipe II was the defense of the western Mediterranean
against Turks and berberiscos pirates.
He organises the LIGA SANTA or SAINT LEAGUE with the Pope and
the Republic of Venice, winning in the Lepanto Battle 1571, in one
of the most celebrated naval victories of history.
 HOMEWORK:

MAP OF Felipe II’s EMPIRE.

1º Colour the map with his terrirories.
2º Make a list with the territories he possed
3º Do a map comentary following the steps explained in class. In the
analysis, describe the territories he governed, in the commentary part,
talk about the foreing policy problems he had to face.
 Compare the territorial empires of Carlos I and Felipe II, and explain the
different problems they had to face.

TERRITORIES PROBLEMS
(FOREIGN POLICY)

EMPIRE OF
CARLOS V

TERRITORIES OF
FELIPE II
 TERRITORIOS PROBLEMAS
(Política exterior)

IMPERIO DE Política exterior de Carlos V

Castilla, las Indias, Navarra, y
CARLOS V Aragón con las posesiones
italianas
Y los territorios de los
Habsburgo, derecho a ser
elegido emperador, los
Países Bajos y el Franco
Condado.
“Universitas Christiana“
-Guerra contra Francia: por hegemonía europea cuyos centros principales se
encuentran en Italia (ducado de Milán), Navarra y Borgoña (Franco-Condado)
-La defensa contra la expansión turca. El sitio de Viena (1529) en el este y en el
Mediterráneo, el pirata Barbarroja. No se logrará frenar a los turcos en el
Mediterráneo
-Defensa del catolicismo ante los protestantes en el imperio
Liga Esmalkalda que combatirá al emperador entre 1546 – 1547, año en que
Carlos V vence en Muhlberg. En 1555 se firma la PAZ DE AUGSBURGO,
decretando el libre culto de los príncipes y delegando la labor imperial en su
hermano Fernando.
Castilla será el reino que más aporte económicamente a la cara empresa. La
monarquia hispánica es la mayor potencia del momento.

TERRITORIOS DE
FELIPE II
3. THE AUSTRIAS IN THE 17TH CENTURY: LOSS OF
TERRITORIES AND END OF DINASTY.
The 17th century is a time of decline and loss of the Spanish supremacy in
Europe.
• Domestic policy: Incompetence of the kings, treasury debths and social
predominance of the privileged groups.
• Outside: military defeats meant the loss of territories and new powers
rise ( France, Neetherlands and England).
3.1 DECLINE OF THE HISPANIC EMPIRE:
DOMESTIC POLICY
A. THE GOVERNMENT THROUGH
FAVOURITES “VALIDOS”.
The government through favourites was very common in Europe in the 17th century (ex.
El cardinal Richelieu, favourite of Luis XIII of France. )
A favourite is the most trusted person chosen by the king. He deposits volutarity on him
the duty of government.
In Spain, Felipe III (1598-1621), Felipe IV (1621-1665) and Carlos II (1665-1700) ruled with
the support of favourites. In the meantime, they could spend their time on leissure
activities as hunting o palace receptions.
Felipe III y el Duque de Lerma
• Lerma was really corrupt, he even changed the capital from Madrid to
Valladolid in order to get closer to his personal states.
Felipe IV “el Rey Planeta” y el Conde Duque de Olivares

• The ambitious political project of Olivares led him to disaster with the crisis
of 1640.
 Carlos II “El hechizado”
y numerosos validos
Carlos, a king with great physic and mental limitations, also governed trough
favourites: el padre Nithard, his brother Juan José de Austria, or the Conde
de Oropesa entre otros.
• When he died, without heirs, the SPANISH SUCESSION WAR (1700-1713)
starts. It’s the end of the Habsburgs and the beggining of the Bourbon
Dinasty in Spain.
 3.1 DECLINE OF THE HISPANIC EMPIRE:
DOMESTIC POLICY
B. FINANCIAL CRISIS.
• Most of the precious metal arriving from America went to defray the
european wars and importation products.
• When the American metal starts coming in fewer quantities, the crown had
to ask for huge loans to foreign bankers.
• To rise the taxes was unsuficient to pay all the expenses and the Royal
Treasury proclaimed several bankruptcies.
3.1 DECLINE OF THE HISPANIC EMPIRE:
DOMESTIC POLICY
c. CENTRALIZATION PROJECT BY OLIVARES
AND THE CRISIS OF1640

UNIÓN DE ARMAS 1625,

project that created an army of
140.000 men recruited by each
kingdom regarding their
demographic and economic
resources (Castilla used to pay most
of the foreing policy expenses) In
Cataluña is bad received and prepare
the future rebelion.
 c. THE CRISIS OF 1640
-In Cataluña: new taxes, claim to contribute with troups (Unión de Armas) and the camp
of Los Tercios in Cataluña (context war with France) provoked a peasants’rebelion know
as Revuelta dels Segadors, which started in the SUBLEVACIÓN DEL CORPUS DE SANGRE
7th of June of 1640.

-Portugal also rose against the central project of Olivares and asked for its independence.
Motivated by the Aristocracy and high bourgeoisie, who proclaimed the Duke of Braganza
king of Portugal as Joao IV (Juan IV). Spain recognised the Portuguese independence in
1668.
 El segadors, himno de Cataluña, desde 1899.
• CatalánEspañolCatalunya, triomfant,
tornarà a ser rica i plena!
Endarrere aquesta gent
tan ufana i tan superba!
Bon cop de falç!
Bon cop de falç, defensors de la terra!
Bon cop de falç!
Ara és hora, segadors!
Ara és hora d’estar alerta!
Per quan vingui un altre juny
esmolem ben bé les eines!
(tornada)
Que tremoli l’enemic
en veient la nostra ensenya:
com fem caure espigues d’or,
quan convé seguem cadenes!
(tornada)
tan ufana y tan soberbia!
¡Buen golpe de hoz!
Buen golpe de hoz, ¡defensores de la tierra!
¡Buen golpe de hoz!
¡Ahora es hora, segadores!
¡Ahora es hora de estar alerta!
Para cuando venga otro junio
¡afilemos bien las herramientas!
(estribillo)
Que tiemble el enemigo
al ver nuestra bandera:
como hacemos caer espigas de oro,
cuando conviene segamos cadenas
(estribillo)

• Cataluña, triunfante,
Link al himno
¡volverá catalán:
a ser rica y plena!Els segadors.
¡Atrás esta gente
https://youtu.be/hFV993YEFvU
 3.2 CRISIS IN EURPE: LOSS OF TERRITORIES.
The reign of Felipe III was a time of Peace after signing the Tregua de los Doce Años
(1609) – Twelve Years Truce.

A. THE THIRTY YEARS WAR (1618-1648)

With Felipe IV and his favourite the Conde Duque de Olivares, a policy of “recovery of
prestige” and Spain enters the Thirty Years War (1618-1648)
• Religious conflict: german princes vs. The catholic emperor.
• Even if the war starts by religious reasons (Reformation – Counter Reformation) it ended
up being a fight for the power in Europe (ex. France entered the war to avoid the Austrias
wining)
• After the Annus Mirabilis 1625 of many victories, (last one in Nordinglen) the tercios are
defeated: Rocroi 1643, France.
• THE PEACE OF WESTFALIA 1648 ends the Thirty Years War.
 PEACE OF WESTFALIA 1648
• It means the defeat of the
Spanish and imperial troops.
• Recognice the independence of
Las Provincias Unidas
(Netherland)
• Evidence the Hispanic Empire
decline in Europe.
Rendición de Breda o Las Lanzas de Velázquez, mostrando la rendición
de la ciudad de Breda en1625, contexto de la guerra contra las
Provincias Unidas.
B. WAR WITH FRANCE UNTIL 1659 AND RECOGNITION OF THE FRENCH
SUPREMACY.
• After the Thirty Years War the fights with France continue.
• The Peace of the Pyrinees in 1659
• Cesion of the Rousillon and the Cerdanya, and some strongholds in Flanders to
France.
• Wedding of Infant María Teresa with Louis XIV of France, what would end provoking
the rise of the Bourbons to the Spanish throne in the 18th century.
 Westfalia 1648

1659 Paz de los

Pirineos: Rosellón,
Cerdaña y
Artois
C. CARLOS II: LOSS OF TERRITORIES AGAINST FRANCE
• The military defeats of the Spanish troops led to the
TREATY OF NIMEGA 1678.
• France annexed the Franch Comté and some
territories in Flanders.
 Guerra de Sucesión Española 1701-1713
UTRECHT PEACE TREATY 1713:
Loose of all the European territories left.
Arrival of the Bourbons dinasty: new centralist model.