Mathematics

CHAPTER
13 Probability

13.1 Probability

Random experiment : An experiment is said to be a random experiment if it satisfies the following two
conditions :
(i) It has more than one possible outcomes.
(ii) It is not possible to predict the outcome (result) in advance.
Ex . (i) Tossing a pair of fair coins. (ii) Rolling an unbiased die.
Outcomes : The possible results of a random experiment are called outcomes.
Trial : When an experiment is repeated under similar conditions and it does not give the same result each time
but may result in any one of the several possible outcomes, the result is called a trial.
Ex . If a coin is tossed 100 times, then one toss of the coin is called a trial.
Event : The collection of all or some outcomes of a random experiment is called an event.
Ex . Suppose we toss a pair of coins simultaneously and let E be the event of getting exactly one head. Then, the
event E contains HT and TH.
Ex . Suppose we roll a die and let E be the event of getting an even number. Then the event E contains 2, 4 and 6.
Elementary or Simple Event : An outcome of a trial is called an elementary event.
Note : An elementary event has only one element.
Ex . Let a pair of coins is tossed simultaneously. Then, possible outcomes of this experiment are.
HH : Getting H on first and H on second (= E1) [H = Head, T = Tail and E = event]
HT : Getting H on first and T on second (= E2)
TH : Getting T on first and H on second (= E3) and
TT : Getting T on first and T on second (= E4)
Here, E1 , E2, E3 and E4 are the elementary events associated with the random experiment of tossing of two
coins.
Compound event or composite event or mixed event
An event associated to a random experiment and obtained by combining two or more simple events associated to the
same random experiment, is called a compound event.
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OR
A compound event is an aggregate of some simple (elementary) event and is decomposable into simple events.
Ex . If we throw a die, then the event E of getting an odd number is a compound event because the event E contains
three elements 1, 3 and 5, which is a compound of three simple events E1, E2 and E3 containing 1, 3 and 5
respectively.
Equally likely events : The out comes of an experiment are said to be equally likely events if the chances of
their happenings are neither less nor greater than other.
In other words, a given number of events are said to be equally likely if none of them is expected to occur in
preference to the others.
Ex . In tossing a coin, getting head (H) and tail (T) are equally likely events.

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Experimental (or empirical) probability
The experimental or empirical probability P(E) of an event is defined as
Number of trials in which the event happened m
P(E) = i.e., P (E) =
Total number of trials n
Note : (i) These probabilities are based on results of an actual experiment.
(ii) These probabilities are only 'estimates', i.e., we may get different probabilities for the same event in
various experiments.

If P(E) denotes the empirical probability for happening an event and P (E) denotes the probability for not
happening the same event then

P(E) + P (E) = 1 and 0 P(E) 1

Sum of the probability of all the outcomes of a random experiment is 1

When all the outcomes of a random experiment favour an event, the event is called a sure event and its
empirical probability is 1.
When no outcome of a random experiment favours an event, the event is called an impossible event and its
empirical probability is 0.

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EXERCISE
Multiple choice questions
1. For an event E, the correct inequality is :
(1) 0 < P (E) < 1 (2) 0 P(E) < 1 (3) 0 < P(E) 1 (4) 0 P(E) 1
2. The correct relationship is :

(1) P(E)=1 + P (E) (2) P (E) –P(E)=1 (3) P(E)+ P (E) =1 (4) none of these
3. Which of the following can not be the probability of an event ?

1 5
(1) 0 (2) (3) (4) 1
5 4
4. In a throw of a die, the probability of getting an odd number is :

1 2 1
(1) 0 (2) (3) (4)
6 6 2
5. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. the probability of getting a doublet is :

1 1 5
(1) 0 (2) (3) (4)
3 6 6
6. A number is selected from the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, ............ 25. What is the probability that the number selected
is a multiple of 5?

1 1 4 4
(1) (2) (3) (4)
25 5 5 25
7. One card is drawn at random from a well shuffled deck of 52 cards. What is the probability of getting a face
card ?
3 1 1 4
(1) (2) (3) (4)
13 4 13 13
8. A bag contains 8 red, 2 black and 5 white balls. One ball is drawn at random. The probability that the ball drawn
is not white is :

1 2 1 2
(1) (2) (3) (4)
2 3 4 5
9. The probability that an ordinary year contains 53 Sundays is :
2 1 7 7
(1) (2) (3) (4)
7 7 53 52
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x
10. The probability of guessing the correct answer to a certain test questions is . If the probability of not guessing
12

2
the correct answer to this questions is , then x=
3
(1) 2 (2) 3 (3) 4 (4) 6
11. A bag contains three green marbles, four blue marbles, and two orange marbles. If a marbles is picked at random,
then the probability that it is not an orange marble is

1 1 4 7
(1) (2) (3) (4)
4 3 9 9

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12. A number is selected at random from the numbers 3, 5, 5, 7, 7, 7, 9, 9, 9, 9
The probability that the selected number is their average is

1 3 7 9
(1) (2) (3) (4)
10 10 9 10
13. In a single throw of a pair of dice, the probability of getting the sum a perfect square is

2 7 1 2
(1) (2) (3) (4)
18 36 6 9
14. Which of the following cannot be the probabiltiy of an event ?

2
(1) (2) –1.5 (3) 15% (4) 0.7
3
15. The probabiltiy of getting at least one tail in 4 throw of a coin.

1 1 15 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
16 4 16 8
16. A man and a woman appear in an interview for two vacancies in the same post. The probability of man's selection
1
is 1/4 and that of the woman's selection is . What is the probability that none of them will be selected.
3

1 1 1 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
2 3 4 8
17. A die is rolled, find the probability that an even number is obtained.

1 1 1 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
3 2 5 4
18. Two coins are tossed, find the probability that two heads are obtained.

3 1 1 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
4 8 4 5
19. Two dice are rolled, find the probability that the sum is equal to 1.

1 1 1
(1) (2) 0 (3) (4)
2 4 12
20. Two dice are rolled, find the probability that the sum is equal to 4.
4 1 5 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
12 12 12 2
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21. Two dice are rolled, find the probability that the the sum is less than 13
1 3 4
(1) (2) 1 (3) (4)
13 13 13
22. A die is rolled and a coin is tossed, find the probability that the die shows an odd number and the coin shows
a head.
1 3 7 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
4 4 8 8
23. A card is drawn at random from a deck of cards. Find the probability of getting the 3 of diamond.

1 1 12 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
52 4 52 26

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24. A jar contains 3 red marbles, 7 green marbles and 10 white marbles. If a marble is drawn from the jar at random,
what is the probability that this marble is white ?
1 1 3
(1) (2) (3) (4) 0
4 2 2
25. A die is rolled, find the probability that the number obtained is greater than 4.
1 1 2
(1) (2) (3) (4) None of these
6 3 3
26. Two coins are tossed, find the probability that one head only is obtained.
1
(1) 1 (2) (3) 0 (4) None of these
2
27. Two dice are rolled, find the probability that the sum is equal to 5.
1 1 1
(1) (2) (3) (4) None of these
3 9 2
28. A card is drawn at random from a deck of cards. Find the probability of getting the king of heart.

1 1
(1) (2) (3) 0 (4) None of these
51 52
29. Tickets numbered 1 to 20 are mixed up and then a ticket is drawn at random. What is the probility that the
ticket drawn has a number which is a multiple of 3 or 5 ?

1 2 8 9
(1) (2) (3) (4)
2 5 15 20
30. In a box, there are B red, 7 blue and 6 green balls. One ball is picked up randomly. What is the probability
that it is neither red nor green ?

1 3 7 8
(1) (2) (3) (4)
3 4 19 21
31. What is the probability of getting a sum 8 from two throws of a dice ?

1 1 5 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
6 8 36 12
32. Three unbiased coins are tossed. What is the probability of getting at most two heads ?

3 1 3 7
(1) (2) (3) (4)
4 4 8 8
33. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. What is the probability of getting two numbers whose product is even ?

1 3 3 5
(1) (2) (3) (4)
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2 4 8 16
34. Two dice are tossed. The probability that the total score is a prime number is :
1 5 1 7
(1) (2) (3) (4)
6 12 2 9
35. A card is drawn from a pack of 52 cards. The probability of getting a queen of club or a king of heart is :
1 2 1 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
13 13 26 52
36. One card is drawn at random from a pack of 52 cards. What is the probability that the card drawn is a face
card (jeck, Queen and King only) ?
1 3 1 9
(1) (2) (3) (4)
13 13 4 52
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Direction (Q.37 to Q.45) : From a pack of 52 cards.
37. Find the probability of drawing a picture card. (includes jack, queen of king).
1 2 1 2
(1) (2) (3) (4)
3 13 13 13
38. Find the proability of drawing a red ace.
1 1 3 3
(1) (2) (3) (4)
13 26 14 26
39. Find the probility of selecting a king from the first card.
1 2
(1) (2) (3) 0 (4) None of these
13 13
40. If the first card is king and the card is not replaced, what is the probability of selecting a king from the second
card ?
1 2 3
(1) (2) 1 (3) (4)
17 17 17
41. Find the probability of selecting a king from the first card and a queen from the second card without replacing
the first card.
1 4 5
(1) (2) (3) (4) None of these
663 663 663
42. Find the probability of selecting a jack from the first card and queen from the second card with replacement.
1 3
(1) 0 (2) (3) (4) None of these
169 41
43. Find the probability of selecting 6 or 7 in the first drawn and 8 or 9 in the second draw with replacement.
2 5 4 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
169 169 169 13
44. Three cards are drawn without replacement. The first and the second cards show 4 and 6 respectively. Find
the probability of selecting an even number in a third drawn.
1 7 9 5
(1) (2) (3) (4)
2 8 25 8
45. If the conditions are the same as in question above, find the probability of selecting an odd number in the third
draw.
3 7 8 3
(1) (2) (3) (4)
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ANSWERS
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 4 3 3 4 3 2 1 2 2 3 4 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 2 2
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 4 1 3 4 2 2 3 2 2 2 1 1
Que. 41 42 43 44 45
Ans. 2 2 3 3 3

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