Professional Documents
Culture Documents
By
Badrul Munir
Neuroimmunology Devision
Medical Faculty Brawijaya University-Saiful Anwar Hospital Malang
Introduction
Beside defisit neurologi, Pain is common problem in MS and decrease quality of life
2
Prevalence of MS
US: 400,000 EU: 350,000
• More than 2.5 million people with MS worldwide
• Occurs twice as often in women as in men
• Prevalence varies throughout world
• May be influenced by a complex interaction of environmental and
genetic factors
• Relatively early average age of onset of ~30 years (compared with many
degenerative diseases)
• More common in whites (1/1000); rare in Asians or Africans
• Highest prevalence in Northern Europe, mid-Northern America and
South Australia.
• Pain is common problem in MS
3
What causes MS?
• The aetiology is still uncertain – a combination of different factors
causes dysregulation of the immune system
Autoimmune reaction
MS
4
4
What happens inMS?
A healthy neuron with its axon surrounded by myelin
Information flows
Autoimmune attack
A demyelinated neuron
Neurological
Disability
symptoms
A degenerated neuron
5
No information flow
Pathophysiology Multiple Sclerosis Figure : Pathogenic mechanisms of
multiple sclerosis and their imaging
targets Inflammation is generally
studied by counting gadolinium-
enhancing areas on T1-weighted
images. Neuroaxonal degeneration is
measured by determining whole brain
atrophy and compartment-specific
atrophy (eg, white, grey, and deep
grey matter). Demyelination is
quantified with MTR. Microstructural
changes involving neurons and axons
are measured with DWI, ODI, and NDI.
Specific molecular PET and metabolic
MRS targets for astrocyte activation,
neuroaxonal degeneration, microglia
activation, energy failure, glutamate
excitotoxicity, and demyelination have
been developed. Sodium imaging
quantifies intracellular and
extracellular sodium content.
MRS=magnetic resonance
spectroscopy. PET=positron emission
tomography. DWI=diffusion-weighted
imaging. AD=axial diffusivity.
FA=fractional anisotropy.
ODI=orientation dispersion index.
NDI=neurite density index. GABA=γ-
aminobutyric acid. Chol=choline-
containing compounds.
TSPO=translocator protein. NAA=N-
Acetyl-aspartate. MTR=magnetisation
transfer imaging. RD=radial diffusivity.
6
Frequency of neurologicalsymptoms
45%
Paresis 85%
Spasticity 29%
85%
0 20 40 60 80 100
Periventricular Periventricular
Juxtaventricular Cortical or Juxtacortical
Infratentorial Infratentorial
Spinal cord Spinal cord
Dissemination in time Dissemination in time
New T2 lesions and/or Gd-enhancing on follow-up MRI, with reference New T2 lesions and/or Gd-enhancing on follow-up MRI, with reference
to baseline scan, regardless of baseline MRI time. to baseline scan, regardless of baseline MRI time.
Simultaneous appearance of asymptomatic Gd-enhancing and non- Simultaneous appearance of asymptomatic Gd-enhancing and non-
enhancing lesions at any time. enhancing lesions at any time.
In patients who meet the DIS criteria, the presence of OB in the CSF may
indicate DIT that permits the diagnosis of MS.
CNS, central nervous system; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; DIS, dissemination in space; DIT, dissemination in time; Gd, gadolinium; OB, oligoclonal
bands.
Symptomatic treatment
Nurse
Ophthalmologist
Supportive care
Carer
Rehabilitation Social worker
9
Algoritma TerapiMS
Pain in Multiplesclerosis
Prevalence Pain on MultipleSclerotic
Pembagian Nyeri
berdasarkan gejala
sascha 2020
Converting From Gabapentin ToPregabalin
• Dosages were switched using the following algorithm :
• Gabapentin ≤900 mg/day → pregabalin 150mg/day
• Gabapentin 901 mg/day to 1500 mg/day → pregabalin 225 mg/day
• Gabapentin 1501 mg/day 2100 mg/day → pregabalin 300 mg/day
• Gabapentin 2101 mg/day 2700 mg/day → pregabalin 450 mg/day
• Gabapentin >2700 mg/day → pregabalin 600 mg/day
• This rapid change was generally well tolerated by patients.
https://www.pharmacytimes.com/contributor/jeffrey-fudin/2015/09
Anti epileptic untuk pain MS
Lamotrigine Levetiracetam
• merupakan anti epilepsi yang • sebuah anti epilepsi yang
bekerja pada sodium channel berhubungan dengan piracetam
blocking sehingga bisa menekan • Cara kerjanya diduga
pelepasan glutamat dan mempengaruhi reseptor GABA-A
aspartat. Walapun obat ini
efektif di nyeri neuropatik yang • Penelitian randomized, single-
berhubungan dengan stroke dan blind, placebo-controlled study
DM namun dalam MS tidak bisa menurunkan nyeri
memberi penurunan nyeri yang neuropatik sentral pada dosis
bermakna maksimal 3.000 mg per hari,
• Efek analgesik disebabkan karena modulasi indirect pada sistem opoid melalui
modulasi serotonergic dan noradrenergic
Duloxetine
• Merupakan serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor yang sering
digunakan dalam terapi nyeri neuropatik
Memahami
Menentukan Mengukur skala
mekanisme Pola nyeri
klasifikasi nyeri nyeri
terjadi nyeri
Algotrima for Neuropatic pain MS
Algoritma for central Neuropatic painMS
Trigeminal Neuralgia in MS
Penutup
• Nyeri pada MS harus dianalisis secara hati hati berdasarkan gejala, tipe
nyeri, dan penyebab nyeri dan terapi yang sudah didapatkan