8
Narrative Transitions in Ovid's
Metamorphoses 9
C.W. MARSHALL
Inirodustion
‘he devlpennt of marta apprnces to cs Irate ha
tong ober things dered ways hat arate stares mark how
tiauthor or «grt const bg or nd Tir on reveal undying
frees Hat show somthing abort the stor aostatal proce!
‘tr ols cn dts how works make the mide ore culos
burl infoative eos or hates here can be po ex ihe
than Ovi Metamorphoses, the elconscoanycoseuced wcembly of
many mytologea artes vie! over en bok, hich yt dso
‘Sauter ing one work, the cme perptum (1) ~ he oe
hac never nds
Matomorhosy,sxthing is sey beponng and someting
sinning ol C846 The
‘atheist colon edly foes tend ct pos wl
ie (3.879 sia) The pom begs and ey each ofthe item bol
epic and end and opting aa lovl Between there ote poem em
Felt b under s atpyewth roupg of ie nsec con
iting eaningfl rosa ui! Rear nati the seen he
Sse Bos, Orpen Bok lad Pythgers in Bok 15, a Ord
teach un scat pst wit icone. Wedose
{input bce fhe tat! ro acho Book 51 onl 15 make
{rere towns an cadg bat over gue seine
‘One un for tape Ere hat the oe stacral i
sine undermined by rer sions operating he nae eve
Narrative Tanton in Ovid's Metmorphoees9 14
Metamorphorercantsine over 250 spare stores each of which bein,
‘races amid, and ens ony ofthese ques coe aber strstr
“los wk egaccy shat must be seen intesonl Phaeton sade
‘ls ook Land Thebes bk and Perso Books 4nd and forty
Bock 10 ends with the nish of Orpeu'ssng rong and unmistelabe
loa gate and yet Orpheur end postponed unt the belaning of
[Book The many stores themsever ae prec int sagaeers a with
‘heseend pute se emerning es 03).
"here ext vera eement in Metomoiponer (ch a the bok
architecture) tht meaningful dv the poem a cable the ender
‘gutetin manage hunk and herein lens tren
fed sequen) dat meng divide the poem slong other ters nd
‘oul cmble the reader to navigate he poe in oy complementary,
‘pana hank. Giver the andthe ear ust of disong one my
beef wondering whether Begining ane endings ca ve any menial
applcton in oe where everything connlly sums to becoming
or pasing any When vo mich ofthe poo citer nips pit
ran elit ep then ny stato Sn oly a tates cunge ot
(vat arias ert are mats formas noua corpora (1-2)
Parada and poemia Flee all hist be pre and pre of Ons
poetic pln he work rss ateps vo ncaa the nature of
Snpostonl sctre, eon he oom are Yo Serie foo ch,
tro much ophicon, While Jo ot wast o deny Ovid hire
mien I hin ei poi ele « component of Ne saponin
tecnige tht reser oti of thee sacral ements awe Soet Ora
fale wanton frm one story eo tenet! By aking this geo, |
ap to sppronch the are of Metamorphoses siewayy and pets care
totunerund» compas: of Oris pote prac that hasnt rcv
Salient scholar?
The dison beeen srl ogeiation nd narav organiaion
clk independent and complementry lenses with which the whole
em buy be ewe the pel dimension Bower ee peclved)
Fermin a do the extensive engagements wth previo eeu in Grok
{td Late One Kn of ranean ost the eptve pce teen ook
‘vison the lsc tat exon the age the ede (epson
‘he pus experienced by a Roman ier aronerallereplacdandanthet
[sone cates arg tht expec y he mene What
‘rere aunt of ane rete byt ben the pe allo the
poe ew bepnning even whe rosin th ml of wry TR age
{vent cused book vison eed in ore ape Ft Rowers
‘fev tlh be the pase ceed only ex tul hgh bene12 CW.Manball
‘helene of he Dank pce tthe en ofthe ol Seon the ps ee
"edi governed by performance tor tha extend beyond he imei
‘onto fhe pose Given these mis transition ata ruta eel nat
perate wih vo nannce than hive exist hems eve, The
‘pebeween sre can os at any pn in th ox oa singly a bk
Enso wheres coro exist in he papyrus maria} and whence do
‘ene the lng content and fon ean under he poeta, Tse
‘anton athe poet naigts from ane try fhe net be ote of
‘he pine nacratve secon fhe on bul ena an ep pst
of Ova cnrmenpeptu "he anstons re iin”
[Noteverjone sft th way of course unin cities the nature
of Ove anton though eds age tem (at Ort 4.177
‘a ero ee tp ncn tp tts ist la
‘gv sean us nur pla ana ea Ons ae a
earphone um anon ke cies seria in
‘pesem eins carries
“ht nd wkd to fond hl, he ton
tees te or mot [ann andy ial aeons
roa Od reply thr ay te Metaorphove bot embed ine
mat deneherte mat cere bjs ote appene ninge ee
As wll be sen, the we of senting des ne bays ears, ad Osis
‘lian counerceamge ogund tase Ia oer I ot tend to
‘onus rim of Ovid” There ir an element of playflne,
owever = paris arr and tht sages conse tan spt
sant in Ovi tat can sme etent be neared My hoe eres
‘ocaumite and beget qty these narativ weniony or igus”
to dacver something shout the dear interworang of vas po Ars
‘Rprsentatve ample [wil cider Metamorph 9
Sopher Tnchinit in Metamorphoses 9
Melamorphosee 9 opens with a anquece of marae concerning Heri
lcs et appears to drow secly om Sonor’ rackin The socal
trea fmm Back 0 Bo 9 i staothed with the otived presence of
‘Ackous who had bento a 897 flowing he tory of Mel
fer andthe Calyonian Bos whic ancl a ATS Tat ot he ed
these sul, bomever ts Ablow otis: "Qu moor eters?”
(omy dot dy you wih otis” 8879). This begins a see. The
Nsetve ransont in Ovi Metamaroaes9 143
sd of Fst utophagy (877-8) bing deserted by Acons
‘oy thet cetea negate costepun othe prseing ory of Bas
fd Phecion? Acelown eligi tale to i ner smpaions who
{tld Theses and Pith There «Keay pegs othe see 10,
‘tr Ovid drove apo Calla por of oytling These ok
ey ben, Hea ondhe Callahan refeense redo athe ry of
Ertan dros upon Hy 5)? Ovid's story end witha parson bout
Corpora ae Eye fede hit bay by wang ese whisk cases
‘Aceon otek off 27, qoted abo) Acbelu boy bomen a
Stel Ovid tape shifing res ce be kimal is cpble of surg
‘he forms (8875-62 Br the he bel of asi gern over the
rod cama for the rl no lage appropiate now ha ba
Tle or (8-5). “Grons follow is wor we areal and thet
Brel of ne hte end ofthe all
“The poets steno pause foes the reser ako break the cor
a (ot OLD 2a one boas oll a roplaced apd he crue anther
{re retnoved on opened up 9 we can har he tary of helt har Howe
‘er long the poe fr ss change (oe i bin few mints ner? the
ex day? sever ment tr? = aly we Sew about the comet for
{he ongial etc of Roman ep) olan te tener he poem
trite tte wth the len ve go When Theses spn (Jbl
‘ely Nop eae a he ver fd th story to Sexo l=
‘ees he real the enc ofthe god, eal that ofthe onc brecks
‘Save scratr ofthe poy at Book 9 ging espatng ee gran
(Genin 91, Grabbing the tale bythe hom Tessas syeptlly
{athe ene ofthe groan and the Mel he ers roe wich pres
‘aul shred by reeds (9.-3) Th unas und lars val fee
‘ton ante, Te od be bso a byword fr ancy, Achlas
tno These’ wishes ol the le of the one ing that wool! not
end when hs hom war sapped. Ae Acheoas ea bps to spake
rome aor (693 commemarareandefram) yer ti alee
fd of mation, with the god ey wane (tw tor,
S.A thn be begin with the te Dlr (95-9) which ere ot
tmintdcon the sy hed el abo Heras broke ois hor,
And cated the hrm of ple, Cauca bel ven bray athe
‘elf path wth the poe Bons Copia corm (988), which
‘Bere ispleny way
"hes hte ines, Met 8879-97, omteat pattie segue fom
‘the story of Eeyschthon whe story of Aches har Inking Wo oF
‘ly unrelated toe While both nae tldby the tamer ace,
the fame narrative provided by the segue secomplses several thins144 CMa
{mores the nar fom he rmate tothe ers (ld morn
ti BR) bes one bck he sexton prone tare
Tire alec geome, 8880) flo hanged Boa
{Sot win geno thrtgh Chang el igery (re 33}
‘Sorc salen cnt to he leeiy othe Bory Bering
‘Soasngly porn for hchluy Ovid lah sn emesnelqeity
{Erte wry fo pur Of cover une i he yo
Sade dos he ver end whether Oa expects do) spate
“df Alor ph pees ther sso 249-10). At
the ended arate cae he ser tg pln na tec
Tne done simian ems of th etre as
‘htflon detrei ie ene gc yh 9
tral the Ronin 987 who ol el te bor! hr Sahel
ES fs ol 990 rcpt ht of Aco (ne 93} The
Ho nh dnt pees (vom, 998) me he (ao 988), led
ih f(t 97, yor 9) Veber ans 69-53 ave
‘net out of dirt peach wh ning on lenin That
‘Mtrmeane acon goede fom wht lw A igh
inalegc 8.9) b es den res iu 998) he re roi
ihthe ine hy ot ot (98) Ther hat add thle
Sey 5130 Leste gan not ey ater pena
‘Sle smut rae do Thess he sorpnne a out
{Te pum lwing clone odo nlf nts 9347). Agn a
‘on ede cg ta th nao ctslony aon the gad of
‘klong 8-0, nh hinge oho psy
teins ree Akl bow The wing sero ds he
jee ent ny cy (a Me rs 90) a soy
{il econ cre ond Dis sod lwo Sopa
“Tina fort rinsry Key nate 9301-2 ance he ny the
{Sls but a coal spur fan). Inod oly nceton
thee eit metal peng the Now yo la aga
306.
Gren Ovi does thd o my ely whe he ary
cou snd cnssuerly when the segue begin ete ropation of
{Heo of chlor push prt of te on nh sme wy that
{feiss of Nee acute te ty come Ian then he ga
{Govodcng th une) compre allo 985108 ater sigh lose
{ove the tansnnbexang a 903, 0 998 or een S401 wold
Cerny be onion esque niche oak nyo
‘See thobine cho
Narntive Tannin Ovid's Metmorphowe9 145
‘het’ thie segue provdvaransion ferent soe The page
1st 9108-8 provide an sou of he death of Ness deere a 9.121
{forma camplemen the heehee Acoust tga sgt at
‘9: eng ese words that dso ea 9102, Te pes (2134-7
Long lt i ra enor cage gh
ecasiplat err deme ne, as
‘cor ab Onn Crm wc uae
tome
“hee alngnervning ie ine and he eka rt
ou id ie na he tre i epee
‘Theva preprinted fg
recom ve
‘Une 146 ough so the ine rset in Sopodes ply (hich Ovi
snd some af hs reer lw), hough Ov oases not on Dea ba en
“Hoscals Heroider 9), are ene there, tary wich oto
tes unl emetmorphot of Eh ih 825 ether ight se
9114-5 ara torn ein hk Le the oc’ somo sr this
foe rss se elt 0 Soph” Tiina Sine th te oly
Fang dung th plays eon, emai ena tows dtu
the psig fame (Lg oa) suport tha Th oo hee time
Healers amen Bok he ext coe when Jers eeing the
fp sure apenas 8256and 9204 (£9.78, 28) Hinge
Faedin using at? 2a mens ore the doneegy of mint
‘vine morgen fer the at ojan wa Hele’ ame as en
‘Soent ete e din thi Bonk pips Hae bene tend pa
‘ay “Aode™ (213 51,10, 217) or aly le Beale sae athe
Taning = unnetnry tor a Ola todo doen,
“Aer the ation, te poet comin nd offer an firma tht ors
sulle the tne 0228-9
san geo Ei gl enn ao
tt hae era aig ma
"em anteater ent
‘pels ihe As oa dps a
Evens hr aw romain hp Eos
Adib re of hanan or,
ton rod on fit el he
{hey ali is Bu yo fed firing oper146 CW.Masball
Bes the mine qogu ce complete he ation (nd therfore consinte
‘hein dour! gore are patof the pont eg fo there try,
‘hich whl nt nach ear (and Hk 0 mache
[gnvean fom Se Sophcenverion ing Peter apd nor Husa
the agent inmolitin) TN probably bot ose the sory extend
tlhe cose 9209 th the eee apelin chan ang as
the conan What allow dt resol Heres who eames the
nj tery ofthe pr on Me et (229-72) These a he
fae within he ameter tr der tale canbe, The pot vais is
tecnigeg cag a ale the cesta es the ieee aie 1
anew sry ming ashe rear fam he peed 0 Hees.
"Pls th et of Ovid eadering of Sophos’ Tahina hoagh te
rosea of ere stows tobe alt. potest romies Hels new
He and antsagate the apoteores of Roms in Book 18 and Cas in
Book Oval cos of wha allows, however dt es step ce
father thn ening eth Herel” new fhe provides an acaunt of
Fis ih So fain Met 91-272, there have Bee four oor allstely
‘elated Sophocles Trach Aekloas (24-486 Bach. 630), Nees
(@th Se Tach 497-89, 55-8 Liha 9.136205 Tah 736-82),
fd the Byte on Mi Ova (1229-72 cf. Tach, 1191-29)" Together these
Stones consitite a Shodan sequence, and me pee pt of Ovi
{trata nent for the Bok Each camprenae on 1 sy
‘ts pride sited information, bat meer anything idence Od
‘Soloye istsesnd, ond third eon marion and thie a suman be
(Risin our methodlogy™
“The Functions of Nanatve ranstions
Determining whats nota see as pe nly the bok’ st sie
the reves rons igh ely segues those sons ofthe oem eat
tie otra If we asp he ssa of he store sn 0 ft (oh
tetra dsinglbble bepnning mille arden ple of raning alone
Wout rflrnce tothe sarong ether are Be mare tes In
Took heath of rele with the metamorphose of Calais (25
323, eye (9.33489) llas and Caller’ ons (3976-43), Bye
{G46 ad pin ev ath (2669-797) 1 thi caberen, then we
Shoal able tose the pss ot peed by thee tres sees
the Bie pone ee 927584 324-33, 394-7o 50-3 and 666-8 Sear
te wed proves ame scratie forthe wes hey ert The st
three hese segues ovale another famein whic Alene and Tle con-
‘ee flowing Healers apts.
‘Nave Tensions in Ovi Metamarpones 9147
Alene delivers he tory af Herc toa pga ole (8273
84): Senet des ponds Asa ths weight) The pusge bie
ths disjoncve image 4 pomentry teens o Atlas st ntoduced
{Bonk who ai he Afra wate el the extra weit gee om
they by Hera’ session (the sy Heres hme once bore er
7-18 The net thee ie (973-5) nde that Eyton wl cone
‘Shoe to pur the Herald! Eorstheo hd been mentioned a pss
ling by the dying Heras 9.23, nd oo chi to Is prt of pre ok
lorareThe sae ight be sid oe the felling reference Almene,
Sika bs Bun aeniond at 6112 where he Targa (8584
5325, buchas ot bona character in the pm fr Inde ison with
the mention of lew 9274 hat th alin rare tat he ndarace
ofthe Tacha pera ier 278-90 deere Hylan (not enone
revi aking her nts bel ad nto is ea (appre in that
‘des acing this ther wishes and nw she hs Been imprest
eveons mine (2280 cl Soph Tah 1216-51, where Herder ace =
rin fn Hylan)
‘Alc wher foe soother bik than hash had with Hercules
Inet, Alemene inept (221) i tthe belaing of Alcoenes
soy the pe sere lt ei (9280 and so dos no gute
‘Sud slne a ging shoul exon the Sen of the adres,
3h) canot be ded rom he one of the nary ado depron
ton the ame nate provided by the ou hd tough fle wei
Fnnnqu (285), whch hal ogo the Bs cn ory 29.105, and
ow bps the nen Whe msinsining cote wath be prvous seer
Toth through hurt continuity ad etn asin fo Ticina i
segs intacs spew nrtve ot proviea Fitba aan fe
‘Eh f Herel Supping ore moter sn th hoe of libou (9235
de with labore, proiingan pil echo of Hercule labors 09277,
‘Nkznanc slfrng serves ply sane sting fo he emer
‘of Calrhs ne mitra (806, poe tht Hed bn el of the
‘Nymph lige Cormac 390). Changed oa weasel Cali oe
partie ath hough ber mouth 932) and ot ese pared he
stu pins Alemene hander
Following thi psc, the fame nazatv urns (32438) Diet
mont keer fommte mina [agent (Se make and, mec
‘nove by the warning pen by her fomer serving i he grated"
“The names of he sener ar at mertoned hae stops ant the ther
epithe gen eight in 94, Following he Birth sory Tle ls
‘Alznene genie (926) but an the stk forthe tales ce
‘bj ping tbe a Hd elton lb alin) Asse ging,148. CW.Marball
shal provides ap fthe sory wo alla yet intadacs no materi
fegure oandestnd the sory il. The ary paper es (laces,
934) wih the rang sting of cus amon doo lee ne:
9334-5) which Dyope ately weal iat (2336) The relationship
"othe speak established in the suena pros bors no eer
inlomation
“As Alcala’ tn the net spas ie lad with chartriie
‘onan touches (2354-7)
Dugan fr efi ie age
nyt anime cpl sat %
‘Aenea pte pe omen
‘Aad whl oh ig een sd ile
‘Alone winger hanb yh
eye degre yt ce weber ance se
‘ad soe,
“The taken ofthe two women is saspended mid-log «new sj
Ineoducel Tey never lave hie cmfring embrace and the Bl age
of mural copolaton ad snr extends india. The sy that fa
lew tough ena do he eres eqn dos gov the
women, nd Jy not refer chem Tes ther ses lis the woe's
‘posts witha tele Herclen omer: though they ve song 2
£2 with eels hime the very fat that be aerator ese within is
‘phere conoues the rer eqn beg at 31-The guest 9279-Beor
Beds the story within the character smcos es 32439 sch mats
from Ament te ines 3947s slow thm 1 care ther mle
“The vet sabe enbiesbth eograpil and geen oni
(ess0-5}
‘ich am eu pia curanin ga “
Sn Maco tates dew
‘ifn Cy pwc tm
‘yl com Chun ponte pemel
yg tment cnc plan
yb Apling cep cn aon ss
Ison sxe em eget eat)
Sesion pine
Nave Tansiions in Ori’ Metomorphoser 9 149
Hae wile Meiers dug Cyne ase the windings
lee er hankacetare n ony tes esame
Shatner en.
[ytleand Coen nin ing were bre yb.
‘Byrn dar gible wh eit
Dylwu and th ei rh palin bee
[Se wari nora sine owl ate orm ohecughe)
eb inde she
Alera wandering acu of flan, which enone ino dessin
1 Calo sae ond then Mea the vagabond Mess enous the
night f Marander Cyne, nd they become the parents of Bs an
Canis Cegepialconinay i wak’y mira but the geeslagal
fink es the rie opt the segue tepals on the meandering
‘Moca toned nasil nie pevonr bok @.62-e)ande pase
Santa 2246 he Heras kno oer you anne sp tothe sme
fiver tice and he yoru of Masader meen something diferent thant
fd prev The nadaeton of Mts might be cos he nrc
ton ofthe sg, starting a ny a6 9b (dm fut =). The Bybls
Story ara stnd alan aru, gn omy ater he wpe ae of her name
(G80) and ate unl he mel n= ours pring (9659-65) eis
‘nly int trast th thre anything aporohing he erent di
ered ty Ont sn the nt Orato (1-7 ued, 1D bat
Feiedameng he Bla enaphors ine 454-8 hardly sgt hese
Foe wie pli, The spue ead rom 95016 (seen in se
4s dtd). ands aguly stray a9
“The al segue Bok 9 I of «type aeady sen = the comparison
ones?
‘ples ansnon mone oper
pi ota Cra opr ane «
‘The ry fh sane are wld page hari the dad
Croan ey Cdn
‘iti tat ne miedo he.
Cte hasnt Bsn stone by ang thought ier eon 9147-9 ha
Mia Byblfather har ome fom there Ts ection provides
ome hie a cotnaty enone ory othe tet But to pov a150 CW Marshall
‘thal cu othe magnitude of what to fellow: Crete seme o beset
‘leona pcone, Ori ner the aes for hi suena, he Bad
{ihe boo’ opening Even ifthe Intene dows a thik immediately of
Fig es merioned by name a 8136 tough Tarrant apes Mend
er letion ofthe line helo refed onde at 8.122) ad
the render wlloon be ened of eo 3795-40 ahi egue Ovid
roms someting more sclus than incs and esta. Tha try,
Ips anda cris th emaide of he bok (9.65-797) ad exe
is gengrapial onsiity on Crt th what as precede
Treatoelsquenas ia Book 9 connec stories wo ach ok in many
‘way: Ovi’ interes isin the ongoing variation ofthe eet offering
Nereadr poe The Trackin soqune oll prt of Ov egasee
‘nen ith ect, epee he vsey pol nes 1-8 node pe
onalsing dell anne the marae vk lines 89-102 trace
{Teomputeon ines 1343 itodone ne pening the eee at 9.229
returns the ender to previous marae fork path anal The
ett segues offer diferent anton lines 273-84 embed he ory
‘within chara shes ines 32435 wth aerators am Alene
Inland offer roms; ines 34-7 Suembed the axaped see,
‘forthe ral of lun Ts dm texans the orale fr how
(Ovi ener is aeatives wd there aeons thre major types
tote added tothe examples so far: eograpie anti (hi) cono~
Tope sonny} and geneaapel conn. Though Me 9 dies
tor afer an example of segue ephing donologil caninty
{two events hppeing athe sme tine) thre re hve examples ia Me
[where the nation Hake by the ae of interea (88, 1,56),
Salado offers eo more types ton though absens end a tan
sition tzowgh contrary fn condition Any ven sogae ny see
noe than ne funtion
Counting Sepucs
Tere adiedly something aul nts ponte of elaing se
es for exanpsat 9.274-06 the panne ef ncadd bok the sto
action orto rca an he opening wars themsles. The pos can
tweves ae a sere ad-loe arts tha ae theme on
‘ected Theft our neti ll re on the ane erent, Soper
Tacit
988 Adlne
Native Tannin vis Metamorhoses9 151
2196-20 dm
S2h72 PyeenMeOen
“The next shee se ogeter gue partial dost Heels
S.aas-22 Alen thir Header
Sax698 landers Dope
Sam7449 flue Cllshr's eo 976-46)
“The ato tore oer « geographic connecian to Chet here bath
‘Mitr dip oigt) wie rentore de demu ink ural
Asya
Some Ips
‘The emsinder ofthe Bok an be en ar segues 9-7, 89-102 134-6 the
pethlneral esr n 229, 275-84, 3243 394-7, 450-6 and 66-8
TES05 ln of Bet 9 AR othe whole edited a anaes
“This compara wo be wali the saroundng Boks 4 of 94
in Met 8 G2} S45 of 79 nee Met 10 (20%) 57 of 35 Hines
{Met 11 (.2%).2 Wil one ght guest the spe of nda
poste the neal stare wl ean alleged on average jb over
Fi of het 11 ae egies Thowph some books might pss fer sick
Fasvage (eg Met 7, for no prt eso) the vege is able Fur
‘nec seput typeby re one of th fants sey Werle, Me
{hie ifr anther expe of summary servings reas tothe Uy
‘Sn story ol more ely 810367 29,
“Thinking terme of suse a eusesmet ofthe way Ovi
ates sen ee prt Sos aes pom ataorent They tt
‘nore marpou than spl prereset compet pete
ore with neatly th nothing wth hemline sn
{Oe 9225) Plex ofthe Metemorpose yay ak pee
‘gana hse nbs compare with th pss ented ee a oes:
‘iste Tene tx (198) for Met 9cotans 19 paragraph bres a
fants OCF (01 come 2 (or, fe seme creat be 1 15 of tase
{shared betwen them Of thew 15s caine wh the begining of
ge ened Hee aa ou 014 273,924,395 nd 660)"
Si hw fhe pene Heniied bere a ogy do nt cared to
passages shred by Andon ad Trt. Tho it Met. 8379
Sy esepe that rae th book dvisn ands ne of the way the poet1352 CW. Marsal
sche these bok tog. oth commentator: do mack s argrgh t
{387 bree adn of breaks a9 and (Turan) a 9 denonsute
semethingof the ara nature ofthe neat here The ares te ofthe
‘eat seg 989-102. Anderson mats paragraphs at 993 (where his om
sentry sah a secion hein) and 998 Trane hs Sm 989 ad
S358 Again the fc ofthe veal ssge oranda smadeclee
lythoplat where the editors ier in thei cement of agape
“The sean nth coe ot oad paragrphreake a 8 and 9108
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