Gauss's Theorem:

The surface integral of the electric field intensity hypothetical

over any closed
alled
surface (calle Gaussian surface) in free spaceis equal to 1/E, times the net
charge enclosed within the surface.
1 n
oE.ds= i1
S

Proof of Gauss's Theorem for Spherically Symmetric Surfaces:

A
do-E.dS =
4TTE dS n
do 1dsf.h
4TED O
dS

Here, n =1x1 cos 0° = 1

1 9 ds
dodo=-
4TTED r2

pdo= dS= 4r2 T

4TTEO S
4TTE
Prooffof Gauss's
of G Theorem for a Closed Surface of any Shape:

do= E. dS = ds n
4TTE

q dS
dS
do
4TTEO r2

Here, .n = 1 x 1 cos 0
cos .-
+q
dS cos 8
do=
4TTEO r2

4TT
OEPdo = 4TTE 4TTE Eo
S
Applica of Gauss'sTheorem:
APIctric ield Intensity due to
Electric Fiel
an Infinitely Long Straight Chargedd
Wire:

dS

- EE
B
dS
dS

From Gauss's law, Gaussian surface is a

E closed surface,

E.aS S
Eo
arounda charge
distribution, such that
the electric field
intensity has a single
E.dS E.d5.E.dE.as fixed value at every
point on the surface.
B C

E.dS
E. E dS cos 90°+ E dS cos 90°+ E dS cos 0° = E ds = Ex 2 TT ri
B C