HW #4 PROBLEMS, SECTION 12.9 Expand the following functions in Legendre series. 3. (2) = P(2) Py(x) = }(50° — 82), so f(x) = Pax a, for all i= 0,1,2,... such that (42) f(a) = aria), is 1(1522 — 3). Suppose there are real coefficients where : a ie _LOPa(a)ae (43) Oy ‘Then, @ ae if. fl2)Po(o)de = if, (152? — 3)de = jb =37}!,=1 3/154 3a)’ 3s 5e] =o. ‘ i (8) a= 3/ S(e)Py(a)dn = af (152° — 3z)dz = f is (The next few a, terms were found by Wolfram Alpha.) (46) a= af f(a)Py(a)de = af (152? — 3) Pa(x)da = 5. (a7) if. f(a)Pa(a)de if (152? — 3) Py(x)de = 0. (48) ae af. S(2) Palade = ef (1522 — 3) Py(2)dx = 0. (49) ae 4 i f(e)Ps(2)d2 = 4 f. (1522 — 3) P,(x)de = 0 (50) ee 2 [serena 2 ef. (152? — 3) Pa(x)da = 0. The fact that a3 = ay = as = a» = 0 makes sense since f(x) is a polynomial of degree 2, s0 it should only have to be approximated by polynomials of degree 2 or less. So, we have 1) Sle) = aPla) = Pola) + 5PA(2), and a (152? — 3) = f(z). (52) P(x) +5Pa(a) =1 +5[}(o0" Z 4] Therefore, (53)4 1 2 Our given function f coefficients a; for all i = -1,1) > Ris defined by f(z) = 1 — |x|. Suppose there are real ),1,2,... such that (4) fe) = are), where (55) y= BEEP persajae= EY [arn rseyar+ f' a-2)R, ar] So, (56) a= 3/farerr(ayae+ f' a-2)R(2)0] =} farear+ fas | =3(fe de] + bed (7) a= 3{ [Pasar nant fi ‘The following a, are computed with Wolfram Alpha: (68) a= 5 [ C-le) Paar = (69) a= fa -lepr(e)as=0 iIt makes sense that all the odd n terms we found are zero, since our original function has even symmetry. Thus, its Legendre expansion should consist of strictly even polynomials. These are exactly the polynomials P, (x) where n is even. Thus, we have 13. Bs FIGURE 1 shows the Matlab-generated plots of f(x) and some Legendre expansions of f(z). It suggests that the expansion we found is correct since higher-order approximations approach the graph of f(z). The black curve is the real f(z) and the colored curves are Legendre expansions up to various n (cyan is = 0, green is n = 2, red is n = 4, and blue is n = 6). Po(z) +++ (63) fla) = $a) ~ Pala) + BPA 05) 0 05 1 z FIGURE 1\ 1. Expand the polynomial 72*~3z+-1 in a Legendre series. You should get the same results that you got by a different method in the corresponding problem in Section 5. Let f(x) = 7a" — 82+ 1. Suppose there are real coefficients a, for all i= 0,1,2,... such that (64) f(a) = aF(e), m0 where 1 (65) me ae S(o)Pa(a)de Ls Thus, we have tee _ fis 29.,) _ 12 (66) ao 5 f(r ~se+)ae~ 3 Te gts] x (67) an$f (ta® — 30? + 2)dx = 2[7, ‘ Again, Wolfram Alpha finds the next a,, values: (68) = af. (70' — 32 +1) P,(x)dx = 4. (69) 05 = if, (ta — 30+ 1) Py(a)ax = 0. (70) if (at — 82 + 1) (ade = 3. (71) as = 2 ii (724 — 3x + 1)P;(x)dx = 0. 13 ft (72) ag=— | (Tat — 3041) Pi(x)de = 2 It was superfluous to compute as and ag, since every aq for n > 4 is expected to be zero because 7" — 3x -+1 is a polynomial of degree 4. ‘Therefore, higher degree polynomials can't contribute to the expansion. Thus, we find (as we did in Problem 12.5.12.) that (73) Ta! —3n+1= Pre) — 3P\(2) + 4P,(z) + Spun).\+ 13, Find the best (in the least squares case) second-degree approximation to each of the function z* over the interval -1 <2 <1. We want to find coefficients a9, a, a2 such that (74) a ~ aopa(t) + aipi(a) + arpo(c) where the p,'s are normalized Legendre polynomials: (7) Then, (76) om f2'monte = yf} [sar 2 (77) a= [ence Pf. atde =0. LEE [set - ae ~ Vi [oe -200- 35h eh 5 (aoa) “2V2|7~ 5] 7V5 ‘Thus, we get the least-squares quadratic approximation of x: (78) x'po(a)dz = (79) FicurE 2 shows the Matlab-generated plots of «* (in black) and the quadratic Legendre approximation of 24 (in red) on the interval (~1,1).. 1 — os 0.6 ol -1 05 0 05 1 z Figure 2 1015. Find the best (in the least squares case) second-degree approximation to each of the function cos zz over the interval —1 astes=lzs-tls=0 50, % Recurrence Relation [2 (neslats-l) + ats]a, + 24,., = 0 ~ 2 eae oo (2n+25- ints) i ‘ ~ reset. = 24a Fee 55 a (%) ark Sn= tar) nlantl} Oi eg ls yO) = 40x [le $x + Bx ted Fer $250 84 (0) ach oe ear] 2 Qari) y= OU - 2x tt Bate) <3Spring 2012 Math 3428 HW Assignment $+ 1. Show that the differential equation below has a regular singular point at = 0, and determine two linearly independent solutions for a > 0: ay" + xy! +22y=0. yore Ear e ye Ey (ntsdagn | Zborots Naga? Substituting (Y shi ting fedisas) - . EF (nesMatetagnt® ¢ Zlatdanx 4 22 a x" 20 mS aze ast Tadécial Egn © s(s-I) ts = Recurvesce Relation : (ts) ay Tage HO, $e ye SE Fer 3= &_ ark age 72 Aact aq ("27,7 yodad ze, Tap * For s, must seek sehr - ; 2 al p= y dA + 2 b,x” pes Wal tin + E mbar 2h yes Whdil + By de + Zabol” 2° Substiteting a a Aalal [°y,"# xy, baal # any + ZnbeMh,x” + Zahn +22 by > Zatt e142 b xts- 2E CM eh" e nee ant a Galle PO) = WAG) + +x -3x4 +2 s = cvr2" = yA) Abe) ~ 2 oa :(12.12,2) Show Fx= $I) - 5,00) a if cn” ant ew Eira) 5 i= 2 ea A = S 248) anet Bile SO Oar) J. G)= E> (3)" 24 2 (-4)4 2 2a) -46) 295, 0)" £5)" ery (1) fyy2” - en = Zlem - 2) SQ) = zi GS (3) ecu" x 2" cxyero 3 = OT (atl onl ts)" = £077 (3) = 5,0) sy eat ayer % U3) Dy,0)° S pea Ez Ea a Pk) sar Ties av rigs a Park) = (2)'VE (eer dt Jy) )= JE (I~ tee a cos GE a) 3( 12.14.1 Plot of Bessel functions > plot ({Besseld(0,x) ,Besseld(1,x) ,Besseld(2,x) ,BesselJ(3,x)}, My 08 06 04 [ 12.14.3 Plot of Weber functions [ > plot (Bessel¥(0,x),x=0..15); 2 44 > plot ({Bessel¥(1,x) ,Bessel¥(2,x) ,Bessely(3,x)},x=1..15)7 15+ Artem Mavrin Math 342B Homework 7 12.15.1, Prove equation (15.2) by a method similar to the one used above to prove (15.1) We will prove equation (15.2) in the book: de e (1) Gy lt ola)] = -2 pas (a). We start with equation (12.9) a aoa (-1)" i an+p @) 10) = raeiiesien 2) ‘ Multiplying (2) on both sides by 2~?, we get Pata) =>" y" 8 a "he) = > aR Ee Differentiating (3) with respect to « gives 5 a ea] = a be Faiths i+p) 2n(—1)" ant - Liars ee 2 ant a xX Trt fee 1+p)2 net 7 n(-1)" nt =o) Da 7 cyt gin -dR (n+ DM (n+ 2-4 p) er (ay intel a? Sra (n+ 2-4 p) Brrr hy a (ay ante 7 "rear ) = 0 Jp (a) ‘Thus from (4) we have a ® ele s@)] == pale)\n \- 12.15.4. Use equations (15.1) to (15.5) to do Problems 12.2 to 12.6. In the textbook, equations (15.1) to (15.5) are © A per y(a)) = 27 pale), () Ale rsa)] = 2 pila), ®) Jp-a(a) + Speala) = Ba), ©) Jpal2) ~ Jpyalt) = 282), and (10) Ee) = P ip(a) + Jy-x(2) = 2uple) — Jaz) Problems 12.2 to 12.6 follow. 12.2.2. Show that Jp() = (2/x)i(x) — Jo(a) Let p= 1 in equation (8). Then we have (11) So(x) + Jaz) = =n t), so that (12) 12.2.3, Show that Jh(x) + Js(2) = (4/2)2(c). Let p = 2 in equation (8). Then we have (13) Ti(a) + Js: 12.2.4. Show that (d/dz)Jo(x) = —J4(2). Let p = 0 in equation (7), so = we have (aa) Eb] = h(a) Thus, (15)12.2.5. Show that (d/dz)[x.4(x)] = 2Jo(z) Let p = 1 in equation (6). Then, we have (16) Apne] =a! )(z). Thus, (a7) dan (0) = 24o(2) 12.2.6. Show that Jo() ~ a(x) = 2(d/der),A(x)) Let p = 1 in equation (9). Then, we have (18) Find the solutions to the following differential equations in terms of Bessel functions by using equations (16.1) and (16.2) Equations (16.1) and (16.2) in the textbook state that the differential equation = a ope 120 4 | (tenet)? 4 EPS Fely=o (19) it z © has the solution (20) y=09Z,(br*) 12.16.2. y"+4s%y=0 ‘We want this differential equation to be in the form of (19) above. Since the differential equation has no y' term, it follows that 1-2a (21) <= =0 = a=5 ‘Thus, i 2 ent, gore (22) 4a? = (bea*)’ + 4 3 (23) => dat = PMY + i -pe = Pea + i - pe. ‘Therefore, we have three equations from (23) (24) 2e=d, Bot\w So, we get (25) Q=4 => c= 2, (26) 4P a4 => P=1 = b= 41, and (27) Ao af ops ap et ee pet auc Geaiaeee es eee ea Choose positive values for } and p. Then we have the solution of the differential equation in terms of Bessel functions as in (20): (28) y= Za (2 12.166. doy’+y=0 Dividing our differential equation on both sides by 4z, we get (29) +k ie Following the procedure in the last problem, we see that (29) has no y/ term, so we again have 2a 5 (30) a0 = a=5. Moreover, we equate the y coefficients of (19) and (29) 1 ent)? (31) ye bay (32) = Equation (32) gives us three equations: (33) Qe=1, vel = ‘Thus, we get (34) Ip_l 2 (35) qbaq i Pal a ons, and al : (36) qo <0 a1 = pas Choosing positive b and p, we get the solution to (29) in terms of Bessel functions like in (20): (37) y=2'7Z,(2').12.18.10. Let Ar +B (54) ‘The differential equation for transverse vibrations of a string whose density increases linearly from one end to the other is y" + (A+ B)y = 0, where A and B are constants. Find the general solution of this equation in terms of Bessel functions. Hint: Make the change of variable Ar + B = Aw. Au, so that = 2. Then our differential equation becomes y" + Auy = 0. To solve (54) in terms of Bessel functions, we have to make it look like (19). Then, since there is no y! term, it follows that (55) Also, we get (56) 120 og amd ae “2 = Ab =P + i — pe. Au = (bout)? + Equation (56) gives us three equations: (57) So, we have (58) (59) (60) 2e=3, P= Choosing positive b and p, we get a solution in the form of (20): (61) y=0%2a('Vie) In terms of «, the solution to the differential equation is (62) Bl? 72 Be v= (r+3) Zys Fva(e+4)