Chapter 3 Progressions and Sequences Now that some the basic concepts have been discussed, it is time to begin with some concepts of intermediate difficulty level. One of these concepts is Progressions and Sequences. Sequence is a group of numbers which follows a particular pattern. Eg. Sequence of positive integers: 1, 2,3, 4, 5 Sequence of positive odd integers: 1, 3, 5,7, 9. Sequence of positive integer powers of 2: 1, 2,4, 8, 16... Sequence of squares of positive integers: 1, 4,9, 16, 25... etc. Some particular sequences are called Progressions and they are: Arithmetic progression, Geometric progression and Harmonic progression. 3.1 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION (AP) AP is a sequence in which difference between any two successive terms is same. Fg. 1, 4, 7,10, 13...is an AP in which difference between any two successive terms is3. AP can also be said as a sequence in which value of any term is equal to some constant added to the previous term. In general, AP can be written as: a, a + d,a + 2d,a +3d,etc... (disadded to any term to get the next term). a 1. néterm of an APis given by an=a+(n-1)d 2. Sum ofan AP: S F(a+ D a= First term; I= Lastterm; n= Number of terms; d=Common difference. Example What's the sum of even integers from 20 to 60? Solution: a=firstterm=20; [=lastterm= 60; d=common difference =2. To find out n (number of terms), it can be said that n™ (last) term is 60, ie. 20+ (m-1)2=60 =n=21 Sum of even integers from 20 to 60: 2 (20 + 60) = 840 QB - 21Rule of Counting Number of integers FROM a TO b = b-a + 1. (ie. LARGEST - SMALLEST + 1) Number of integers BETWEEN a AND b = b-a- 1. (i.e. LARGEST - SMALLEST - 1) Eg. Number of integers from 5 to 30 = 30 - 5 + 1=26 0-5- Eg. Number of integers between 5 and 30 4 If itis asked, the number of integers BETWEEN a AND b (INCLUSIVE) = b-a +1. Eg. Number of integers between 5 and 30 (inclusive) = 30 -5 +1 =26. Practice Set 3.1 1. Let abe the sum of integers from 1 to 30, and b be the sum of integers from 31 to 60. Whats the value of b - a? 2. How many multiples of 6 are there between 30 and 300, inclusive? 3._ If S represents the sum of all multiples of 4 from 20 to 80, what is the value of 'S'? 3.2 GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION (GP) GP is a sequence in which ratio of any term to the previous term is same. Eg. 1, 3, 9,27, 81... is a GP in which ratio of any term to the previous term is 3. GP can also be said as a sequence in which value of any term is equal to some constant multiplied to the previous term. In general, GP can be written as: a, ar, ar”, ar’, etc... (ris multiplied to any term to get the next term). Formula 3-4: 3. n'* term of a GP is given by: a(i-r*) G-r) 4. Sum ofa GP: n= Number of terms; r=Commonratio. Find 12 term of the sequence: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16... (where each term is twice the previous term) QB - 22Solutio: a= first term = 1; r= common ratio = 2. = 124 term = ay, = 1 « 202-9 = 21 Practice Set 3.2 1. The population of a city doubles every decade. What will be the population after 50 years, if the population today is 10 million? 2. Ratio of the height, to which a ball reaches to the height reached before the bounce is a fixed constant. It is dropped from a height of 100 ft. and after 2 bounces it reaches toa height of 25 ft. What is the factor by which height is reduced after each bounce? 3.3 MISCELLANEOUS SEQUENCES Sometimes, given sequence may not be any of the above two progressions. In that case, first analyze the pattern and accordingly solve the question. Example Consider sequence: 1, 2, 3, 5,8, 13...in which each term after second term, is equal to sum of the two immediate preceding terms. What is the sum of first 10 terms of this sequence? Solution: Each term is equal to sum of two immediate preceding terms. Hence, first 10 terms can be written as: 1, 2, 3.5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89. Sum of first 10 terms = 231 Practice Set 3.3 1. Consider a sequence of squares of first 10 positive integers. Difference between any two successive terms form another sequence S. Find the sum of first 8 terms of sequence. 2. Ina sequence, n™ term: a, = 4 + 10 x a, ,,and a,= 4. Find the hundred’s digit of the sum of first 10 terms. QB - 23,3. 800 1. 320 million 2% Answers: Practice Set 3.3 1. 80 26 QB - 24Solutions: Practice Set 3.1 1. b= 3 a1 + 60)= 1591 2 (a+ 30)= 1531 = b-a=15«91-15«31=15 «60 =b-a=900 Aliter: Each term in series b is 30 more than its corresponding term in series a (31 & 1,32 & 2,33 & 3, etc...) Hence, each term creates a difference of 30 in the sum. =>b - a=30 x 30= 900. 2. The question is talking about the AP 30, 36 , 42, a= First Term = 30, d= Common Difference = 6 Let be the number of terms in the list, @# term is 300 300 =a+(n-1)d = 300 =30 + (a- 1)6 == 46 There are 46 multiples of 6 in the given list. 3. The questions talking about the AP 20, 24, 28, .. First Term, a=20 Last Term, I= 80 Common Difference, d= 24-20=4 Let n be the number of terms, I=a+(n-1)d = 80=20+4(n-1)4 =>n=16 Sum of the list, $= $a +d 300 =5=+ (20+80) =>S=800 Solutions: Practice Set 8.2 1. Population doubles every decade,ie. population at the end of each decade follows GP. Population after 1* decade = 2 x 10 = 20 million Population after 2"! decade = 2 x 10 = 40 million ... and so on. Population after 5 decade = 2 x 10 = 320 million 2. Heights after each bounce are in GP. Initial height is 100 ft. QB - 25,Let height after 1 bounce is 100k. = Height after 2 bounce is 100K" (where kis the ratio to which height is reduced). = 100k? = 25 =>k=% Solutions: Practice Set 8.3 1. Sequence of squares of positive integers: 1”, 2”, 3°, 47, 5' Sequence obtained by taking difference of two successive terms S: 2-1, 32-27, 47-37, 5? 4, 6-5? Sum of first 8 terms = (2? - 17) + (3? - 2?) + (47 - 37) + ...+ (97-84) =97 - 1 80 2. Inthe given sequence: 4 1term,a,=4 44 2™term,a,=4+10xa, 4 444 3™term,a,=4+ 10 a,=444 4444 4" term,a,=4+10«a,=4444 . and so on. 4444444444 10 term, d= 4+ 10x ay= 4444444444 ‘When first 10 terms of this sequence are added, 4 is added 10 times (40) at unit's digit. Hence, in the sum, 0 is written at unit's place and 4 is carried over. Now 4 is added 9 times at ten’s digit and there is one 4 from carry over (36 + 4). Hence, 0 goes to ten’s place in the sum and 4 is carried over again. 4 is added 8 times at hundred’s digit and there is one 4 from carry over (32 + 4). Hence, 6 goes to hundred’s place in the sum. QB - 26