Chapter 5 Geometry 2-dimensional (Plane) and 3-dimensional (solid) geometry will be discussed in this chapter. Importantly, focus on the basic concepts and master the application part of geometry. 5.1 PLANE GEOMETRY Eew Basic Terms and Properties: Acute angle: Angle less than 90°. Right angle: Angle equal to. 90°. Obtuse angle: Angle greater than 90° and less than 180°. Angle on a straight line is 180°. Angle about a point is 360°. Supplementary angles: Two 2s which add to 180°. ae wey Complementary angles: Two 2s which add to 90°, 7. Vertically Opposite angles: Two intersecting lines form 4 angles, and non-adjacent angles are called vertically opposite 2s, Vertically opposite 2s are equal 8. Perpendicular Bisector: A line which bisects a line segment and is perpendicular to it Any point on perpendicular bisector is equidistant from the end-points of the line segment. 9. Angle Bisector: A line which bisects an angle. Any point on angle bisector is equidistant from the arms of the angle. QB - 39Paral ine: Coplanar lines which do not intersect are called Parallel lines (denoted by symbol ||). Ifa line intersects two || lines, then intersecting line is called Transverse. For the resulting 8 Zs, following terms are defined: 1. Corresponding zs : 2s on the same side of transverse and same side of || lines. Corresponding angles are equal. eg. £1=£5,£2= 26, 23= 27 and 24 = 28. 2. Alternate Interior Zs : Interior Zs on alternate side of transverse. Alt. Int. Zs are equal. eg. 23= 25 and 24 = 26, 3. Interior 2s on the same side of transverse are supplementary. eg. £3 + £6 = 180° and 24 + 25 = 180°. Triangles: Figure obtained by joining 3 non-collinear points is called Triangle (denoted by symbol A). Any triangle will satisly these properties: 1. Sum of all interior 2s is 180°, It can also be said as: Exterior angle is equal to sum of remote interior Zs. Exterior 2 is the angle supplementary to interior 2. 2. Sum of any 2 sides is always greater than third side. It can also be said as: Difference of any 2 sides is always less than third side. 3. Greater angle has greater side opposite to it. QB - 40Classification of As (on the basis of sides): 1, Equilateral A: Ain which all sides are equal. All interior 2s are also equal, and each of these is 60°. In short, it is perfectly symmetrical A (Regular A) 2. Isosceles A: A in which two of the sides are equal. Interi are equal. It is a symmetrical A about line | to base. 25 opposite to equal sides 3. Scalene A: A in which no two sides are equal. All interior 2s are also unequal. Classification of As (on the basis of 2s): 4, RightA: Ain which one z isequal to 90°. Side opposite to largest angle (90°) is called hypotenuse, Pythagoras theorem: Square of largest side = Sum of the squares of remaining 2 sides, i. AC*= AB? + BC? 5. Acute angled A: A in which all 2s are less than 90°. A QB-416. Obtuse angled A: A in which one Z is greater than 90°. B A c square of largest side > sum of the squares of remaining 2 sides, ie. AC>AB’ + BC” Formula 1-2: L area ofaa= 5 x base x height 2. Area of an equilateral =, side’ 4 Two very important Right triangles 1. 30° - 60°A: Right A in which two of the 2s are 30° and 60° (then third angle has to be 90°). An equilateral A can be formed by joining two identical 30° - 60° As side by side. Hence, if length of AC is x, then length of BC is x/2 and length of AB is v3 x/2 (by Pythagorean theorem), ie. Side opposite to 30° = Half of hypotenuse, and Side opposite to 60° = 3 x (Side opposite to 30°). Sides of 30° - 60° - 90° A are in the ratio of 1 : V3: 2. A, 2. 45° - 45° A: Right A in which two of the 2s are 45° each (then IS. third angle has to be 90°). Since it is isosceles A, sides opposite to 45° (AB and BC) are equal. Hence, if length of AB = BC = x, then length of ACis V2 x (by using Pythagorean theorem), ie. Hypotenuse = V2 x (Equal sides). Sides of 45° - 45° - 90° Aare in the ratio of 1: 1:2. a (\ QB - 42Example A formed by sides of length 3, 4 and 5 is: (A) Righta (B) Acute angled A (©) Obtuse angled A (D) Can't be determined Solutio) Square of largest side = 5?=25 Sum of the squares of remaining 2 sides = 3? + 4 = 25 Square of largest side = Sum of the squares of remaining 2 sides. = Ais Right A. Example 5. A formed by sides of length 4, 5 and 7 is: (A) Righta (B) Acute angled A (C) Obtuse angled A (D) Can't be determined Solutio) Square of largest side = 7° = 49 Sum of the squares of remaining 2 sides = 4? + 5? = 41 Square of largest side > Sum of the squares of remaining 2 sides. = A is Obtuse angled A. Example Ina A, two of the sides are 6 and 12. Which of the following can be the third side of A? (3 (8) 6 o9 (p) 18 ® 24 Solution: Inany A, sum of 2 sides > third side = (12 + 6) > third side = third side < 18. So options (D) and (E) can be eliminated. Also, difference of 2 sides < third side = (12 - 6) < third side = third side > 6. So options (A) and (B] can also be eliminated. > 9 can be third side. QB - 43,Similarity: ‘Two As are said to be Similar ifinterior Zs of one A are respectively equal to interior Zs of the other 4 (denoted as AABC ~APQR). For e.g. consider following two As: A Q R Let 2A= 2P; ZB= 2Q; and ZC= ZR. Therefore, AABC ~APQR. APQR can be said as an expanded form of AARC, so that every dimension (i.e. length) increases by same factor. © Insimilar As, sides opposite to equal 2s are proportional, For e,g,, in above 2 As: BC is proportional to QR; AC is proportional to PR; and ABis proportional to PQ; ie. BC AC AB ‘on PR PO io); Le each side becomes k times. + Insimilar As, ratio of areas is equal to square of ratio of sides. For e.g, in above 2 As: 2 area of AARC _ [2 = (constant ratio) area of APQR | PQ| Example 5. Ina A, two of the sides are 8 and 10. What could be the maximum area of the A? QB - 44Solution: Choose one of the sides (say BC = 10) as the base. Now, to maximize area, height of the A is tobe maximized As the Z between given sides AB and BC increases, height of the A also increases. When the angle becomes 90°, height is maximum (if the ZABC increases further, height will start decreasing). Hence, for maximum area, angle between given sides must be 90°. = Maximum area = $ 10% 8= 40 sq. units Quadrilateral: Quadrilateral is a polygon with four sides and four vertices. In any quadrilateral, sum of allinterior £s is 360° ‘Depes of quadrilateral: Figure Definition and Properties Area of the figure (Quad with one pair of parallel sides. ; x (sum of parallel + Parallel sides are called bases and non- . arallel sides are called legs. sides) (distance Trapezoid P seas between them) Quad. in which opposite sides are I. + Opposite angles and sides are equal. base x height + Diagonals bisect each other. Parallelogram Quad. in which all sides are equal. (which means opposite sides are equal, and hence it oduct oj // is a parallelogram) o 7 + Diagonals are | to each other. diagonals) Rhombus _ | « Diagonals are angle bisector. ‘Quad. in which all interior s are equal. hich ite 2s Il, and (which means opposite 2s are equal, an ength breadth hence itis a parallelogram) Rectangle | « Diagonals are equal. Juad. in which ail interior 2s and all sides are equal. 2 1). 2 ide* = — di iP + All properties of rectangle and rhombus. | “@® = 3 “agonal Square « Itis aregular quadrilateral. QB -45Polygons: Figure obtained by joining n non-collinear points, where n> 2, is called Polygon. nis the number of vertices, and same is the number of sides. A polygon in which all sides are equal and all 2s are also equal is called Regular Polygon. Any polygon will satisfy these properties: 1 =2) «180° 2. Sum of all exterior 2s is 360°. 3. Number of diagonals = ae 3) Diagonal is a line joining any 2 vertices other than adjacent. Common names of polygons: 3 sided is called triangle; 4 sided is called quadrilateral; 5 sided is called pentagon; 6 sided is called hexagon; 7 sided is called heptagon; 8 sided is called octagon; 9 sided is called nonagon; and 10 sided is called decagon Cir Figure obtained by joining all points which are at a given distance from a fixed point is called Circle, ‘+ Fixed point is called center (0). Distance of the points from center is called radius (0a). + Line segment joining any 2 points on the circle is called chord (PQ). Largest chord is diameter. |_ from center bisects a chord (ie. PR = RQ). * Line that intersects the circle at one pointis called cangent (line I). Tangentis | to the radius at point of tangency. QB - 46© Segment of a circle is called arc (AB). Area formed by an arc and 2 radii at the endpoints oft is called sector (area AOB). @ is the angle subtended by the arc at the center. Perimeter of a sector = Length of the arc + Length of 2 radii at the end-points Formulae 3 — 3. Circumference ofa circle = 2nr 4. Area of acircle = 1” 5. Length oftheare= 2 2nr 360 6. Area of asector = -& x m1 360 + Arcisa segment (ie. part) ofa circle. For eg. let APB be an arc of the circle. Other part of the circle is called Alternate segment, subtended by an arc at the center is twice of the Z subtended by the same arc in alternate segment. Let arc APB subtends angle 26 at the center. Then, anywhere in arc AQ,Q,Q,B, arc APB subtends 8. + Zinside a semicircle is 90°. Property can also be said as: [fa circle is drawn passing through all vertices of a right A, then hypotenuse is the diameter of that circle. Hence, midpoint of hypotenuse is the center of the circle, QB - 47,Example In adjoining figure, 0 is the center of the circle. If OAC is 20° and ZOBC is 30°, find ZAOB Solution: If 0C is joined, then AOC and ABOC are two isosceles As. : OA= OC = OB = rie. radius of circle) ZOAC = ZOCA = 20°; and ZOBC = ZOCB = 30°. + ZACB = 20° + 30° = 50°, ie. minor arc AB subtends 50° in the alternate segment. Hence, at center, minor arc AB subtends 100°, ie. ZAOB = 100°. Practice Set 5.1 1. Twosides ofa Aare 4 and 10. Ifall sides are integers, then find the largestand smallest possible values of the third side? 2. Adam needs to fence his rectangular garden ofarea of 240 ft. Adam fences all but one side, which is of length 40 ft. Whatis the length of fencing that Adam needs? 3. A rectangular parking lot has length 5a and width 2a. What is the ratio of the perimeter of the parking lot to the area of the parking lot, in terms of a? 4. Beginning from Bob's house, Adam travels 9 miles due north to Charlie's house. David resides 12 miles due east of Charlie. Whatis the distance between Bob's and David's house, in miles? 5. AABC has interior angles A, B and C as 50°, 60° and 70°, respectively. APQR has interior angles P, Q and R as 60°, 50° and 70°, respectively. Ratio of the area of AABC tothat of APQR is 4 : 25. If lengths of sides AB = 10, BC = 12 and AC = 16, then find the length of sides PQ, QR and PR. QB - 48,5.2 SoLtDs (3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY) Surface Area (CSA.= Curved Figure r Names Volume | Surface Area) ‘erminology (TS.A.= Total Surface Area) Cuboid 1 Length b= Breadth Peb* | oy + bh +h) h h a= (Body diagonal) Cube a= Edgelength ° Cat d= 3a (Body diagonal) Right Circular Qylinder CS.A.= 2nrh arth TS.A.= 2ar(h r= Base radius + h= Height Rigth Circular Cone 1 CS.A.= al aseradius | —nrh | T.S.A.=nr(I+ eight 3 rn I= Vr? +h? (Slant height) Sphere r= Radius 4 3 a nu? QB -49Example Volume of a right circular cylinder is 60 1. If radius of cylinder is doubled, then what will be the increase in the volume? Solution: +: Volume of a cylinder is 11h. «lf the radius (r} is doubled, volume will become 4 times = New volume = 4 = 60= 2401 Increase in volume = 240 ~ 60 = 1801 Practice Set 5.2 1 Aroom has length 4m, width 3 m and height 2.5 m. Roomis to be painted on roof and all 4 walls, excluding a window (dimensions 1 m x 0.5 m) and a door (dimensions 2 mx 0.5 m). Ifthe cost of painting is $2 per m?, then find the cost of painting the entire room. What is the length of the longest rod that can fit inside a right circular cylinder of radius 5 units and height 10 units? What is the radius of largest sphere that can fit inside a right circular cylinder of radius 10 units and height 40 units? What is the radius of largest sphere that can fit inside a right circular cylinder of radius 10 units and height 10 units? QB - 50Answers: Practice Set 5.1 1. 1387 3. 7:5a 5. 25,40 &30 2. 52 4. 15 miles Answers: Practice Set 5.2 1. $91 3. 10units 2. 10v2 4. S units QB -51Solutions: Practice Set 5.1 1. As discussed in example 5.3: third side has to lie between difference of 2 sides and sum of 2 sides. = 6 < third side < 14 Also, as sidesare integers = largest value of third side = 13 and smallestvalue of third side =7 2. Area =x b= 240 ft” and one side (say) is 40. = 40 » b= 240=b=6 Length of fencing = total perimeter ~ excluded side =2(40+6)-40=52 3. Requiredratio = 2(I+ b) :Ib =2(Sa+2a) :Sax 2a = 14a: 10a" ie. 7:Sa 4. Let B: Bob's house; C: Charlie's house; and D: David’s house q BC = 9 miles and CD = 12 miles By Pythagorean theorem: BD = 9" +12? = 15 miles B 5. In following 2 As, 2A = 2Q = 50%; 2B= ZP = 60°; and ZC = ZR = 70° QB - 52B Cc Pp Q R Ratio of areas = 4:25 = Ratio of sides = 2:5 BC _ AC _ AB _2 ot 16 102 “PR QR PQ 5 PR QR PQ 5 Taking one ratio at a time gives: PQ = 25 units; QR = 40 units; and PR = 30 units. Solutions: Practice Set 5.2 1. Area to be painted = Total surface area — [area of floor + area of window + area of door] = 2(Ib + bh + Ih) - [Ib + area(window) + area(door)} = 2[(B x4) + (3x 25) + (4 25)] - [GB * 4) + (1* 05) +(2*05)] =455 m? = Total cost of painting = 2 x 45.5 = $91 2. Ifrodis longest, then it will be oriented as shown in the figure: Hence, length of rod = yh? + (2r)* = V0? +10 = 102 units 3. In this case, radius of cylinder will be the limiting factor for sphere. Hence, radius of cylinder is same as radius of sphere. QB - 53,= radius of sphere = 10 units 4. Inthis case, height of cylinder will be the limiting factor for sphere. Hence, height of cylinder is same as diameter of sphere. = radius of sphere = 5 units QB - 54