Chapter 2 Ratio and Proportion Ratio and Proportion is the basic of percentages, and ultimately, of arithmetic. To form equations and understand variations, one should be thorough with the concepts of ratio. 2.1 RaTio Ratio is comparison of two or more similar quantities (units of both quantities have to be same). E.g. days ina non-leap year and in the month of April can be expressed as 365 : 30, ie. 365 isto 30. It can also be written as a or in simpler form as 2 or 73:6. Ifa and bare in the ratio 3 : 5, then assume a as 3k and bas 5k. This methodis very useful to solve ratio questions. Similarly, i'a:b:c=3:5:8,assumea-3k,b=Skand c=8k. Example and bare in the ratio 4:7. Sum of a and bis 132, Find a. Solutio: Leta = 4kand b=7k. = a+b=4k+ 7k= 132, which gives: k= 12 sa=4k=4x12=48 Practice Set2.1 1. Kim has a total of 15 marbles of red and yellow color. Ratio of the number of red to that of yellow marbles is 2 : 1. How many red marbles does Kim have? 2. A,B,and C divide the profit in the ratio of 3: 4:5. Ifthey made a total profit of $7200, then C’s share of profit is how much more than A's share? 3. Initially, the men and women in a room were in the ratio 4 : 3. Five women leave the room. If there are 28 men in the room, how many women are left in the room? 4. Inaroom, men and women were in the ratio 2 : 3. Later, 2 men entered and 3 women left, and their respective ratio now is 2 : 1. Find the number of people in the room now. 5. Amount of time three people spent on a project was in the ratio 1: 3 : 4. Ifthe project took total 200 hours, how many more hours did the person who worked for maximum. time spend than the person who worked for the least time? QB- 15,2.2 PROPORTION Proportion is equality of two ratios, ie.a:b:¢:d ac of.f bod For two variables: Direct Proportion: ais directly proportional to b, ie. a increases as b increases (or b increases as a increases). ais inversely proportional to b, i. increases). @. decreases as b increases (or b decreases as. a 1 Sac b = axb=constant Remember: _ If directly proportional, then RATIO IS CONSTANT; and if inversely proportional, then PRODUCT IS CONSTANT. Example Cost of a diamond (in dollars) is directly proportional to the square of its weight (in carats). Diamond of weight 20 carats costs $20,000. What is the cost of a diamond that weighs 30 carats? Solution: Let c be the cost in dollars and w be the weight in carats. = cxw = Ratio of c to w’, ie. cost to square of weight, is constant. When weight of diamond is 20 carats, cost is $20000. And cost is to be calculated when weight is 30 carats QB - 1620,000__¢ =» 20.000 __c_ 20° 30° 20,000 20° = c= 30? = c= $45,000 Practice Set 2.2 1. 24:xis proportional to 144 : 400. What is x? 2. x: 10 is proportional toy : x. Given that y = 5x, what is x? (x + 0) QB-17Answers: Practice Set 2.1 1. 10 3. 16 5. 75hrs 2. $12,000 4.9 Answers: Practice Set 2.2 1. 200/3 2. 50 QB - 18Solutions: Practice Set 2.1 1. Red : Yellow = 2: 1 = Let yellow marbles be x and red marbles be 2x. = Total marbles = 3x= 15 >x=5 = Red marbles = 2x= 10 2. Let A got 3x, B got 4x and C got Sx dollar amount as profit share. =Total = 3x + 4x + 5x=72,000 = x= 6000 +A got 3x (ie. 18000) and C got Sx (ie 30000) = C got $12000 more than A. 3. Men: Women = 4:3 => Letnumber of men be 4xand that of women be 3x. If5 women left the room, number of men left in room is still 4x, which is givenas 28. => 4x=28 =x= + Number of women initially present = 3x= 21 5 women left the room. Hence, women finally left = 21 - 5 = 16 4. Men: Women 3 = Let number of men be 2x and that of women be 3x. 2men entered and 3 women left. = Number of men in room is 2x + 2, and that of women is 3x- 3. Ratio is 2:1. 2x +2_ 3x-3 1 Cross multiply and simplify: x = 2 «People in the room now = (2x + 2) + (3x- 3) =5x-1=9 5. Times in the ratio 1:3: 4 = Letit bex, 3x and 4x respectively. Total time =8x=200 9 >x=25 Hardest working person spent 4x or 100 hrs and time spent by least working x or 25 hrs. + Difference between their time = 75 hrs QB-19Solutions: Practice Set 2.2 24 144 x 400 = 144x = 24 x 400 =>x=200/3 (y= 5xgives: ¥ =5) x QB - 20