Table of Contents 1 PRECALCULUS REVIEW.. 1.1 Algebra e 1 1.2 Functions © 7 1.3. Trigonometry « 16 2 LIMITS OF FUNCTIONS 2.1 Introduction to Limits © 23 2.2 Definition of Limit 28 2.3 , Techniques for Finding Limits « 33 2.4 — Limits Involving Infinity « 38 2.5 Continuous Functions e 41 2.6 Review Exercises « 43 3. THE DERIVATIVE 3.1 Tangent Lines and Rates of Change « 47 3.2 Definition of Derivative © 51 3.3. Techniques of Differentiation » 57 3.4 Derivatives of the Trigonometric Functions 63 3.5 Increments and Differentials © 66 3.6 The Chain Rule 71 3.7 Implicit Differentiation e 76 3.8 Related Rates « 79 3.9 Review Exercises « 85 4 APPLICATIONS OF THE DERIVATIVE... 4.1 Extrema of Functions « 93 4.2 The Mean Value Theorem » 98 4.3. The First Derivative Test » 101 4.4 Concavity and the Second Derivative Test « 109 4.5 Summary of Graphical Methods « 117 46 Optimization Problems « 126 4.7 Rectilinear Motion and Other Applications 137 4.8 Newton's Method © 141 4.9 Review Exercises « 1475 INTEGRALS.. ae 5.1 Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integration « 155 5.2 Change of Variables in Indefinite Integrals © 158 5.3 Summation Notation and Area « 161 5.4 The Definite Integral « 168 5.5 Properties of the Definite Integral # 170 5.6 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus 173 5.7 Numerical Integration « 177 5.8 Review Exercises « 183 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL.. 6.1 Area ¢ 187 6.2 Solids of Revolution « 194 6.3 Volumes by Cylindrical Shells © 203 6.4 Volumes by Cross Sections » 209 6.5 Arc Length and Surfaces of Revolution » 214 6.6 Work # 220 6.7 Moments and Centers of Mass « 223 6.8 Other Applications » 229 6.9 Review Exercises © 233 7 LOGARITHMIC AND EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS. 7.1 Inverse Functions © 239 7.2 ‘The Natural Logarithmic Function e 242 7.3 ‘The Natural Exponential Function « 246 7.4 Integration » 253 7.5 General Exponential and Logarithmic Functions © 257 7.6 Laws of Growth and Decay « 262 7.7 Review Exercises « 265 8 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS .. 8.1 Inverse Trigonometric Functions © 273 8.2 Derivatives and Integrals « 278 8.3 Hyperbolic Functions 283 8.4 Inverse Hyperbolic Functions 289 8.5 Review Exercises « 293To the Instructor In the review sections, the solutions are abbreviated since more detailed solutions were given in sections. In easier groups of exercises, representative solutions are shown. When appropriate, only the answer is listed. When possible, we tried to make each piece of art with the same scale to show a realistic and consistent graph. . This manual was done using EXP: The Scientific Word Processor. ‘ ‘The following notations are used in the manual. Note: Notes to the instructor pertaining to hints on instruction or conventions to follow. {} {comments to the reader are in braces} = {implies, next equation, logically follows} 2 {if and only if, is equivalent to} . {bullet, used to separate problem statement from solution or explanation } * {used to identify the answer to the problem } 5 { section references } v {For all, i.e., Ve means “for all 2”.} : R— {a} {The set of all real numbers except a. } 5 { therefore} ‘The following notations are defined in the manual, but also listed here for convenience. DNE {Does Not Exist} LI { the original limit or integral } 7,8 { the result is obtained from using the trapezoidal rule or Simpson’e rule } he {increasing, decreasing } CN "_{exitical number(s)} PI { point(s) of inflection } CU, CD {concave up, concave down } MAX, MIN {absolute maximum or minimum } LMAX, LMIN {local maximim or minimum } VA, HA, OA { vertical, horizontal, or oblique asymptote } QI, QiT, QUI, QIv {quadrants I, Il, Ill, IV}Chapter 1: Precalculus Review Exercises (a) (—5)8 — 6] = -15 —(b) [-6I/(—2) = -3— (e) IT] + |-4 = 1 2 (a) (4)l6-7=4 (b) 5/|-21 = § (c) I-11 + [-9[ = 10 [) (a) Since (4 — 7) is positive, [4 — 1] = (b) Since (7 — 4) is negative, Jn — 4] = —(n — 4) =4—7m (c) Since ({3 — 1.6) is negative, {2 — 1.5] = —({3 — 1.5) = 1.5 — £3. @ (e) Since (¥3 — 1.7) is positive, {3 — 1.7| = {3 — 1.7. (b) Since (1.7 — {3) is negative, [1.7 — 3] = -(1.7 — 3) = 8 ~ 1.7. © a =18 - al Note: Have students substitute a value to test if the expression inside the absolute value symbol is positive or negative first, then generalize. B We< —3, then 3 +2<0. Thus, [3 + 2] = —(3 + 2) If z> 5, then 5 — 2<0. Thus, |5 — z| = —(5 — 2) f if2<2,then2—2>0. Thus, [2-2] =2-2 We > 7, then7 + z>0. Thus, |7 + 2[= 7+ 2 Q) 152? — 12 = —8s = 152” + 82 — 12 = 0 > (52 + 6)(3z — 2) = 0 => = —§, (10} 152? — 14 = 202 => 1527 — 292 — 14 = 0 => (Sz + 2)(32- 7) = 0 => z= 2,5 (TH) 22(42 + 15) = 27 = 82? + 302 — 27 = 0 = (22 + 9)(42 — 3) = 0 > z= ~3,3 2] 2(32 + 10) = 77 => 32? + 102-77 = 0 => (2 + 7)(32— 11) = 0 > z= -7, 4 13 Pedet¢ 2052 eB. 24 8 (Ws? — 62-3 =0 52-818 5 a0 (15) 22? — 32 — [ss +5241 = 0525 FAN gy iis oe 2a 828 gaa 17) 22 +5 <32~7 > ~2< ~12 > r> 12 & (12, 00) [2-8 >5r+3 > —42> 11 > 2< —Y & (—co, —Y) 3 < RB <7 15 < 22-3 < 35 > 18 < We < BBO S ZK 19 & (9, 19) WO) -2< Mt) cos -6 (z—- 3)(r+ 2) <0 > —-2<2<3 4 (-2, 3) Value of z: -2 3 Value of =: -3 -1 Sign of s — 3 =~ -]+ ign of z + I: —T-]+ Sign of z + 2: = + + Sign of z + 3: = + + Chart 21 Chart 22 22] a? + 42+ 3 >0=> (r+ 1)(r+3)>0> z< —30rz > —1 + (—oo, —3] U [—1, 0) (23) 2? — 22-5 >3 => 2? — 22-8 >0 > (2 — 4)(z + 2) >0 > B<—2orz> 4 (—00, put 00) Value of z: —2 4 Value of =3 Sign of 2—& = + Sign of 2 — 7: =T-] + Sign of « + 2: - + | + Sign of 2 + 3: -~-Lele Chart 23 Chart 24 24) x? — 42-17 $4 = 2? — 42-21 0 > (2 -7)(z+ 3) S05 —3<2<74 [-3,7] 25) o(22 + 3) > 5 => 227 + 32-5 >0 > (22 + B)(z—- 1) 20> 2z< —§orz> 1 + (—00, —§] U [1, 00) 4/3 Value of 2: —5/2 1 Value of z <1 Sign of 2 — is = + Sign of 32 — -7,-]+ Sign of 22 + 6: - + Sign of z + -~| +i] 4 Chart 25 Chart 26 26) 2(32 — 1) <4 => 32? 2-450 = (82-4)(24+1) <0 > -lszs$#[-1,4] aT zt pam ttle wens ros SBT sos} B 2< —2or2> —§ # (—co, —2] U (—§, 00) Ue + 1) - {2 ~ 2) oe +7 2s eee ctl 3g Value of a: 2 7/2 z values: Sign of —22+7:] + [+] + ]— = & a a a Signofz—2: }- ]- | 4+ ] + Qn + 3: -~-{-j4]+ Signofz+1: |- | + | + |+ —2¢ — 16: +]-|-|- Chart 30 2 2 Az 2(22 + 3) — 16 Wary < 5252 ety 89° Era So * [-8, -3) U (5, 09) (BD lz + 3) < 0.01 = -0.01<2+3< 0.01 > —3.01 < 2< —2.99 < (—3.01 -2.99) [32] lz — 4] < 0.03 => —0.03 < z— 4 < 0.03 = 3.97 < 2 < 4.03 ¢ (3.97, 4.03] (33) |e + 2| > 0.001 > 2+ 2> 0.001 orz +2 < —0.001 +EXERCISES 1.1 3 2 > —1.909 or z < —2.001 © (—oo, ~2.001] U [—1.999, co) 34} |x — 3] > 0.002 => z— 3 > 0.002 or z— 3 < —0.002 > 2 > 3.002 or 2 < 2.998 > (—co, 2.998) U (3.002, 00) 35) |22 + |< 4 => —4<2r+5<45 -9<2<-1 > wicec-}a(h-D (BO) |32 — 71> 5 > 3e—-7>5or3r—7< -5 > > 4orz < 3 # (—00, 3] U [4, 00) S716 — S21 << 3 => —3 6-523 -9< -b2< -3 53 <2r<8 of, 9 (58) |-11 — 72|> 6 =» —11 — 2 >6 or 11 —72< -6 > r<—Yorz> —§ @ (—00, —¥) U (—§, 00) GH) = (b) y = 3 is the line parallel to the x-axis that intersects the y-axis at (0, 3). (c) > 0 is the set of all points to the right of and on the y-axis. (d) zy > 0 is the set of all points in quadrants I and III. (e) y <0 is the set of all points below the z-axis. (f) j21 < 2 and [y| < 1 is the set of all points within the rectangle such that —2<2¢2and-1 1is the set of all points above the line parallel to the z-axis that intersects the y-axis at (0, 1). (f) Iz1 > 2 and |y| > 3 is the set of all points that are at least 2 units from the y-axis and 3 units from the z-axis. a (a) a4, 8) = [6 — 4)? + 2 — (3) = (4% = (o) MCA, B) = ($8, =8 +2) = (5, 42] A(—2, —5), B(4, 6) © * (a) {157 (b) (1, 9 [43] Show that d(A, C)? = d(A, B)? + d(B, C)?, ive, (4130)? = (198)? + (132). Area = 36h = }(133)({98) = 28 [4] Show that d(A, B) = d(B, C) = d(C, D) = d(D, A) {each is {29} and a(A, C)? = dA, B)? + d(B, C)? {d(A, C) = 158} Gly = 227-1 « Bly=-22 +2 6 Figure 4 Figure 44 EXERCISES 1.1 @e-iy l2=—2y? | f * = Figure 47 Figure 48 (y= 27-8 « BO y=—z? +1 ¢ y py wo t * +: ¢ Figure 49 Figure 50 Bily=ie—4 « Bly={tz—4 © y rv TEER EET } Figure 51 Figure 52 (53) (= + 3)? + (y— 2)? =9 © Circle of radius 3, center at (—3, 2) Ay Ay CS soon ) = Figure 53 Figure 54 (542? + (y — 2)? = 25 © Circle of radius 5, center at (0, 2)EXERCISES 1.1 5 y= —lie—2? » lyv=(4-2 a y = : Figure 55 Figure 56 57) Center C(2, —3); radius 5 © (2 — 2)? + (y + 3)? = 25 [58] Center C(—4, 6); passing through P(1, 2) © The equation of a circle with center C is (z + 4)? + (y — 6)? = r?. Letting s = 1 and y = 2 yields . B+ (Para Pad w(2+4)? +(y— 6)? = 41 [59] Tangent to both axes; center in the second quadrant; radius 4 ¢ Since the radius is 4 and C(h, #) is in QU, A= —4 and k = 4. x (z+ 4)? +(y— 4)? = 16 (60] Endpoints of a diameter A(4, —3) and B(—2,7) The center of the circle is the midpoint of AB. M(A, B) = (1, 2). ‘The radius of the circle is }- d(A, B) = 31136 = {34. & (c — 1)? + (y — 2)? = 34 (BI) Through A(5, ~3); slope —4 © y+3= —4(r—5) = 42+ y= 17 62] Through A(—1, 4); slope? © y—4 = (241) = 22—3y= 14 G3] sintercept 4; yintercept -3 « m= $andb=—3 => y= 32-3 * 32 — dy = 12 (64) Through A(5, 2) and B(—1,4) © m=-}>y~-2=—H(2—5) > yori +$ +25 y= hot} Art 3y= 11 (65) Through A(2, —4); parallel to the line 52 — 2y=4 © 52—2y=4@ y = §z — 2. Using the same slope, y+ 4 = §(z — 2) => 52 — 2y = 18. (65) Through A(7, —3); perpendicular to the line 22 —5y = 8 © 22 — By = 8 & y = 2 —§. Using the negative reciprocal of 2 for the slope, y+3 = —$(c— 7) => 52 + 2y = 29. (67) A(3, —1), B(—2, 6) ¢ M(A, B) = (3, §) and mgy = —2 => y—§ = ce -9) > Ty — B = be — § = 52 — Ty = -15 (68) A(4, 2), B(-2, 10) © M(A, B) = (1,6) and myy = -4 > y—6 = Sz — 1) = 4y — 24 = 32-3 => Br — 4y = -216 EXERCISES 1.1 Note: The notation E, and E, refers to the first equation and the second equation. (69) 22+ Sy = %2-2y=8 © —2E, 4+ EB, > Ty= ~-l4 > y= —2; r= 4 y (=3,5) (4, ~2y + Figure 69 Figure 70 (WO) 42 + by = 13; 9c + y= —4 © —5E, +B, > Me = 33 r= 3; y=5 (TH) 22 + by = 16; 32—7y= 24 © 3E, — 2B, > %y=0> y= 0; r= 8 y p 0) Figure 71 Figure 72 (72) 72 — 8y = 9,42 + 8y= —10 © 4E, — 7B, > —53y = 106 > =-% r= Rounding to 6 decimal places and using Cramer’s rule yields 10180342 + 0.220577y = 0.447214 18469252 + 4.537949y = 1.414214 1,704763 . = Zi96775 © 0.406305; yx 3747 GS1BTAT ns 0.146277 (TH) For the smallest root, = = 2s, Fo py PilO ww 1.612 x 1077, =b+ (0? — dec 15,400,000 (75) (a) Surface area of the capsule = 4x(})? + 2x(3)(2 — 3) = Surface area of the tablet = 2x1? 4 2ar(}) = Qar? + ar. +8 = ron Equating the two surface areas yields 24r?.+ ar = 3 => (QQr—1(r +1) =05 r= }ord=lem. (b) Volume of the capsule = $x(3)? + 2(4)*(3) = & + $3 = HE ~ 0.360 cm’. Volume of the tablet = x(3)?(4) = £ = 0.393 cm®. 76) V = «17h with V = 3000 and A = 20 => 3000 = 20x17 > r= [150/m ~ 6.9 cm (HM > 3 = GL, > 3 6 > 18 — Bp {éince 6 — p> 0} > p> 4, but p <6 since p 125 (q_f400_)° ( 6400. n< ay > Fees 32,000 = 2 > 25,600 km TI] d < 75 = vt he? < 75 => v? + 20v — 1500 <0 > (v + 50)(v— 30) <0 > -50 << v<30andv>0>0< 0< 30 Bers Put 7 gris sire tie P-bt+4<0S(t-Ilt-4) <0 S1<1<4 BU (a) R= Ry > Ry = All + eT) >1=14+ aT > aT =0. Since a> 0, T must be 0°C. Thus, Ro is the resistance when T= 0°C. (b) R= Oand T = —273 > 0 = Ry(1 — 2730) > {since Ry > 0} 1 — 273a= 0 > a = 5h (0) R=2, Ry = 1.25 = §,anda= pg > 2= S14 eT) > =lt 547 f= pT > T= 92 > T= 163.8°C. (621 (8) Fa Cowling's rule: y= a(t + 1)(100) (b) i thy = = B(ta) Friend’s rule: 25t + 25 = 48t > my = (9 (100) 1 = 38 years © 13 months Figure 62 MD i f(z) = Ye—4 — 32, find f(4), f(8), and f(13). % —12; —22; -36 @ If f(z) = 2s, find f(—2), f(0), and f(3.01). © x 3 0; 301 @ fl) = 52-2 © (a) f(a) = H(a) 2 = Ba —-2 (b) f(—a) = 5(—a) — 2 = —Ba~2 (c) —f(a) = —1-(5a — 2) = —8a +2 (a) f(a + A) = B(a + A) — 2 = 5a + Sh 2 () fa) + f(h) = (5a ~ 2) + (5h — 2) = Ba + BA—4 (p Ket =S@) _ (604 54-2) ~ 60-2) _ sh_ @ (2)3—4a (b)3 440 (c)4a—3 (d)3—4a—4h ()6—4a—4h (f) —4 B (a)e’-—a+3 (b)a? +043 (c)—a? +a-—3 (d) a? + 20h + WP—a—h+3 (e)a? +H —a—-h+6 (2+h—-1 (© f(z) = 227 + 32-7 © (a) f(a) = 2(a)? + 3(a) — 7 = 2a? + 3a—7 (b) f(—a) = 2(—a)? + 3(—a) — a? —3a—7 (c) —F(a) = —1- (20? + 3a — 7) = —2a” — 3a +7 (a) fa + A) = 2(a + A)? + 8(a + A) — 7 = 2(e? + 2ch + AY) + Bat Sh- T= Qa? + dah + 2h? + 3a + 3h—78 EXERCISES 1.2 (e) f(a) + f(A) = (20? + 3a — 7) + (2K? + 3h — 7) = 2a? + 2h? + Ga + Bh— 14 (y Met h) — f(a) _ (20? + 4ah + 2h? + 3a + 3h — 7) — (20? + 30 — 7) h “ ¥ = deh tah Mot T3) aly nyg M = —42=0 > os + 2(z— 2) =0 & All real numbers except ~2, 0, and 2 60? + 182 — 5 = 0 = (22 + 8)(32— 1) =0 All real numbers except ~§ and } P—§r+4a0 > 21,4 22-3205 233 * [8, 4) U (4, 00) W}2?9-4=0>5= 42; 4-3 >05223 (3, 2) U (2, 00) (1 (a) f(—2) = 5(—2) + 2(—2) = —52° ~ 22 = —f(2) (b) (2) = |-2] — 3 = [2] — 3 = f(a) (©) A-2) = [8(—2)? — 3(-2)"]? = (—82° ~ 52)° = 6s" + 324) ¢ 4/2) * (a) Odd (b) Even (c) Neither GB (a) (2) = [3(—2)* + 2(—2)? — 5 = Io08 + 227 = 5 = F(a) () f(—2) = 6(—2)* — 4(—2)9 + 2(-2) = —62° + 42° - 22 = —(625 — 42° + 22) = —f(2) 2) — 8] = o(2 +5) # £4(2) % (a) Bven (b) Odd (c) Neither OD A@) = Iai + Ge =0,1,-3 © 1) fl2) = |2— dhe = 0,2, -3 « p , (© f(-2) = t Figure 13, Figure 14 15) f(z) = 24 + ce =0,3,—-2 « 16 f@) = {9-2 + 5 ¢=0,1,-3 . p 7 Figure 18 Figure 16EXERCISES 1.2 (A s(2) = a=; v * Figure 17 Figure 18 © BOAs) = (2+ 9% ¢=0,1,-2 « 0,1,-2 © 18} f(z) = —2(2 — c)?;e=0,1,-2 © a 1) f(z) = nt Figure 19 Figure 20 D1 f(z) = (2 — 0)? +%c=0,4,-3 © [- p FREE on Figure 21 Figure 22 (se) = (2-1) — ge =0,2,-1 «© (l(a) y= f(z +3) © shift fleft 3 units r ay sr bessertie 2 Figure 23a Figure 236 (b) y= f(z — 3) e shift fright 3 units10 EXERCISES 1.2 () v=f(2) +3 © shift fup 3 units (a) y=s(z) — 3 © shift fdown 3 units (e) y= —3f(z) © stretch fby a factor of 3 and reflect through the a-axis y y y Figure 23¢ Figure 23d Figure 23e () y= —A4f(2) © stretch fby a factor of § and reflect through the z-axis (g) v= —f(z+2)—3 © reflect through the axis, shift left 2 units and down 3 (h) y= f(z—2) +3 © shift fright 2 units and up 3 y y y Y + sf +++ = Tes ++ HH Figure 23F Figure 23g Figure 23h PH} (a) y = f(z—2) © shift fright 2 units y ar " = Figure 24a Figure 246 (b) y= f(z +2) © shift fleft 2 units () v=f() —2 © shift fdown 2 units (@) y=f() +2 © shift fup 2 units (©) y= —2f(2) © stretch fy a factor of 2 and reflect through the a-axisEXERCISES 1.2 1 y y y Figure 24e Figure 24d Figure Ode () y= —H/(a) «© stretch f by a factor of } and reflect through the a-axis (®) v= —f(z+4)—2 © reflect through the 2-axis, shift left 4 units and down 2 (ht) y= f(z— 4) +2 © shift fright 4 units and up 2 y y y = anal Mog Figure 24F Figure 24g Figure 24h e+2 ifz<-1 aan ~ {2 if [2] <1 ; —r+3 iff>1 #73 ites —2 26) f(z) = ¢ -2' if-2<2<1 —2+4 ifs>t y y % ° Figure 25 Figure 26 2 " mys {eet teAo . @+ME=)_._, 2 ifz=—-1 e+1 , fis a line with a hole at (—1, —2) and the point (—1, 2). See Figure 27.12 EXERCISES 1.2 p y 7 ° % : Figure 27 igure 28 e-4 4 fz) af Da br#? (e+ 2e-2%) ase = {% if2=2 0 Tae Fis a line with a hole at (2, —4) and the point (2, 1). (D(a) f(z) = [2-3 (b) f(2) = [2] — 3. © same graph as in part (a) Figure 298 Figure 295 ©) f= Ae (@) #@) = (22) oF Figure 29¢ Figure 29d GO) 2) =f + 2) (b) f(2) = Ee} + 2 0 ~ ~ Figure 30a Figure 30BEXERCISES 1.2 1B () fz) = Hel @s@ = Eel Figure 30¢ 3H] f(2) = fe +5; o(2) =e +5 © * (a) Ye +5; 0; +5; 1 (b) [-5, 00); (—5, 00) 32) f(z) = 13 — 22; (2) = fo +4 © x(a) 3-224 [2 74; Gre - FG [B= 249, (ES OH (49 Be) = ey = st ° igure 30 (a) 32 +62, a? tds 2. as + 10 @-G+5) Gerth Goer a7 (b) All real numbers except —5 and 4; all real numbers except —5, 0, and 4 He) = 25 ae) = 32s (0) + 9) = 10) + fs) = phy + 8B, = CA ete : =22? + 10: = a2) = 100) ~ 00) = Ey Hy = SE ; (fa)(2) = na i a Fhe Gaaers D\y Hl) aMe-2) _ 44 @e = oe = Gar 4 ~ ie — 3) (b) All real numbers except —4 and 2; The domain of //g also excludes the zeros of g, and hence is all real numbers except —4, 0, and 2. Note: Let K(x) = (Fe oz) = f(ol2)) and Ha) = (9 0 Ale) = a(/(2)- (BB) (a) Aa) = ((e + 9)? — a((e42) 24 2-3fe 03. ‘The domain of (f o g)(2) is the set of all z in the domain of g (x > —2) such that 9(2) (the range of g is y > 0) is in the domain of f Since the domain of fis R, any value of 9(2) is in its domain. Thus, the domain is all z such that z > —2. () Ka) = [(P 3) 42 = {F-32472 ‘The domain of (g © f)(2) is the set of all z in the domain of f (all R) such that f(z) (the range of fis y > —§) is in the domain of g. Since the domain of g is 2 > —2, we must solve f(z) > -2. 2? — 32> —-2 => 2? —32 42305 (2 — 1)(z — 2) > 0 + 2 € (—co, 1] U [2, 00) {use a sign chart as before to solve the quadratic inequality }. Thus, the domain is (—oo, 1] U 2, oo).14 EXERCISES 1.2 (a) A(z) = {(2? + 22) — 15 = {P+ 2 — 16. Domain of g = R. Domain of f = (15, 00). (2) > 15 > 2? + 22> 15 > a? 4 2c — 15 > 0 => (x + 5)(z — 3) > 0 > 2 € (—00, —5] U [3, 00). (b) Hz) = (fz — 15)? + 2({z — 15) — 15 + fz 15. Domain of f = [15, 00). Domain of g = R. Since f(z) is always in the domain tes of 9, the domain of g o fis the same as the domain of f, [15, 00). 37] (a) A(z) = {{z+5 — 2. Domain of g = [—5, 00). Domain of f = [2, 00). (2) >2=> {e+ 5>25 24524 2> —Lorse [-1, w). (b) Mz) = yr —2 + 5. Domain of f = [2, 00). Domain of g = [—5, 00). f(z) > -5 > Iz —2 > —5. This is always true since the result of a square root is nonnegative. The domain is [2, 00). [38] (a) A(z) = {3 — {z+ 2. Domain of g = [~2, 00). Domain of f = (—co, 3]. oz) <3 > [e+ 2 <3 524269527. We must remember that z > —2, hence, —2 <2 <7. (b) Kz) = {Y3—z + 2. Domain of f = (—co, 3]. Domain of g = [—2, co). f(s) > —2 = {3 — =z > —2. This is always true since the result of a square root is nonnegative. The domain is (—oo, 3]. 39] (a) A(z) = {25 — (fz — 3)? = {25 — (e — 3) = (28 — =. Domain of g = [3, 00). Domain of f = [—5, 5]. 9(2) < 5 { 9(2) cannot be less than 0} => iz—3 <5 > 2-3 < 25 > z< 2B. [3, 00) N (—co, 28] = [3, 28] (b) Ha) = \125 — 2? - 3. Domain of f = [~5, 5]. Domain of g = [3, oo). fa) >33 (5 —-P>35%-2>952<16 42 [-4, 4). 40) (a) A(z) = Y3 — 2? — 16. Domain of g = (—co, —4] U (4, 00). Domain of f = (—00, 3]. (2) $3 4? — 16 <3 327-1659 2? < 26 > 2 € [—5, 5]. But |z| > 4 from the domain of g. Hence, the domain of fo g is [—5, —4] U (4, 5]. (6) Ka) = ((B— 2)? — 16 = {G—2— 16 = (2 - Domain of f = (—0o, 3]. Domain of g = (—co, —4] U [4, 00). f(z) 24 {f(z) cannot be less than 0} > (3-2 >453-—2> 16>52< —-13. = _2/t 2 ED (2) Me) = sa75 $3-tu sits Domain of 9 = R ~ {0}. Domain of f= R — {—2}. (2) # -2 > 24-2 2 —3. Hence, the domain of f o gis R — {—3, 0}. a ta Weer y= EH Domain of f = R — {—2}. Domain of g = R — {0}. Na) #0 = ge By £0 2 #0. Hence, the domain of 9 0 fis R ~ {—}, 0}.EXERCISES 1.2 15 (EB (a) (2) = ast = ycbgy Domain of g = R - {0}. Domain of f= R — {2}. os) 2 +242 24% Hence, the domain of f o gis R — {0, $}. (b) K2) = Wey = 3£=86. Domain of f= R ~ {2}. Domain of g = R ~ {0}. f(z) #0 25 #03 aH. Hence, the domain of g o fis R — {0, 2}. Note: In anticipation of using the chain rule, you may want to think of the last calculator operation (if you were evaluating on a calculator) as your choice for y. GB) y = (2? + 32)? « kusPt3zyad’® My = {z*—16 kuset-l6y= Vo Wly= wkusr—3,y = 1/ut @lyse4 (P71 . kee +hy=4e hi y = (x4 — 227 + 5) 0 wkuaot wtb yaw = aye wuss 2 4 32-5, y = 1/u? y @re uaa +3 y= life fev4-2 =2 = . wus fe+4,y= ¥ Bs ferat2 * 7 YS use -—_ = =-8 Dy =a . wus yarh (F © 9)(2.4) = F(o(2.4)) ~ f(8.019658) ~ 7.91296; (g © f)(2-4) = 9(f(2.4)) = 9(2.014944) ~ 5.04811 52] (0.0001) as ** — 5 x 10°19 (53) V = twh = (30 — 22)(20 — 22)(z) = 42° — 1002 + 6002 (Bd) (a) V = lwh => 6 = 2y(1.5) > ry = 4 => y = 4/z (b) S = ay + 2(1.5)2 + 2(1.5)y = 2(4/2) + 32 + 3(4/2) = 4 + 35+ 12/t 55) 4? = 100? + (22)? => d = 242? + 2500 (BG) $ = 2nr(10) + 2(2mr?) = 20er 4 Aer? = 4xr(5 + 1) (BT) (a) 7? + y? = (h4 1)? => y =A? + Arh {y> 0} > y= {i + Dhr (b) y = (200)? + 2(200)(4000) = {(200)*( + 40) = 20047 = 1280.6 mi. BB) (a) 2? + 9? = 157 => y = {205 — 2%, domain for the function is (—15, 15] and (0, 15) will form triangles. (b) A = fb = 321225 — 2? (Gi) Let y denote the distance from the control booth to the beginning of the runway. ‘Then y? = 300? + 20? and d? = y? + 2°, or solving for d, d = {90,400 + 2%,16 EXERCISES 1.2 6) S = 2(4)(2) + (4)(y) = 82 + 4y; C= 2(82) + 5(4y) > 162 + 20y = 400 (a) 162 + 20y = 400 > y = 20 — fz (b) V = 4ay = 42(20 — $2) Bil (a) f= PEA ay = dy + thy ola—W) = bho y= (b) V = bra®(y + A) — xd y = 3[(a? — B%)y + oA] = al@ — bh + a] = tlle + b)b + a) = fe? + ab + 0) (c) 600 = §A(6? + 6-3 + 3”) => A = BO = Ww 91 ft 62] (a) =k — lyase bo esas (b) V= arth = wr°(12 — 3r) = 3x4 — 1) (Beercises 13} Note: Multiply each degree measure by ;£5 to obtain the listed radian measure. O @) 180° = ae = F (b) 120° ee -(c) 450°- 5f5 = 5.99% = & (d) —60°- = B (a) 228°. 7h, = BASE = BF 0) 20" (6) 630° +355 = GF = (4) -138" +f = Note: Multiply each radian measure by 43° to obtain the listed degree measure. (a) F-(BOy = (AB 288) = 120" (b) EY = (EY = 150° () ey = = tty = 135" (a) HP GH (a) YE CHy = (GREE = 330") FY = (EY = 240" (6) HE (H8y = #8)" = 495" (a) FY = — EY = 450° B) s = 10 = (-16)(50- 555) = 2% 6.98 @ s=r0= eg +120)(2.2) = 132 a & sin30) = $ >} = $228 tna =$> Basa yaals 3 @ sinso" = go Pats r=, tng =} (=f v= 8 Note: Use the Pythagorean theorem to find the remaining side. Q sind =2 © (adj)? +3? = 5? = adj = 4; KEEDGES [O}cos@ = © 8? + (opp)? = 17" => opp = 15; ABS BRS LE [J tand = § © 12? + 5? = (hyp)? = hyp = 13; «eh BS BEE (Tcota =1 © 17417 = (hyp)? > hyp = 22; «22 3,1,8,8 QBj2dandy= 35 r= [44 (3 =5, ee | fa) 2 = —8 and y = -15 + r= {(—8)? + (-15)? =EXERCISES 1.3 Ww 'z— 1. Thus, the slope of the given line is J. The line (B)2y -—72 +2 =0 y=} through the origin with that slope is y = $2, If z= —2, then y = —7 and (—2, —7) is @ point on the terminal side of @. 2 = —2 and y= ~7 > r= {(-2? + (-7? = (3. ka Fe hh -%, -# my, = aa = 48, The line through the origin with slope —§ { the negative reciprocal of 1} is y = —§2. If s = 15, then y = —8 and (15, —8) is a point on the terminal side of 8. z= 15 and y = —8 = r= J15? + (—8)? = 6 1 * ip Ip Wie a ee fi — sin?@ Gta) cotg = ssg .. 1 — sn (b) secd = = = sing _ YI = cos’d - 1 (TB) (a) tang = ang = SS (b) esc? = m= (W9) (a) 1+ tan?@ = sec?@ = tan?@ = sec?@ — 1 > tand = Ysec"@ — 1 ind = {i — cos9 = fx — {sec?o — 1, (b) sind = {1 ~ cos’ = (1 — cot”? = csc — 1 = cot = {esc%# — 1 _ cost /sin? — cot o _ g (b) con = SE = ea = et + cot ai) {16 — 24 = {16 — 16sin?6 = [i6(i — sin?) = 4eos*? = 4lcos@| = 4cos0 since cosd > Vif -F <0 < we in? in? eran {simplify as in Exercise 21} = yang = 3sintand 9- (2. = _Biend Stand tand Yoste [25+ 25tan%9 [5c + tanto = Seecté = fecal = cd lancenee > out -$<0c4) = sind z latan®@ a4 +4 jdtan@+4, 0 ‘ = 2secd 1 Ba) = Ta {simplify as in Bxercise 23} = 2S°6F = }cot coc d 7-9 _ {9sec%@ — 9 _ {9(sec"@ ~ 1) _ 3{tan?a 35) Gsec ees = Sed = erg = {since tand > 0if0 <0 <¥} = sind {z? — 25 = 125s0c%9 {25sec — 25 = 125 sec°4 (5 tan) {simplify as in Exercise 25} = 625sec°@ tan@18 EXERCISES 1.3 Note: For the following problems, we use the formulas for negatives and then reference angles before evaluating. (27) (e) cin3z = sing = B (b) sin(—87) = —sin'z = —(-sing) = @ 2B] (a) coa 160" = —cos30" = — (b) cos(—60") = cos60" = 3 (20) (a) tan’ = —tang = —B (b) tan(—J) = —tang = -13 0) (a) cot 120" = —cot 60" = —8 (b) cot(—150") = —cot150" = —(—cot 30°) = {3 ST) (a) sec#® = —sec = —2 (b) sec(—) = see§ = F [3B] (a) cac-240" = —csc 60" = — fe (b) cse(—330") = ese 330" Note: We will refer to f(z) = sin as just sinz (f(z) = cosz as cos, etc.), (3) (a) (@) = Asinz © vertically compress sinz by a factor of 4 (b) f(z) = —4sinz e reflect the graph of sinz through the z-axis and vertically stretch it by a factor of 4 y Figure 33a Figure 336 34] (a) f(z) = sin(z — ) © shift sinz to the right ¥ units (b) f(z) = sinz—§ © chift sinz down § units Figure 34a Figure 346EXERCISES 1.3 19 5] (a) f(z) = 2008(2 +m) © shift cos z to the left 7 units and vertically stretch it by a factor of 2 (b) f(t) = 2cost + © vertically stretch cos z by a factor of 2 and shift up m units y Figure 36a Figure 355 (36) (a) f(z) = }cosz © vertically compress cosz by a factor of 3 (b) f(z) = —3cosz e reflect the graph of cosz through the z-axis and vertically stretch it by a factor of 3 Figure 36a Figure 36b Sj (a) f(z) = 4tanz «vertically stretch tanz by a factor of 4 (b) f(z) = tan(z— 4) © shift tanz to the right ¥ unite t 1 1 i ' i ' ' 1 ! I 1 \ Figure 37a Figure 37bEXERCISES 1.3 (a) f(z) = jtanz « vertically compress tan z by a factor of 4 (b) f(z) = tan(z + 3%) © shift tanz to the left 9F units Figure 382 Figure 386 Gly = [tans +4 o kustantst 4y = 0 (40) y = cot? (22) « eu = cobs, y= uv di} y = sec(t +3) © wkuszt hy = secu (Bly=csclz—F « kus (EF, y = cscu gfe +) — fle) _ eovls +1) — cove _ cons cooh —sipesinh — cone coaz.cosh —conz _ sinzsind — cog s(s084=1) — sin (sin) ao fe+4 = £2) _ sin(e + b) ~ sinz _ sinz cosh + coszsinh — sing _ E = ze = sinzcosh = sing 4 cosssinh — yin=(sath=1) + cons(ips) 24)(1 4+ tan?4) = (cos”#)(sec7!) = (cos”2)(1/cos"1) = — cosg = La 288 L aint = BE sing = tan sing cos. a5) (1 — si sec — cosp = 1, cos B 1/sin® 2g 2 aD) seb = sed = sn plain t= s0858 — (sen)? = cotto in? sec) 1feos*O sin’ - 14 si AB) cot t + tant = Soet 4 sit 5 —L, sin tcost sintcos¢ a LE coup = Ly + S08 — cot a = coop + S85 — cot f = cosh 50 1 cscz-+cotz _ escz}cotz _ cacz + cobs _ sex — cobs ~ tate — cots cscz-F cotz ~ csc*z — cot@z esca + cobz I] sin3u = sin(2u-+ u) = sin 2u cos u + cos2u ain u (Qsinw cos u)cosu + (1 — 2sin?u)sin u = 2sinucos*u + sinu — 2sin°x i = 2sin u(1 — sin?u) + sinu — 2sin?u = 2sinu — 2sin®u + sinu — 2ein?n = 3sinu — 4ain?u = sin u(3 — 4sin?u) (52) 2ein? 21 + cos4t = Qsin? 21 + cos (2-21) = 2sin?2t + (1 — 2sin?2i) =EXERCISES 1.3 21 3) cos? = (cos?)? = (L+cosd)? _1+2 ot 70 1 1+ cos 2@ =( gon)? = coad + cos = } + foose + H( os28) = i + }eos + § + §cos20 = 3 + }cosd + }cos28 {BQsin* 22 = (sin?2z)? x (Laguna = = Beaty cos = | — Jente + J(Lt gate) =f — joosde + § + jcos82 = 3 BB] 200820 — {3 = 0 = cosaa = Bs 29 = 4 + On, ME + Onn > 9 = 4 + rn, UF + mn, where n denotes any integer sine + {2 = 0 = sind = —3? = 39 = SF + Qnn, F + Qan > =F 4 Un bt Bn = 0 => (2sinu — 1)(sinu + 1) = 0 > — }cos42 + jcos8z oe (BT) 2sin?x = 1 — sin = 2sin?v + sinu — sinu =}, -1 > w= 4,5, (58) cos@ — sin? = 1 => cos@ = 1 + sin@. Square both sides to obtain an equation in + 2sind + sin?@ => either sin or cos. cos?@ = 1 —sin?@ = 1 + 2sin8 + sin?O => 2sin?9 + 2sind = 0 => 2sin 9 (sin@ + 1) = 0 = sing = 0, —1 > 6 = 0, n, 3. Since each side of the equation was squared, the solutions must be checked in the original equation. 7 is an extraneous solution. [59] 2tant — sect = 0 => 2tant — (1 + tan7!) = 0 = tan” — Qtant+1=0> (tant- 1? =0>tant=1l>1=4,% on? 2, (G0) sinz + coszcots = sinz + cosz-COS2 = MZ + cose — 1 — osen, sinz sine gine This is an identity and is true for all numbers in (0, 27) except 0 and = since these values make the original equation undefined. G1} sin 2t + sint = 0 => 2sintcost + sint = 0 => sint(2cost + 1) = 0 => sint = 0 or cost = —} = t= 0, x or 4, AF [62] cosu + cos2u = 0 => cosu + 2cos*u — 1 = 0 = (2cosu — 1)(cosu + 1) =0 + 1 cosu = pla usher SJ) tan 22 = tang > 22 = 2+ nn => 2= an => 2=0, 7. Another approach is: tans = tanz => Sings — ging <> sin2e cour = sinz cose => sin 2x cos — sin z cos2z = 0 = sin(2z — 2) = 0 > sine = 0 + r= 0, 1. BH] sin}u + cosu = 1 => singu + [1 ~ 2sin?(Ju)] = 1 => sin}u — 2sin*(}u) = 0 > sin}u(1 — 2sin}u) = 0 + sindu = 0,3 > tu = 0,5, % 3 u=0,5,%22 EXERCISES 1.3 G5)sind = —0.5640 » After pressing and converting to degrees on a calculator, we obtain —34°20’. Since the sine is negative in QUIT and QIV, we want the angles in those quadrants whose reference angle is 34°20’ . 180° + 34°20’ = 214°20' and 360° — 34°20’ = 325°40" [6] cos@ = 0.7490 © Enter 0.7490 and then press [INV COS ] to obtain 41.50" to two decimal places. 8 = 41°30', QI: 41°30‘, QIV: 318°30' (G7) tan@ = 2.798 © O_ = 70°20', QU: 70°20", QUI: 250°20' (GB) cot @ = —0.9601 After entering —0.9601, use [ I/z | and then (INV JTAN 1. 4,2 = 46°10', QUI: 133°50’, QIV: 313°50" 69} sec = —1.116 © After entering —1.116, use [ 17 ] and then CINV [COS J. Op = 26°20’, QU: 153°40', QUIT: 206°20" (TO) csc@ = 1.485 © After entering 1.485, use [I/z } and then sin. Op = 42°20", QI: 42°20", QUI: 137°40" I] The z-intercepts are approximately —0.73 and 0.38. y " Figure 71 Figure 72 [72] From Figure 72, a reasonable first approximation is 2 © 0.5. t_ = heosn, * 0.438791 tq = cost, & 0.452633 x4 = Jcoszy 0.449649 }eoszy 0.450158 x, = feos, ~ 0.450189 Z_ = }cosz, 0.450182 ty = Scoszy 0.450184 49 = fcoszy ~ 0.450184 i] 5 = }eoszy = 0.450300 2 Since zy and zo agree to 6-decimal-places, z = 0.450184.Chapter 2: Limits of Functions Exercises 2.1 Note: DNE denotes Does Not Exist. O lim, (82 — 1) = 3(-2)-1=~-7 BI lim @? +2) 53? +2=11 Be Jims =4 @ lim (2) = -(-3) = 3 6 lim 7=7 @ Jim, 100 = 100 27100 a am ren Jim (-1) = -1 (x + 3)(2- 4 mp tend. elim, 4 = 3 lim EL DES lim, (2 + 8) = (-1)? +3. =4 TS Jim, A = din EF PME 2) — him (2 4 2) = 4 ea 2 . is° — 62? + 2 — (227 + 12-3) _ Ui jig, = 82 f= 8 = iy OPE DE 9). pe 4) = 0 Por i r(r = 1) i r ol 10) in br aD Horta = 3 TB) tim 238 — pp (TH IT= 1) _ oy rd 4 7A, rs 4 orp 12 elim, Inst Bre 4) pata ered = 1 in FL 1G iggy (+ ATR + 2) = 2) _ = Min, Jip, FE OCT Jig, (+ (LE + 2) = 82 E-5_ 5 = ii 1 _i ai aia ) Ms EES = 10 (z+ h)? — 2? Digg tA py Bh = pee = 0 RO oe tha te a? iy, Et AY gy $2 se. £8? < him (32? + Sch + 42) = 32? ¢ A+ 2K -2h+ 4) yg _ vlna T mH A+ 4) = z im M8 = py (Ho 2M 42h 4 4) We Phd _ te _ Mya = A apap tia ae a8 i z—4 _ im, tg = limree Sine hy does not approach some real number £ as z approaches —2, the limit DNE.z EXERCISES 2.1 G2 Ny ag = darby: Sines gh does not approach some real number L as 2 approaches §, the limit DNE. 5V(e) tim 2=4! = ty (—1) = -1 0) lim, B= a= tim) = 1 (c) Since the right-hand and left-hand limits are not equal, the limit DNE. z+5 b) tim 2+5 — =1 times AD = tO) t= i (c) Since the right-hand and left-hand limits are not equal, the limit DNE. (2 (a) | Jim,_({e +6 + 2) DNB, since {z+ 6 is undefined for = < ~6. (b) lim | ({e¥6 + 2) = —6, since {2 +6 is defined for > ~6. () The limit DNE, since fz + 6 is not defined throughout an open interval containing —6. @B)(e) lim, co = 2e — 2?) = —4, since {5 — Qe is defined for x < §. 25/2 S| Sy (b) lim Re =e — s*) DNE, since {5 — Qe is undefined for = > §. 46/2 () The limit DNE, . since {5 — 2x ie not defined throughout an open interval containing §. (2) lim_ (1/24) DN, since the function becomes unbounded in the negative sense. (b) tim, (1/s*) DNE, since the function becomes unbounded in the positive sense. 0 (c) Since 1/2 does not approach some real number L as z approaches 0, the limit DNE. GO) (@) tim wh DNE, since the function becomes unbounded in the negative sense. (b) lim, —1, DNB, since the function becomes unbounded in the positive sense. sugtE—6 (c) Since =} does not approach some real number Jas x approaches 8, the limit DNE. Bi) (a) 8 @)1 ()DNE (4) 2 ()2 (92 32] (a) 4 (b) 4 () 4 (a1 (1 (91 33] (a) 2 (b)1 (c) 1 (4)3 (e) 3 (3 Bala) 1 ()2 ()DNE @-1 (@-1 (-1 [35] (a) 1 (b) 0 ()DNE (a) 1 ()0 () DNE Bl(e)-1 = (bt) -2, (J) DNE (a) 1 (0 (0 DNE @7l(a)DNE (b)DNE (c)DNE (d)DNE (e) 0 (f) DNE 38}(a)DNE (b)DNE (c) DNE_—(¢) 0 (2) 0 (0 BB} (a)-1 (b)-1 ()-1 (@)DNE (e)1 (f) DNE 40) (a) 0 ()DNE (<)DNE (d)1 1 (ptEXERCISES 2.1 25 " = im (2? -De= i = li -a= 2} (@) lim. f(2) = lim (2? - 1) = 0 (b) Jim, f(2) = Jim, (4-2) = 3 (©) Since the left-hand and right-hand limits are not equal, Jim, f(z) DNE. y y 7 : Figure 41 Figure 42 / im 22 = ; i oe 42} (a) lim f(z) = lim 2° = 1 (b) im, (2) = Jim, (3 ~ 2) = 2 (6) Since the left-hand and right-hand limits are not equal, Jim, f(z) DNE. 23) (a) tim_f(2) = lim (82 — 1) = 2 (b) lim, f(z) = lim, (8 — 2) = 2 (©) Since the left-hand and right-hand limits both exist and are equal, lim f(x) = 2. y y : % x Figure 43 Figure 44 GA (2) jim f(z) = lim (1 — 2) = 0 () im, f(s) = lim, (2-1) =0 (c) Since the left-hand and right-hand limite both exist and are equal, lim f(z) = 0. i = lim (2 = 7 hh _ (5) (2) lim f(z) = lim (2? + 1) = 2 (b) tim, f(2) = Jim, (= +1) = 2 (€) Since the left-hand and right-hand limits both exist and are equal, Timm f(z) = 2. Tgure 45 Figure 4626 EXERCISES 2.1 5) (a) lim f(2) = li (—2*) = —1 (b) tim, f(2) = lim, (2 - 2) = - (c) Since the left-hand and right-hand limits both exist and are equal, Jim f(2) = 1. See Figure 46. 0.152 if z < 20,000 aT} (@) N=) = 4 3000 4. 0.20(2 — 20,000) if z > 20,000 0.152 if z < 20,000 0.202 — 1000 if > 20,000 ©) Hao 12) = 4 }iPbog~ (0-358) = 3000 + Bboo- ji = i E = = 3000 ogg TM) = lim, (0-208 — 1000) = 300 0.2! ifz<¢1 0.25 ife<1 (38) (2) @) = {0.95 + 0.15(2 — 1) if2>1 “101040152 if2>1 () lim O(2) = ,lim_(0.10 + 0.162) = 0.10 + 0.15n lim, 2) = dima, [0.10 + 0.152) + 0.15] = 0.25 + 0.150 49} (a) lim, F(t) = 2; at liftoff there is @ force of 2g’ (>) lim _ F(t) 193.5— ; just before the second booster is released, the force is 8 96. lim , F(t) = 1; just after the second booster is released, the force is 1 9. 13.5F (©) lim. F(A) = 3; just before the spacecraft’s engines shut off, the force is 3 4's. lim F(i) = 0; just after the spacecraft’s engines shut off, there is no force. as 50) in F(4) = 200; just before the second additional 100 mg dose, the patient has 200 mg of a drug in the bloodstream. lim, /(0) = 300; just after the second additional 100 mg dose, wr oe the patient has 300 mg of a drug in the bloodstream. Note: In Exercises 51-56, answers may vary depending on the type of calculator used. Round-off will affect answers. The values in the tables were found using double precision. Since we cannot enter arbitrarily small values on a calculator, we cannot even begin to use a calculator to prove that a limit exists. 2 l+2 Vz ata" 1 1.10 i0 25037 -O.1 0.90 -10 2.8680 0.01 LOL 100 2.7048 =0.01 0.99 =100 2.7320 0,001 1.001 1000 2.7169 9.001 0.999 —1000 2.719655) EXERCISES 2.1 27 £ 1+22 3x (1 + 22)°/* OT 120 30 237.38 —0.1 0.80 —30 807.79 0.01 1.02 300 380.23 C —0.01 0.98 —300 428.72 0.001 1,002 3000 401.02 LL —0.001 0.998 —3000 405.86 0.0001 1.0002 30,000 403.19 — 0.0001 0.9998 — 30,000 403.67 0.00001 1.00002 300,000 403.40 — 0.00001 0.99998 300,000 403.45, 19 =01 9.364 201 0.01 0.09842 9.942 199 =o =0.00833 9.833, 2001 0.001 0.009893 9.893 1.999 =0.001 0.009882 9.882 z z-1 2 (2 — 2)/(z—1) il 01 0.1435. 1.435 09 =01 =0.1339 1.339 LOI 0.0 0.01391 1391 0.99 =001 = 0.01382 1.382 1.001 0.001 0.001387 1.387 0.999 =0.001 = 0.001386 1.386 gil giz! git gl?! 1/ie4 “a oe ep) O41 10 1,1972146 6.0495 { 0.01 100 1.0180874 6.0049 t 0.001 1000 10017934 6.0005 + Only positive values for 2 were used since the sign of = does not affect the value of any of the expressions. z Iz tei? Oi Ol 0.7943 =01 or 1.2689 O01 O01 0.9850 =0.01 0.01 10a 0.001 0.001 T9937 | =0.001 0.001 1.0009 0.0007 0.0001 0.9991 =0,0001 0.000% 1.0009 (57) (a) Approximate values: 1.0000, 1.0000, 1.0000; —1.2802, 0.6290, —0.8913 {b) The limit does not exist. (a) 0.04424; 0.02199; 0.00025 (b) ‘The limit appears to be 0, but is actually —0.933. (58)28 EXERCISES 2.2 Exercises 2.2 ff] (a) jin o(2) = K means that for every € > 0, there is a § > 0 such that if 0 <|t— cl < 6, then |(t) - K] 0, there is a 6 > 0 such that if ¢ is in the open interval (c — 6, c + 6) and t # ¢, then vo(¢) is in the open interval (K — ¢, K+ 6). (a) tim f(2) = M means that for every ¢ > 0, there is a 6 > 0 euch that if 0 < |t — 4] <6, then \f@ - Mil 0, there is a § > 0 such that if tis in the open interval (b — 6, b + 4) and 1 # 5, then f(t) is in the open interval (M— ¢, M + «). (a) _lim_9(2) = C means that for every « > 0, there is a § > 0 such that if p — 5 < 2< p, then |g(z) — C| 0, there is a § > 0 such that if zis in the open interval (p — 6, p); then g(z) is in the open interval (C — ¢, C + ¢). (2) ,Jim_A(2) = L means that for every ¢ > 0, there is a § > 0 such that if a— 5 < z< a, then |h(z) — L|<«. (b) Jima_ A(z) = E means that for every € > 0, there is a 6 > 0 such that if z is in the open interval (a — 6, a), then A(z) is in the open interval (L ~ e, L + ). (2) Jim, f(2) = N meana that for every € > 0, there is a § > 0 such that if t< z< t+ 6, then|f(z) — N] 0, aot there is a § > 0 such that if z is in the open interval (t, 1 + 4), then f(z) is in the open interval (V — ¢, N + €). (a) _lim, s(2) = D means that for every ¢ > 0, there is a § > 0 such that if c<2 0, sober there is a § > 0 such that if zis in the open interval (c, ¢ + 5), then s(z) is in the open interval (D — «, D + €).EXERCISES 2.2 29 7 O HP = 204 3its #E Fore = 0.01, use the lines y = 6 — 0.01 and y = 6+ 0.01. Hence, 5.99 < 22 + 3 < 6.01, or, equivalently, 1.495 < z < 1.505. ‘Thus, § must be within 1.505 — 3 = 0.005 units of 3. QP a4 = 82 — ite x —J. Fore = 0.1, use the lines y = —4— 0.1 and y = —4 40.1. Hence, —4.1 < 3z — 2 < —3.9, or, equivalently, —0.7 < z< —0.63. Thus, § must be within —0.63 — (—3) = 0.03 units of —3. ] Use the lines y = 16 + 0.1. In order to assure us that 15.9 < x? < 16.1, we must have 6 less than or equal to the minimum of |{15.9 — 4| ~ |—0.01252] and |{i6-i — 4| ~ [0.01248]. Hence, § = {61 — 4 ~ 0.01248. {10] Use the lines y = 27 + 0.01. In order to assure us that 26.99 < 2° < 27.01, we must have 6 less than or equal to the minimum of | {26.99 — 3| ~ |~0.000370416] and | 27.01 — 3| ~ 10.000370325|. Hence, § = 27.01 — 3 ~ 0.000370325. [II] Use the lines y = 4 + 0.1. In order to assure us that 3.9 < {@ < 4.1, we must have 6 less than or equal to the minimum of |(3.9)? — 16| = |-0.79| and |(4.1)? = 16| = [0.81]. Hence, § = {(3.9)? — 16] = 0.79. 12] Use the lines y = 3 + 0.1. In order to assure us that 2.9 < Yz < 3.1, we must have 6 less than or equal to the minimum of |(2.9)? — 27] = |~2.611] and [(3.1)? — 27| = [2.791]. Hence, 5 = |(2.9)? — 27| = 2.611. TS) Here, f(z) = 52, L = 15, and a = 3. Then|f(z) — L| = |(52) — 15] = 5|z — 31. Thus, |f(2) — L| <¢ 4 Ble —31 0. So any 6 > 0 will satisfy (2.4), that is, 6-can be chosen arbitrarily. (22) Here, f(z) = 3, L = 3, and a= 5. Then|f(z) — Z| = [3 — 3] = 0 0. So any 6 > 0 will satisfy (2.4), that is, 6 can be chosen arbitrarily. [23] Here, f(z) = c, L = ¢, and ais arbitrary. Then |f(z) ~ L| = lc — cl =0 0. So any & > 0 will satisfy (2.4), that is, 5 can be chosen arbitrarily. [24] Here, f(z) = mz +b, L = ma + }, and ais arbitrary. If m ¥ 0, then |f(z) — L| = |(mz + 6) ~ (ma + b)| = |m(z — o)] = Imi — a. ‘Thus, |f(z) — L| < ¢ ¢ |miz — al <€ Iz — af < e/tm). Hence, we may choose § = ¢/|mj. Now if 0 < jz — aj < 6, then |f(z) — L| = tmilz — al < imib = imi(e/1m)) = If m = 0, then f(z) = b and any 5 > 0 may be chosen by Exercise 23. 25] Let f(z) = 27. For any small positive ¢ consider the lines y = a? + € and , as desired. y = a" —¢ in Figure 25. These lines intersect the graph of f at points with » peoordinates —{a* + ¢ and —{a? —¢. Ifze (—{a? +e, fa? — ¢), then f(z) € (a? — €, a? + €). Thus, if we choose 6 less than or equal to the minimum of (Te? e + 0) and (—a + fa? + 6), it follows that 2 € (a — 6,0 + 6) > ze (—{a? +e, —{a? — 6) > f(z) € (a? — €, a? 4 €). By (2.5), dim ? = a,EXERCISES 2.2 31 i] fia +1 ne VT=@ = VE Figure 26 Let f(z) = 2? + 1. For any small positive ¢ consider the lines y = a? + 1+ € and y = a? + 1 — in Figure 26. These lines intersect the graph of f at points with peoordinates {a? + ¢ and {a? — e. If z © (1a? — e, fa? +e), then f(z) € (a? + 1 — €, a? + 1+ €). Thus, if we choose 6 Jess than or equal to the minimum of ({a? + € — a) and (a — {a? — ¢), it follows that 2 € (a — 5, ¢ + 4) 2 ene, ete) oi e(®t1—ge@tite. By (2.5), im (2? +1) =a +1. Let f(z) = 2°. For any small positive ¢ consider the lines y = a° + ¢ and y= a3 — € in Figure 27. These lines intersect the graph of f at points with seoordinates “a> +e and Ya® —e. If ze (Na? — e, Ya® + 6), then f(a) € (a? — €, a +6). Thus, if we choose 6 less than or equal to the minimum of (a? + € — a) and (a — Ya® — e), it follows that 2 € (a — a+ 6) > 2 (No? — c, Nae + €) = f(a) € (a® — eo? +6). By (2.5), Jim 2? =a, naa (Vat a= (Vem Figure 27 Figure 29 ‘This is similar to Example 2 except we replace a? with a*, { with 4, etc.32 EXERCISES 2.2 20) Let f(z) = 2. For any small positive consider the lines y= Ya + ¢ and y = Va —c in Figure 29. ‘These lines intersect the graph of f at points with xcoordinates ({a + ¢)? and (Ya — e)? If € (Ya — ¢)?, (4a + €)%), then A(z) € (Aa — €, Va + €). Thus, if we choose 6 less than or equal to the minimum of [(xa + 6)? - a] and [a — (4a — )"], it follows that » € (a ~ 5, a+ 6) => FE (ME — 67, (10 + 07) > fla) € (WE — 6 LEH). By (25), im = Ve. 30) This is similar to Exercise 29 except we replace Ya with "Ya, etc, SI] Since f(z) = 1 for z > 3 and f(2) = —1 for z < 3, it ie geometrically evident that no limit exists. Formally, assume the limit Z exists. If ¢ = } then there is a 6 that satisfies (2.4). Let 2, € (3 — 6, 3), z) € (3, 3 + 4) so that f(z,) = —1, f(z.) = 1. Then 2 = [f(2,) — f(=)| = |[f) - £] -[f@) - 2] < |f(=2) - 2] + fla) — L] —2, and f(z) = —1 for z< —2. }3] Assume the limit L exists. For each € < 1 there is a 6 that satisfies (2.4). Let 2 €(—1 — 6, —1) and 2, € (—1, —1 + 6). Then f(x,) = —3 and f(z) = 3. So £6 = [f(e) — f(e)| = [[f@2) — 2) —[f(a) — 2] s fle) - 2] + |e) - 2 <¢+ € <2. This is a contradiction and hence the limit does not exist. [34] Assume the limit L exists. For each ¢ < 1 there is a § that satisfies (2.4). Let 2, € (5 — 6, 5) and x € (5, 5 + 6). Then f(x) = —2 and f(z,) = 2. So 4=|fm) — f()| =|[F@) — 2) - [@) - 2] sf) - 4] + [fen - 2 <€+ <2. This is a contradiction and hence the limit does not exist. [35] Assume the limit L exists, Then by (2.4), there ia a 6 > 0 such that 2 (—6, 6), 240 = 1/s? € (L—€, L +). But this is impossible since 1/z* can Pe] be made arbitrarily large by picking |z{ small enough — that is, 0 < {21 < Tera +¢| => 1/2? > L + ¢. This is a contradiction and the limit does not exist. [36] Assurne the limit J exists. Then by (2.4) there is a 6 > 0 such that if E 2€(4— 6,446), 2 #4, then eh €(L—¢,L +e). But this is impossible L, can be made arbitrarily large by picking z — 4 > 0 small enough — that is, -Lgribtdee-acp ty sinceEXERCISES 2.3 33 If lim —1, = Lexists, then given any € > 0, we could find 6 > 0 such that z+8 » then gi lms if-5 —§<2< 6 + 6,2 —5, then b—e< be 0 small enough. (BB) The solution is like that of Exercise 35. For ¢ > 0, it is not possible to find a 6 > 0 such that 0 <|z— |< 6 => aE ~ L| <¢ for a fixed number L. a {30) There are many examples; one is f(2) = (2? — 1)/(z — 1) if z # 1 and f(1) = 3. Also, see Exercises 32, 33, 44, and 45 in §2.1. [40] Informally, the right-hand limit of the function for every integer a is equal to a. The left-hand limit of the function for every integer a is equal to a ~ 1. Hence the limit does not exist. See Figure 1.19. Formally, we prove indirectly that no limit exists. If Jim f(z) = Jim [2] = 1 exists, where a is an integer, then given any positive € < } we can find 6 < 0 euch that, ifa— 5 <2=2 _ = jj 1 = bn 324 + nocattesg Pees . (e—2)(c7+1)_ c+ igh @@— aye — 2) ~ Jey DNE [22] 23] . ot 422-3» (c+ 38e—1)_ ,. 7 On ESET § = ERED = lA EE ONE sy me PES = ym GEDE 4) yp vega _ Pag = Hes He De So 7 in, Rea oh 2H in A = ts FG = tine +9 =8 CD i, OEP) = tip, ONE) = Yi gd = | Bim atte = setae = -lims 9 = -9 OB in (24 ~ g2y) = Bn SSH = Ine + =2 30) Jia, (WE +L) = + YF = 28 = 64 a, 2ME +27? _ 8 +64 _ 72 ‘ 627° _16 BD in es = eee =F Btn, Man 3 33) Jim \? = 52-4 = lim (2? — G2 — 4) = 8 = -2 a4 34] lim, {4 —42+1= lim, (2 = 42 + 1) = {=EXERCISES 2.3 35 (55 32+ be — Be? = 4) tim 2+52— 32° _ 3f2 + 15 — 81 = Pol BF ~ 8 \ . = jim ——=L 1 ao a4 fie+k "a4 fieah 8 1 =4 Marphas aa im Pte 2_ (e+ (2-1 3 gh a GaGa ta ParT 5 —n+1 (z — 2)(z — 5) J, me = REIT +425 + Br" + l0e + 32) iy = 7H (AD) Jim, v?(30 — 4)(9 — 0°) = (9)(5)(~18) = ~810 jim, im, (3 +4 33k +2 = {ie Ye = 8 tee Btn Geaes @ wlin-elo — 7 = a0 =0 fe—3 5) tim, = 3) = lim, 2=$ (2-3 >0its>3)=1 = lm saat FS Gt eovat ‘. z+10 _ ;, z+10_ ; z+10 8 Pe Ter int = flor fe+ 10] = dn [=8 ¥ TH (e+ 10 <0ife< —10) = — 2 FT) tim Lt 22— 10 _ =}. lim {?—16 __ 0 _ 4 suet 243 GB) () Jim We = 5-5 =0 (b) wim, {5 — 2 DNB since 5 — 2 <0 for z> 5. (c) iy, {5 — = DNE since the limit in (b) does not exist. GO (o) Jim Le— 38 = {e—2 =0 (b) wim, 8 — 2° DNEsince 8 — 2° <0 ifz> 2 (c) iin B= 3 DNE since the limit in (b) does not exist. BU (es) im 1 = {1-1 =0 (0) tim, qP—-1= Ais (c) Jim, .- — 1 = O since the limite in (a) and (b) exist and are equal.36 EXERCISES 2.3 2) (a) dim, 2/7? = (8)? = (-2)? =4 (b) clin F? = (Y-8)? = (-2)? =4 () jim, 2°/* = 4 since the limits in (a) and (b) exist and are equal. 53] If —+ n-, then zis in the interval [n — 1, n). Hence lim, ,,-f(2) = (—1)""*. If r— n*, then zis in the interval (n, n + 1), and lim,_, |, f(z) = (-1)". Figure 53 Figure 54 {B4) This ie the greatest integer function and the solution is similar to that of Ei ‘Thus, lim, q—f(z) = n — Land lim, _, 4 f(2) = xercise 53, [BB] Since # n, lim, ,- f(z) = 0 and lim, _, 4 f(z) = 0. Figure 55 Figure 56 (EB) For n f-e] = -a > lim (-{-21) = — Jin [-4l = -(-2) (b) n -(nt 1) <—2< -n& f-a] = -(24+1) > = —(-(n+1))=a4+1 i (A-2D = - 38,1-EXERCISES 2.3 3t GO (@) tim (a) — 2) = (n— 1) — P= 1- (b) lim, (a - 2) =n - a? (BN -1 <2 {7 >1. Hence, 0 < 12} < Ish q 42 +7 Jim,0 = Oand dim, \z| = 0. By the sandwich theorem, L = (BB) Vz £ 0,0 < |sin(1/z)| < 1 4 0 < [esin(1/z)| < It 4 —I21 < zsin(1/2) < iat. Jim, (—1z1) = 0 and lim Ist = 0. By the sandwich theorem, L = 0. (64) Vz 4 0, —1 < sin(1/Yz) < 1 & —2! < 2‘ sin(1/Nz) < of. lim, (~2*) = 0 and lim 2* = 0. By the sandwich theorem, L = 2, am, (65) Since 0 < f(z) < cand 2? >0,0 < 2"f(z) < ae. Jim, 0 = 0 and Jim, cz” = 0. By the sandwich theorem, L = [66] Following the hint, L = 0-M = 0 by (2.8(ii)), which contradicts Z # 0. [57] Because Theorem (2.8) is applicable only when the individual limits exist, and Jig, sin} does not exist. [BB] Because Theorem (2.8) is applicable only when the individual limits exist, and Jim, + does not exist. (2) pedi Y= lim [Vol + x45 2)] = Yolk + -1) = 0 (b) If T < —273°C, the volume Vis negative, an absurdity. (70) (2) lim_m = lim mo does not exist since the ratio becomes unbounded Apm= i Ts in the positive sense. As an object approaches the speed of light, its apparent mass increases without bound. (B) If » > c, the mass m does not exist. dade Lotibs gs. jim = tim 2 WM () $+patepat bees hy lim, c= lim 527 DNE since the ratio becomes unbounded in the positive sense. (b) The image is moving to the right and approaching an infinite distance from the lens. [72] (a) Since the lens equation still applies we have lim, M= lim, 4 = lim = lim ‘There is less prot pagtP paot pout? — magnification as the object moves toward the lens. (Note: In the lens equation,38 EXERCISES 2.3 is considered to be negative because the image is located on the same side of the lens as the object. The absolute value is necessary to make the magnification positive.) The right-hand limit is necessary because the object must be between the focus and the lens. £ (>) lim_M= lim lpfy DNE since the expression becomes unbounded in the oot oor |p—F positive sense. The image size is increasing without bound. _Exercises 2.4 Note: Let LS denote limn_f(2), RS denote lim, f(z), and I. denote Jim f(2). ID (a) Ass—+4-, (2 — 4)40-. Thus, LS = —oo. (b) As z+ 4*, (2 — 4)-+0*. Thus, RS = 00. (c) L DNE B (a) Ass—4-, (4 — 2) 0*. Thus, LS = 00. (b) Asz—4*, (4 — 2) 0-. Thus, RS = — (c) L DNE BH (a) Asz—+—§$-, (22 + 5)°+0-. Thus, LS = —oo, (b) As z+ —§$*, (22 + 5)°+0*. Thus, RS = oo. (c) LDNE @ (a) As z—+ —8-, (Tz + 3) 0-. Thus, LS = oo. (b) As 2+ 8%, (Tz + 3) +0". Thus, RS = —oo. (c) L DNE ) (a) As s— —8-, 32 —24 and (z + 8)? -+0*. Thus, LS = —co. (b) As 2+ —8*, 32 —24 and (z + 8)? + 0*. Thus, RS -00. () L = —00 (a) As z— §-, 32?» 2% and (22 — 9)? + 0*. Thus, LS = oo. (b) Ae s+, 32? 2% and (22 — 9)? + 0*. Thus, RS = oo. (c) L = 00 (a) As 2 —1-, 2x? +2 and (2? — 2 — 2) = (2 — 2)(z + 1) 40%. Thus, LS = 00. (b) As r—> —1*, 22? +2 and (2? — 2 — 2) = (z — 2)(2 + 1) 40>. Thus, RS = —oo. (c) L DNE (a) As z—+1-, 4c-+4 and (2* — 4z + 3) = (z — 1)(z — 3) 4 0*. Thus, LS = 0. (b) As z—+1*, 42-44 and (2? — 42 + 3) = (2 — 1)(z ~ 3) 4 0-. Thus, RS = —oo. () L DNE D(a) As z-+3-, 2(z — 3)? 0+. Thus, LS = oo, (b) As z+ 3%, o(2 — 3)? +0". Thus, RS = 00. {c) L = 00 10) (a) As s+ —1-, (z + 1)? 0*. Thus, LS = —oo. (b) As s— —1*, (x + 1)? 40". Thus, RS = —o0, (c) L = —00 Note: The first step in 11-24 is the result of dividing the expression by the term containing the highest power of z in the denominator. in li 527 = Set) _ lim 2 3/2+ 1/2 _ 5 ervoo2s* + 42 — 7 ated + 4/a— 1/2EXERCISES 2.4 39 tn 32 th ion Boe? + 1s? og Spaeth — | == mga oe a 35-672 seo § + fz — Tf" 8 im Sot ym 4/2=7_ 7 O38) lim eae = oe 3 = 3 WD) tim Gtt4e-1)_ 4, (B+ 4/=)(1 ~ 1/2) (5) = ivi 2,3 oA™. Get Te +9) 7 =o (T+ T/atd + B/s) WAivide by 2°) = 5 7 2 . 2/2— 3/2? 9 im 22=3 — =. ge abe = BM. pee 49 im 22 = tt3 _ 4, %e— We? + 9/2? _o_ Bin, ES = ne 3 TA) lim 222 = ji = 2m, Gee = din, Faye oR = im Et2— po 2+2/t_ -co _ 0) tm aT = moe = P= im 228 jim 2/t=2 — (-~) _ 09) tm Sas = aye = im Stet] yn Stet V2 _ oo _ 20 gop oye PD tim }8+2 = jim 218/42 age 2 in, fee ~ 2h isis = Mi=1 22) lim 42—3 = 4 = 3/e hi if2<0,2= —12) = stro ta ote Fy) (— mH te< * a ere Lt A/a? 23] lim sin z DNE since sin z does not approach a real number L, but rather oscillates between —1 and 1 as z increases without bound. [2H] lim cos DNE since cos does not approach a real number , but rather oscillates between —1 and 1 as z increases without bound. (25) 1, 2, 3,4 =» = = 10, 100, 1000, 10,000 => Ftan(§ - $) = 4eot(4) « 0.996664442, 0.999966666, 0.999999666, 0.999999996; the limit appears to be 1. 6) n = 1, 2, 3,4 => z = 10, 100, 1000, 10,000 => Jim, sind fw 0.315700983, 0.099998333, 0.031622771, 0.009999999; the limit appears to be 0 Note: Let VA and HA denote vertical and horizontal asymptote, respectively, The vertical asymptotes are found by finding the zeros of the denominator in the reduced form of f(z). ‘The horizontal asymptote is found by finding lim f(z) and | lim | f(2). e-alie 1 {VAre= — =%HAry= BM) = 314 = epaes ay AEs Band 2 = 2 HA: y= 0.40 EXERCISES 2.4 BBs) = w 9 ~ waa aes Ameer BD) ss) = PEs No VA; HA: y= 2. (HOD f(2) = peg No VAs HA: y = 0. m1) =7—b—_ = WEF HET VES he ands = 3 HA: y = 0. Bs) = Z=55 aay VA = hand 2 = 4 HAL y= =1. WD f(s) = pte? 4 WED vase and = WALy = 1. Bal f(2) = = Sa = Hy = ae Va 8A a 35] f(z) = 24 - ott = pA ite # 4 VAs = 4) HAs y = 0. (36) f(z) = sis - ~ = ace VA: 2 = 4; HA: y = 0. Note: For Exercises 37—40, the figure was plotted using the listed function. (SA f2) = 2=3 38) Figure 37 —2%z—1)? _ ~227 4 42-2 WG) = GPE y+ Sno It ! Figure 39 Figure 40 (WD se) = 8+ 8 — 2) _ 32° + 32 ~ 18 CFDE-D ~ Pfs 2EXERCISES 2.5 4 [4D (@) Since 5 gallons of water flow into the tank each minute, V(t) = 50 + 5t Since each additional gallon of water contains 0.1 Ib of salt, A(!) = 5(0.1)¢ = 0.54. AQ _ 051 it ©) 9 = Fy = wee oO = Tors TH Veal (c) Since lim, pri = 0.1 Ib/gal, ¢(t) approaches 0.1. GD] Since Jim R(S) = a, we conclude that the number Z of recruits approaches «. (Exercises 2.5] {] Jump (Removable 3] Removable [@] Jump @ Jump Jump 7 Infinite Infinite [9] Removable {10} Removable Ti] Since lim_f(z) = 0 and lim, f(z) = 3, there is a jump discontinuity at 1. oat ne (12) Since lim_ f(z) = 1 and lim, f(z) = 2, there is a jump discontinuity at 1. oat soit TH] Since lim, f(z) = 1 # 2 = f(—2), the discontinuity is removable. 4) Since Jim f(2) = 0 # 1 = f(1), the discontinuity is removable. IB] Since Jimm f(z) = 2 #1 = f(1), the discontinuity is removable. 8) Since Jima f(2) = —1 # 2 = f(A), the discontinuity is removable. sl cin (22 (17) Since Jim, (2) = Jim, salen} = 0 and f(0) does not exist, the discontinuity is removable. 8} Since lim_f(z) = —co and lim, f(z) = 00, the discontinuity is infinite. eat soit Note: In 19-22, we use the standard limit theorems to show that (2.20(iii)) is satisfied. 5) Jin, (2) = 12 + B= $4) 20) tim, f(2) = 3 = 4-5) 2D lim, (2) = 19 — = #(-2) 2) lim, fe) = % = 18) 23} Since fis not defined at —2, (2.20)(i) is not satisfied. [24] Since fis not defined at 1, (2.20)(i) is not satisfied. B5} Since lim, f(2) = 6 % 4 = J(8), (2-20)(iti) is not satisfied. 25] Since lim, f(s) = —6 # 2 = f(—3), (2.20}il) is not satisfied. (2H) Since lim f(z) = 1 7 0 = f(8), (2.20)(iti) is not satisfied. SI B] Since lim_f(2) ea Land lim, f(2) = 1, Jim, f(2) does not exist, 273 a and (2.20)(ii) is not satisfied. (BW) Since lisp f(z) = 1 # 0 = f(0), (2.20)(ii) is not satisfied. [BU] Since lim, f(z) = 0H 1 = #(0), (2.20)( fii) is not satisfied.42 EXERCISES 2.5 BDA) = execs = oFaesy fis discontinuous at —3 and 2 by (2.21)(ii). G2 f(z) = goto = oFaeS a fis discontinaous at —2 and 6 by (2.21)(ii). (33) #2) = Paela= 2—1___. Fis discontinuous at —2 and 1 by (2.21)(ii). * + He—1 34] f(z) = 3 esata fis discontinuous at —3 and 4 by (2.21)(ii). GBI 4 < ¢ <8, lim f(z) = Jim (2-4 = {o— 4d = M0). = f(A) and lim. f(z) = 2 = f(8). Hence, fis continuous on [4, 8) by (2.22). (BB) If c < 16, then Jip f@) = Jim V6 =e = {16 —e = f(c). Similarly, | lim _f(2) = 0 = f(16). Hence, fis continuous on (—oo, 16]. Similarly, lim, f(2) = aewat (Uf 6 > 0, dim f(z) = Bm (1/27) = 1/c? = f(c). Hence, fis continuous on (0, 00). = haf. Hence, fis continuous on (1, 3). Note: For 39-54, each function fis continuous on its domain. GB)If1 <6 <3, lim f(z) = Jim > BAG) = sph, = ey k{eiz # -1, 9} MO s(s) = 22 = 24 site xs. & {2 #3} Gi f(s) = eS +2? «© 22-3 >042>7 (8, ©) HA i(s) = —qpteg 0° td dO a Hd * {2:2 4} 43) f(z) = © ®-1>0527>15 121/>1 + (—00, —1) U (1, 0) a4) f(2).= = eo 1l-2>051>Pai1 3; B— 2 DOs (1 <5 244 x [—5, —3] U [3, 4) U (4, 5]EXERCISES 2.6 43 wore) = Lee © 9—-2>0>2r0>2e>6 x (6, 9) (SU) f(z) = tan2e © WA F+anazr Hx t+ in w {ait fF + $n} BA f(x) = cothe © de Aen cH 3an & (2:2 $ Ban} sl) = csche o Irfan ac HX 2nn & {2:2 # Qn} GAs (2) = secdz © Be FF + anc x E+ En w{aiz AE + $n} GA(-1) < ws fQ)e0 w> f(2) 0 >w> -8 f() =w> -S = wae= Wo BUS) P-2*+wH0HcH= 2aov4 fu (a= du _ [ator ag eg -1. 59) f(0) = —9 < 100 and f(10) = 561 > 100. Since fis continuous on [0, 10], there is at least one number a in [0, 10] such that f(a) = 100. (G0) Let f(x) = 2° ~ 324 — 225 —2 +1. f(0) =1>0 and f(1) = —4 <0. Since fis continuous on (0, 1], there is at least one number a in (0, 1] such that f(a) = (61) o(35°) Fs 9.79745 < 9.8 and 9(40°) rs 9.80180 > 9.8. Since g is continuous on [35°, 40°], there is at least one latitude @ between 35° and 40° such that 9(0) = 9.8. 1(4000) - 98.0995 > 98 and T(4500) ~ 97.9478 < 98. Since T is continuous on (4000, 4500], there is at least one elevation h between 4000 meters and 4500 meters such that T(h) = 98. Choose ¢ = 26 Review Exercises D sip, St = B= 13 B img Fa = P= 29 8 see Fea ane a i me tei 2) = jy, ENG ‘The limit DNE since the ratio becomes unbounded (+00) as 2—» 3*. ‘The limit DNE since the ratio becomes unbounded (+00) as z— 0*. as44 EXERCISES 2.6 im (1/2) = G/5) _ (8 = M52) _ OO i ae BSS = = a Nae ty, St = a = a tit a8 ve — 2 i a =i = 1/23) Ces ce — mate 12) 2 tae re arene +8), g+n =o _ | 8H +h -12- 6h _ = 8 8) in, a) ee Ma a@a He > OL = Ab Ta = tis \@ro@ bso tarp in Lr caren’ ©,p, Woe 2)- = 0 ~ 38 = —%, since 6 — 22> 0 forz<§ (22 5)(3241) _ Ba 8/9 + Ue) _ a9 08) Wm. ede =o) = a TE Of) = lim 22413 im n E+ UNE _ oo _ 0) be eer Te ye 1 lm 8=72, = tim =e _ 0 9 20 (3p ee etco (3/24 2)* 24 = 100/s on in = eT + 100/22 | i ae i = B72 =e 2D p.-s=3= -° . L)_ os ek. te od OB ina, (18 — qe) = -20 2B) Sh ESA = Jim ES tp DUE CED) tim fle) = im 82 CD(s) ,tim_f(2) = lip 2? = 8 (6) tim, f(2) = Jim, 2? = 4 (6) lim, (2) = lim, (4 = 22) = 0 (©) Jim, 2) DNB (©) dim, (a) DNB 7 7 % % Figure 27 Figure 28EXERCISES 2.6 45 BY (o) Ym, f(2) = lim, ghee = Ab BO) lim fe) = im_ 9/2? = 1 0 ys = BFE 1 0) = (4 2 (©) ,lim, /(2) DNE (©) lim, f(a) = 1 C va Figure 29 Figure 30 GD (@) lim f(2) = lim 2? = 4 (32) (2) lim f(2) = lim (2° + 1) = 1 () tim, (2) = lim, (4 — 2") = 3 (b) jim, f(2) = Jim, (2 +1) = 1 (©) Jip f(@) DNE (©) dims =1 y i Figure 31 Figure 32 (33) Here, f(2) = 52 — 21, L = 9, and a = 6. Then|f(z) — £] = |(52 — 21) — 9] = [bx — 30| = 5\z ~ 6. Thus, |f(z) — Z| <« @ 5le—6l — 2 3 BD Ge) ma = fi EMP OP gy SoA Sak? + HP _ Aor k AO jim, (0? + 30h + 4?) = 30? (b) m, = 12 and f(2) = 8; y — 8 = 12(z — 2) or y = 122 — 16. (at Ayi—at gah Ph? + 4ah? + h* BH (@) ma = fim EH =O ign Aah + GaPK’ + dah? + BY fim, (40° + 607k + 4ah? + h®) = 40° (b) mg = 32 and f(2) = 16; y — 16 = 32(2 — 2) or y = 32x — 48. Bl (@) me = tim BH +2 = Cet?) _ hig 3h = lim 3 = 3 a z ma mt (b) my = 3 and f(2) = 8} y — 8 = 8(2 — 2) ory = 324.2. Note: The tangent line to a linear function is just the line itself. O @) me = fig A= e+ NY = = 28) mbt Jim, (-2) = (b) my = —2 and f(2) = 0; y 0 = —A2—2Nory=—2 +4. a) m, fo+h- Vo fo¢hs+ Ve _ h _ D (@) me = fi, erie ington ii 1 - 1 Ue Topha we Uz—4)ory= fot h. (c) See Figure 7. (b) m =48 EXERCISES 3.1 Figure 7 Figure @ yn Meta kd nt BG) me = fing MOP DE = iw shy = lingety = -4 (b) my = -hy—-} = -2— Dory het. (©) See Figure 9. at ! = igure 9 Figure 10 IDC) me = ip, EET aah = hn, SAB = 2" (c) See Figure 10. 1] (b) By Example 1, ma = 2a. If 2a = 6, then a = 3, and the point is (3, 9). y 7 * igure 11 Figure [2] (b) By Exercise 3, ms = 347. If 3a? = 9, then a = + Y3, and the points are (+ {3, + 343).EXERCISES 3.1 49 (EB) (8) Using (3.2), ty = 9 = stor) = ste), With s(t) = 4i? + 38, the average velocities (in cm/sec) for each interval are as follows. U1, 1.2}: 22) 52) = = MEET = 118 tia CT A) _ ett oa Ut, 1.01}: xsl) a = LMT = 1.04 (8) Using (8.3), » = ig A(a + 4)? + 3(a + A)] — (40? + 3a) - 2 Hi Sth 4 4 Sh im (Ba + 4h +3) = 8043. vj = 11 em/ser. [14] (e) As in the previous exercise, ty tae 2D) _ 102 = (=) pay: «= _ ===). _ as oy: CeO = of) _ xd at =) ~ 403 (b) Using (3.3), v2 = jig le + = 800 + NE] (ee?) - b) Ya lim 2 iy 2h = Sah = 3h = Jim (2 - 6a - 38) = 2 — 6a. 4 = —4 cin/sec. _ 1 Veo — 1602 (Be) ve = Jim 160 = 16(a + 4 (160 ~ 160") _ si, —320h — 160? _ 0 nao Jim (—32a — 16h) = —320. a ¥, = —32 ft/sec, (The negative sign indicates a downward direction.) {b) Since s(#) = 160 — 1617 = 0 when t = {10, va = —32 {10 ft/sec. Lune + = Ie + 8) ite — 166?) CB) (a) ve = Jim, Ka + h) y= 6 Jim, nk tat = 1 lim (112 ~ 32a — 168) = 112 — 320, a a In ft/sec: v, = 48, vg = 16, and v, = —16. (b) The projectile strikes the ground when s(t) = 112¢ — 16? = 0, or, equivalently, f= 7 for 1> 0. (c) The projectile’s velocity at impact is v, = —112 Sine ti D+ 1/(a + A) = (+ 1a) _ 1 = ie it, at Ba 7 Ta = 1 ae +t By a (a) At P(1, 2), the equation of the tangent line is (y — 2) = —1(z — 1) or y= —2+3. This line has xintercept 3. The creature at z = 3 will be hit. {b) At Q(8, §), the equation of the tangent line is (y — §) = — #(2 — 3) or y= — 42+]. This line has zintercept 4. No creature is hit.50 EXERCISES 3.1 (Be. = Jip Horm s ses iW] de +60) _ Mt +O ag (a) v9 = 8 m/sec (b) vg = 10 m/sec (c) The athlete crosses the finish line when a(t) = ft? + Bt = 100 or t = 10 for 1 > 0, Thus, 49 = 12 m/sec. (1D) (a) Using (3.4)(i) with f(a) = 2? + 2, a= 3, and h = 3.5 —3 = 0.5, sihaietee = 5) = £8) _ = M2b= 1 — 65, (ox Wi +2 — (a? +3 ix 2ah Po (b) Using (3.4)(i), ye = limp, ab fim, (a+ A) = 2a, Thus, yy = 6. Be) vv = 10.8) — $2) _ =852 = (8) 5) _ gg (6) a= alt — a+ »F) a2 -(3 — 2a") ) in, = 40h, = 2h byte ~ 2h) = —4a, Thus, y, = ~8. 200/(v + h) ~ 200/v = —200h_ _ 0 BD (0) py = Ji, Bois = lis ee = 2 ‘The negative sign indicates that the pressure decreases as the volume increases. (b) pio = —200/10? = — [22] (a) Use $ = 4x77, on Am(r + hy? ~ dr? Snrh + 4ah? er a ier = fim Sark Aah = lim (Gar + 4h) = Bar Se (b) Sy = 24 ft?/ft 23} (a) my, —1 (4) £24000) = 104) gg g70g ana £2399) = 104) pons “| A Figure 23 Figure 24 BA) (a) mos v1.5 (0) Ao 04999) — 0) 4 1.6139, A—05001) = M05) 5. 1 o140 (c) y ~ 2.065 = 1.614(x + 0.5) or y = 1.6142 + 2.872 dis aEXERCISES 3.2 51 2 m ~ (2) ,,, 0.761387164 — 0.762073579 ,, _9,96904 ft/ece eC h= 0.01: A= 0.001: v= 2.001) = s(2) ,. 0.76200 15 = 162073579 o, _ 9.05426 ft/sec f= 0.0001: v= zom)). i ya ATOETY aro fs —0.6982 ft/sec [28] (b) From the figure, the shin is moving in a positive s direction when the slope is positive. Hence, the velocity is positive on the following intervals: {0, 0.5), (1.9, 4.7), (7.9, 10). : igure 26 Note: Use (2) = jisp, LE +) — L2) in Brercises 1-4. D @) £) = fim, —5(2 + A)? + Be + A) +2 ~ (— 52 + 8 +2) 2 di, OER = SEE + Bh = tim (—102 — 54 + 8) = —102 +8 (b) R (c) (1) = 18; y + LL = 18(z + 1) or y = 182 4 7. @ i =052=$ (4%) oe +h) — 4] — (92? — 22 — B® reo = jig PE e+ W) — 4) - (G2? - 22-4) _ Jip, Sh SM = Bh — him (62 4 34 — 2) = 62-2 (b) R (c) (2) = 10; " —4 = 10(2 — 2) or y = 1l0z — 16. @) f(7) = 0 > = 3G - Bw re = valet sees] 49 Jip, Sh Sol? 4 Jip, (32? + 82h + A + 1) = 327 +1 (b) R © 0) = 4 y— 2 = A(z — I ory = 42-2 (@) f(z) # 0 for any real value of 2. (z+ a)° a Het Ay] — = 42) @ () £(@) = jim, Yi A Be at = jim, (92 + 32h + WP — 4) = 32-4 (b)R > (c) (2) = 8; y — 0 = 8(z — 2) or y = 82 — 16. () f(@) =O 2 = £8 (4h, FIR) (a) f(z) = 9 (b)R ()y=9—2 (d) None O @sry=-4 (oR () y= —42 +3 (d) None O @s() = 0 (b)R () y = 37 (d) None82 EXERCISES 8.2 B @s@ =o (b) R (y= (d) None (a) f(z) = 1/2? = 2? => f(a) = —327* = 3/24 (b) (—ve, 0) U (0, 20) (©) £2) = -§i y- 8 = Ae - Dory = Het (a) None (10) (a) f(a) = 1f2t = 24 & f(z) = -42§ = —4/s° (>) (00, 0) U (0, 00) (©) fl) = 45 9 — 1 = —4(2 — 1) or y= ~42 + 5. (a) None MD @) f@) = 42/4 = p@) a = yh (b) (29, 0) U (0, 00) () F(81) = 2s y — 12 = Ble — 81) or y= Aad. (a) None TED (a) f(a) = 120"? = poe) = 4277? = 4j*/? (b) (—09, 0) U (0, 00) (c) f(—27) = § 9 + 36 = (2 + 27) or y = fx — 24. (da) None 13} f(z) = 32° => f(z) = 1825, f(z) = 9024, fr"(2) = 3602° (TA) f(z) = 62" = fi(z) = 242°, f(z) = 7227, f(z) = 144 HB) (2) = 95s? = 92°? = f(a) = 62/9, (a) = 22779, fora) = B® (1B) f(x) = 32°/? = fils) = 72°79, for(a) = Bal®, prn(a) = Ba? (I): = 250°”? > d,s = 450°” and D?z = 360/* = 3245 => Dey = 3, Diy =0, and D3y=0 ig ya tee te Wa 4, SY 2 0, ana SY =0 (Os = 644 = 64/4 > fe = 4a!" and & = -10r8/* 21] (a) No, because fis not differentiable at z= 0. (b) Yes, because f* exists for every number in (1, 3). (a) No, because fis not differentiable at z = 0. (b) Yes, because f* exists for every number in (—2, —1). [23] (a) From the graph we see that fis not differentiable at z = 4. (b) f" exists for every number in [—5, 0). y y Figure 23 Figure 24 (a) From the graph we see that fis not differentiable at z = +2. (b) f' exists for every number in [—1, 1].EXERCISES 3.2 53 Note: It may be helpful to have the students graph each function in 25-30. (2B) Jim |7"(2)| = Jism |g2°?/*| = 00 => there is a vertical tangent line at (0, 0). Since f* is always positive, no cusp is formed. ay y Figure 25 Figure 26 (25) Jim 7"(2)| = Jirp, |§2"/°| = 0 = no vertical tengent line at (0, 0). Since f' is always nonnegative, no cusp is formed. HF] = Jim, Be°/"| = 00 = there is a vertical tangent line at (0, 0). As 2—+0-, f'(z)-+ 00. As x-+0*, f'(z)—+ 00. By (3.10), there is a cusp. Figure 27 Figure 28 [2B] Note: We use a one-sided analogy to Definition (3.9) since z = 0 is an endpoint. g Ji, |P = aro time oo => there is a vertical tangent line at (0, 0). Since f/ does not exist for negative values of z, no cusp is formed. Nap 1/21 : ‘ lim, [Be | = 0 = no vertical tangent line at (0, 0). Since f' does not exist for negative values of z, no cusp is formed. Y y Z x) x ‘gure 29 Figure 30