UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

Centre for Diploma Studies

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

LAPORAN MAKMAL
LABORATORY REPORT
Kod & Nama Kursus FLUID MECHANICAL LABORATORY
Course Name & Code
Tajuk Ujikaji
FLOW MEASUREMENT - WEIR
Title of Experiment
Seksyen
SECTION 5
Section
Kumpulan
GROUP 6
Group
Nama Pensyarah/Pengajar
ENCIK MUHAMMAD SAFWAN BIN MISWAN
Lecturer/Instructor’s Name
Nama Ketua Kumpulan NUR HAZIMAH BINTI No.Matrik :
Name of Group Leader SUHURI DF200052

Ahli Kumpulan No. Matrik Penilaian Laporan (%)

Group Members Matric No. Report Assessment (%)
 NUR DINI ARINA BINTI Teori, Objektif & Prosedur
DF200069 10
SHAHARIN Theory, Objectives & Procedures
2. NUR SHAFIQAH BINTI Data
DF200075 20
FADZIL Data
3. MUHD ARIF FARHAN B. Analisis & Keputusan
AF190193 25
MOHD SHAHARIN Analysis & Result
4. REDZKHAN BIN WAJIL Perbincangan
AF190195 25
Discussion
Kesimpulan & Cadangan
4. 15
Conclusion & Recommendation
Rujukan
5. 5
References
Tarikh Ujikaji
Date of Experiment 25 APRIL 2022
Tarikh Hantar JUMLAH
Date of Submission 9 MEI 2022 TOTAL 100

ULASAN PEMERIKSA/COMMENTS COP DITERIMA/RECEIVED STAMP

 Lab Report Rubric (Assessment Form) Laboratory: Fluid Laboratory Section : 5
Subject Code: BFC 20601 Group Members:
1. NUR HAZIMAH BINTI SUHURI
Experiment Title: 2. NUR DINI ARINA BINTI SHAHARIN
Faculty of Civil Engineering & Built 3. NUR SHAFIQAH BINTI FADZIL
Environment, University Tun Hussein Onn Flow Measurement -Weir 4. MUHD ARIF FARHAN B. MOHD SHAHARIN
Malaysia 5. REDZKHAN BIN WAJIL

Criteria 1 2 3 4 5 SCR WT TSCR (%)

Purpose is not identified
Relevant variables are not
Aim / Purpose
described
There is not a list of the
Materials necessary lab materials
Procedures are listed but not in Procedures are listed in clear
Procedure Procedures are not listed
Data is not represented or is not
accurate
Data
Trends / patterns are not
analyzed
Analysis /
Questions are not answered
Result
Analysis is not relevant
No discussion was included or
Discussion shows little effort and reflection incomplete with little reflection lab indicates whether results
on the lab
NAME OF LECTURER : ENCIK MUHAMMAD SAFWAN BIN MISWAN
Purpose is somewhat vague
Relevant variables are not
described
Most lab materials included
clear steps
Data lacks precision
Greater than 20% difference
with accepted values
Trends / patterns are not
analyzed
Answers to questions are
incomplete
Analysis is inconsistent
A statement of the results is A statement of the results of the
on the lab
Purpose is identified Purpose is identified Purpose is clearly identified
Relevant variables are Relevant variables are described Relevant variables are described
0.3
described in somewhat unclear
manner
All necessary lab materials All necessary lab materials All necessary lab materials included 0.3
included but not listed in any included and listed and listed in an organized manner
particular order
Procedures are listed in clear steps
Procedures are listed in clear
Each step is numbered and in a
steps
steps but not numbered and/or complete sentence 1.6
Each step is numbered and in a
in complete sentences Diagrams are included to describe the
complete sentence
set-up
Accurate representation of the data
Good representation of the data Accurate representation of the using tables and/or graphs
using tables and/or graphs data using tables and/or graphs Graphs and tables are labeled and 1.8
Less than 15% difference with Data is fairly precise titled
accepted values Less than 10% difference with Data is precise with less than 5%
Precision is acceptable accepted values difference with accepted values
Trends / patterns are logically Trends / patterns are logically Trends / patterns are logically
analyzed for the most part analyzed analyzed
1.8
Questions are answered in Questions are answered in Questions are answered thoroughly
complete sentences complete sentences and in complete sentences
Analysis is general Analysis is thoughtful Analysis is insightful
Accurate statement of the Accurate statement of the results of
results of the lab indicates lab indicates whether results support
whether results support the hypothesis 1.2
hypothesis Possible sources of error and what
support the hypothesis Possible sources of error was learned from the lab discussed
identified
SIGNATURE : DATE TOTAL SCORE :
 MATERIAL & FLUID LABORATORY
GROUP MEMBERS. MATRIC NO. CLUSTER OF WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
1. NUR HAZIMAH BINTI SUHURI (DF200052) FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & BUILT
2. NUR DINI ARINA BINTI SHAHARIN (DF200069) ENVIRONMENT
3. NUR SHAFIQAH BINTI FADZIL (DF200075)
4. MUHD ARIF FARHAN BIN MOHD SHAHARIN(AF190193)
5. REDZKHAN BIN WAJIL (AF190195) SECTION. 5

CLO 2 CLO 3

Criteria 5 = Very Good
Student is completely
Practical Ability in Handling prepared to handle the
Equipment equipment effectively
CLO 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Student can explain the Student can answer questions Student can explain the results of
results of the experiment
in detail and the ways in
which they relate to the
research focus. The
Interview / lab report student can also evaluate
CLO 3 the significance of the
experiment to the real
situation
4 = Goo 3 = Moderate 2 = Poor 1 = Very Poor W AVG. Total W AVG. Total
Student is prepared to Student is aware on the Student is aware on the Student requires
handle the equipment procedure but raise some procedure but raise many guidance to conduct
effectively with / less questions and start questions and start laboratory
questions have been requesting for assistance to requesting for assistance to
raised operate the equipment operate the equipment
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
Student can answer some Student cannot answer
about the the experiment in detail and questions about the experiment questions about the
experiment and begins to the ways in which they relate to experiment
make connections the research focus
between the experiment
and its applications

1. 0.3
2. 0.3
3. 0.3
4. 0.3
5. 0.3
 FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT
ENVIRONMENT

FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY

LABORATORY PAPER INSTRUCTION

Subject Code BFC 20601

Experiment Code MMB – 04 – OPEN ENDED

Experiment Title APPLICATION OF WEIR

Section 5
 STUDENTS’ ETHICAL CODE (SEC)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT

UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
BATU PAHAT, JOHOR

“I declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I

also declare not receive or give any assistance in preparing this
report and make this affirmation in the belief that nothing is in, it is
true”

dini
……………………………………….
(STUDENT SIGNATURE)

NAME: NUR DINI ARINA BINTI SHAHARIN

MATRIC NO: DF200069
DATE: 09 MEI 2022

*This SEC sheet/student is compulsory compiles in this report

 Table of Contents

Content Page Number

Introduction 1

 Objective

Theory 2

Method And Equation 3-4

 V Notch and Rectangular Notch

Results 6

Discussion And Analysis 7

Conclusion 8

References 9
1.0 INTRODUCTION

Weirs are structures having a particularly designed opening or notch that are positioned
over an open waterway, such as a dam or bulkhead. The flow rate through a weir is
determined by the weir's head. The rectangular weir, the triangle or v-notch weir, and the
broad-crested weir are all common weir designs. Sharp-crested weirs have thin metal
plates on their crests, whereas broad-crested weirs have large timber or concrete crests.
The weir is a sharp-crested or thin-plate weir if the notch plate is installed on the
supporting bulkhead so that the water does not contact or cling to the downstream weir
plate or supporting bulkhead, but instead springs clear. If the facility is planned and
implemented in accordance with published ASTM and ISO standards, water level-
discharge relationships can be used and fulfil the accuracy criteria for sharp-crested weirs.

The study of water flow and behavior is crucial in many aspects of fluid
mechanics. As a result, many open water channels are being monitored all across the
world. One of the reasons for monitoring water flow in some places is to prevent water
from overflowing into rivers or reservoirs, causing flash flooding. Even in agriculture,
farmers must continually monitor the water level to ensure that their plants have enough
water and are not destroyed in the case of a downpour.

Weirs are often used to measure or control flow in rivers, streams, irrigation
canals, and other bodies of water. When a weir is installed in an open channel system,
critical depth forms above the weir. A weir may be used as a flow-measuring device since
the critical depth and discharge have a unique connection. Weirs are also used to elevate
the water level in a canal so that the flow may be diverted to irrigation systems at higher
altitude

2.0 OBJECTIVE

To study the relation between flow rate and total head above the cress level of the
rectangular notch and V notch.

1
3.0 THEORY

The notch is similar to that observed at a sharp-edged orifice, and has the same effect
of reducing the discharge rate. A notch may be defined as an opening in one side of a
tank or a reservoir, like a large orifice, with the upstream liquid level below the top edge
of the opening. A notch is usually made of a metallic plate and is used to measure the
discharge of liquids.

A v notch weir is simply a v notch' in a plate that is placed so that it obstructs an

open channel flow. Causing the water to flow over the v notch. It is used to meter flow of
water in the channel by measuring the head of water over the v notch crest.

The rectangular weir (notch) is a common device used to regulate and measure
discharge in irrigation projects. The results obtained from this research indicate that the
relationship between the discharge coefficient and the upstream water depth is a power
function.

A trapezoidal notch is a combination of a rectangular notch and two triangular

notches as shown in figure. It is, thus obvious that the discharge over such a notch will be
the sum of the discharge over the rectangular and triangular notches.

Laminar flow, type of fluid (gas or liquid) flow in which the fluid travels smoothly
or in regular paths in contrast to turbulent flow, in which the fluid undergoes irregular
fluctuations and mixing. Turbulent flow, type of fluid (gas or liquid) flow in which the
fluid undergoes irregular fluctuations, or mixing, in contrast to laminar flow, in which
the fluid moves in smooth paths or layers. In turbulent flow the speed of the fluid at a
point is continuously undergoing changes in both magnitude and direction.

2
4.0 METHOD AND EQUATION

Cross sectional area = BD

Wetted perimeter = B + 2D
Hydraulic mean depth = BD71B+20)

The criterion for the type of flow in channel will be

Laminar Flow, p v (4m) / 2000

Turbulent Flow. P v (4m) > 2000

For a pipe of diameter d running full. A = (𝜋𝜋)2 and P= 𝜋𝜋d so that m=d/4 replacing m by 𝑑𝑑 in
4 4

Reynolds number, the formula above will be gotten.

The continuity, momentum and energy equations can be applied to channel flow in the same
way as for pipe flow.

Q = B1d1v1 = B2d2v2
Where v1 v2 are the mean velocities at the two sections for wide channels of approximately
rectangular sections it is sometimes convenient to consider the flow per unit width q, so that

q1 = Q/B1 = vid1 and q2 = Q/B2 = V2d2

In travelling from section 1 to section 2 there will be change of momentum per second of the
liquid corresponding to the change of velocity:

Rate of change of momentum = Mass per second x Change of velocity

=pQ (V2-V1)

This change is produced by the difference in the hydrostatic forces at sections 1 and 2.

Force in direction of motion at section 1 = pgA1x1

Force opposing motion at section 2 = pgA2x2

Where x1 and 2 are the depth from the free surface to the centroids of the cross sections. By
Using Newton's second law,

3
 Force = rate of change of momentum
pg(A1x1- A2x2) = pQ(V2 - V1)
(A1x1 - A2x2) = Q (V2 -v1)/g

The steady flow energy equation, Bernoulli's equation with a term for loss of energy can be
used, since the fluid flowing in the channel can be assumed to be incompressible. Considering
conditions at a point on any streamline at a depth x below the free surface.

Total Energy per unit weight, H = (p/pg) + (v22g) + (d-x)

Now p is the hydrostatic pressure at a depth s below the free surface, therefore p/pg = x and

Total energy at any point per unit weight, H = d+ (v2/2g)

Applying Bernoulli's equation to section 1 and section 2 including the head loss h.

d1+ (v12/2g) = d1 + (v22/29) + h

4.1 V NOTCH WEIR & RECTANGULAR NOTCH WEIR

A V shaped notch in a vertical thin plate which is placed perpendicular to the sides and bottom
of a straight channel is defined as a V- notch sharp crested weir.

The line which bisects the angle of the notch should be vertical and the same distance from
both sides of the channel. The V notch sharp crested weir is one of the most precise discharges
measuring devices suitable for a wide range of flow. In International literature, the V-notch
sharp crested weir is frequently referred to as the ‘Thomson weir'.

The basic head discharge equation for V-notch weir is

16.5cm

Q=
25cm

4
Where:
Q= theoretical flow rate
Cd= coefficient of discharge
𝜃𝜃 = degree of V-notch (90°)
h1= elevation head g = 9.81 m/s2

The basic head discharge equation for rectangular notch is

Where:

Q𝑡𝑡= theoretical flow rate Cd= coefficient of discharge h1= elevation

head
g = 9.81 m/s2
b = breadth of weir (60mm)
B1= bench width (230mm)

5
5.0 RESULTS

H (m) V m
3
( ) T (s) ( )
3
Q m s
5
H (m)
2 Cd (
Theory,Q m 3
s )
H1 = 0.01 0.003 96.10 3.122 x 10-5 0.01 x 10-3 0.0042 3.138 x 10-5
H2 = 0.02 0.003 77.59 3.866 x 10-5 0.0566 x 10-3 0.0022 3.910 x 10-5
H3 = 0.03 0.003 59.58 5.035 x 10-5 0.1559 x 10-3 0.0017 5.014 x 10-5
H4 = 0.04 0.003 46.49 6.453 x 10-5 0.32 x 10-3 0.0015 6.339 x 10-5
H5 = 0.05 0.003 12.28 2.443 x 10-4 0.559 x 10-3 0.0044 2.458 x 10-4
H6 = 0.06 0.003 10.02 2.994 x 10-4 0.8818 x 10-3 0.0043 3.016 x 10-4
Table 1: V- notch

Head above the cress level (cm) vs Time taken (s)

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Graph 1: Graph of interpolate between the head above the cress level and the time taken for the water flow

6
6.0 DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

Rectangular weir plates vary from V notch weir plates in that the form of the rectangular weir
may be sharp crested or narrow at the top of the edge, and it is often ideal for bigger flowing
channels. Meanwhile, the geometry of the V notch weir plate is really a reverse triangle in the
shape of a V. As a result, it's also known as a V notch weir, and it's ideal for accurately
monitoring discharge across modest flows. However, the data collected for the study is only
for the V notch type of weir, with the height above the cress measured from 1cm to 6cm.

The time it took for the water level to reach 3 litres was extrapolated from the graph for
experimental flow rates of 1cm, 2cm, and 3cm (Graph 1). Furthermore, the results for
theoretical and practical flow rates reveal that as the height above the cress level increases, so
does the flow rate. The average theoretical flow rate for V notch, however, is higher than the
measured flow rate.

For this experiment, the discharge coefficient, Cd, has an impact on the flow rate. The ratio of
actual flow discharge to theoretical flow discharge is known as the coefficient of discharge.
It's also known as the ratio of mass flow rate at the discharge edge of a nozzle to a typical
nozzle that enlarges an exact working fluid under similar beginning conditions and pressures.

And therefore has no dimensions and is entirely dependent on the rate and velocity of the
working fluid. It is represented by the letter Cd, and its value varies according on the kind of
flow measurement used. When compared to flow measurement at the orifice, Cd has a better
efficiency in nozzle flow measurement. The discharge coefficient is increased by lowering
the convergence semi angle and raising the overall pressure ratio. In supercritical series, the
range of Cd is frequently better.

7
7.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The goal of this experiment is to measure the fluid flow discharge coefficient across a
rectangular notch and a 90° V-notch. The average theoretical flow rate is 1.2190 x 10-4 m3/
s, but the average experimental flow rate is 1.2141 x 10-4 m3/s, since this experiment is just
for V notch 90° opening. The average theoretical flow rate for V-notch 90° is larger than the
average experimental flow rate, according to these findings. Because of the height of the
deep water level and the space for water to flow through the notch, the coefficient of
discharge for this notch is variable.The space of water in a triangle notch increases as the
depth of the water increases in relation to the angle of the notch. Both the discharge and the
velocity coefficient are directly impacted by the flow rate, within the bounds of experimental
error.

From the results, we can take precautions to prevent the errors during the experiment, for
example:

1. The readings of height should be taken carefully by avoiding sight error. The time
collection should be taken much appropriately.

2. The experiment should be carried out by all civil engineering students in order to
appreciate the theory learnt in class.

8
8.0 REFERENCES

Shen, J. (n.d.). Discharge Characteristics of Triangular-notch Thin-plate Weirs.

V Notch Weir Discharge Calculator and Equations. (n.d.). Retrieved April 16, 2022, from
https://www.lmnoeng.com/Weirs/vweir.php

Coefficient of Discharge Calculator. (n.d.). Retrieved April 16, 2022, from

https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/coefficient-of-discharge

Types of Weirs and Flow Over Weirs - The Constructor. (n.d.). Retrieved April 16, 2022,
from https://theconstructor.org/water-resources/what-is-weir-types-flow-over-weirs/1