6113922, 10:04 AM Electromechanis - Wikipedia
‘WIKIPEDIA
Electromechanics
In engineering, electromechanies!I2I[31[41 combines processes
and procedures drawn from electrical engineering and mechanical
engineering. Electromechanics focuses on the interaction of electrical
and mechanical systems as a whole and how the two systems interact
with each other. This process is especially prominent in systems such
as those of DC or AC rotating electrical machines which can be
designed and operated to generate power from a mechanical process
(generator) or used to power a mechanical effect (motor). Electrical
engineering in this context also encompasses electronics engineering.
Electromechanical devices are ones which have both electrical and
mechanical processes. Strictly speaking, a manually operated switch
is an electromechanical component due to the mechanical movement
causing an electrical output. Though this is true, the term is usually
understood to refer to devices which involve an electrical signal to
create mechanical movement, or vice versa mechanical movement to
create an electric signal. Often involving electromagnetic principles
such as in relays, which allow a voltage or current to control another,
‘Avelay is a common electro-
mechanical device.
usually isolated circuit voltage or current by mechanically switching sets of contacts, and solenoids, by
which a voltage can actuate a moving linkage as in solenoid valves.
Before the development of modern electronics, electromechanical devices were widely used in
complicated subsystems of parts, including electric typewriters, teleprinters, clocks, initial television
systems, and the very early electromechanical digital computers. Solid-state electronics have replaced
electromechanies in many applications.
Contents
History
Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)
Modern practice
See also
References
Further reading
History
The first electric motor was invented in 1822 by Michael Faraday. The motor was developed only a
year after Hans Christian rsted discovered that the flow of electric current creates a proportional
magnetic field.{5I This early motor was simply a wire partially submerged into a glass of mercury with
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46113922, 10:04 AM Electromechanis - Wikipedia
a magnet at the bottom. When the wire was connected to a battery a magnetic field was created and
this interaction with the magnetic field given off by the magnet caused the wire to spin.
Ten years later the first electric generator was invented, again by Michael Faraday. This generator
consisted of a magnet passing through a coil of wire and inducing current that was measured by a
galvanometer. Faraday's research and experiments into electricity are the basis of most of modern
electromechanical principles known today. 6]
Interest in clectromechanics surged with the research into long distance communication. The
Industrial Revolution's rapid increase in production gave rise to a demand for intracontinental
communication, allowing electromechanics to make its way into public service. Relays originated with
telegraphy as electromechanical devices were used to regenerate telegraph signals. The Strowger
switch, the Panel switch, and similar devices were widely used in early automated telephone
exchanges. Crossbar switches were first widely installed in the middle 20th century in Sweden, the
United States, Canada, and Great Britain, and these quickly spread to the rest of the world.
Electromechanical systems saw a massive leap in progress from 1910-1945 as the world was put into
global war twice. World War I saw a burst of new electromechanies as spotlights and radios were used
by all countries.!7 By World War II, countries had developed and centralized their military around
the versatility and power of electromechanics. One example of these still used today is the alternator,
which was created to power military equipment in the 1950s and later repurposed for automobiles in
the 1960s. Post-war America greatly benefited from the military's development of electromechanies as
household work was quickly replaced by electromechanical systems such as microwaves, refrigerators,
and washing machines. The electromechanical television systems of the late 19th century were less
successful.
Electric typewriters developed, up to the 1980s, as "power-assisted typewriters". They contained a
single electrical component, the motor. Where the keystroke had previously moved a typebar directly,
now it engaged mechanical linkages that directed mechanical power from the motor into the typebar.
This was also true of the later IBM Selectric. At Bell Labs, in the 1946, the Bell Model V computer was
developed. It was an electromechanical relay-based device; cycles took seconds. In 1968
electromechanical systems were still under serious consideration for an aircraft flight control
computer, until a device based on large scale integration electronics was adopted in the Central Air
Data Computer.
Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)
Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) have roots in the silicon revolution, which can be traced
back to two important silicon semiconductor inventions from 1959: the monolithic integrated circuit
(IC) chip by Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor, and the metal-oxide-semiconductor field-
effect transistor (MOSFET) by Mohamed M. Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs. MOSFET scaling,
the miniaturisation of MOSFETs on IC chips, led to the miniaturisation of electronics (as predicted by
Moore's law and Dennard scaling). This laid the foundations for the miniaturisation of mechanical
systems, with the development of micromachining technology based on silicon semiconductor
devices, ing that silicon chips and MOSFETs could interact and
communicate with the surroundings and process things such as chemicals, motions and light. One of
the first silicon pressure sensors was isotropically micromachined by Honeywell in 1962.!8]
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An early example of a MEMS device is the resonant-gate transistor, an adaptation of the MOSFE
developed by Harvey C. Nathanson in 1965.!9! During the 1970s to early 1980s, a number of MOS!
microsensors were developed for measuring physical, chemical, biological and environmental
parameters."°l In the early 21st century, there has been research on nanoelectromechanical systems
(NEMS).
Modern practice
Today, electromechanical processes are mainly used by power companies. All fuel based generators
convert mechanical movement to electrical power. Some renewable energies such as wind and
hydroelectric are powered by mechanical systems that also convert movement to electricity.
In the last thirty years of the 20th century, equipment which would generally have used
clectromechanical devices became less expensive. This equipment became cheaper because it used
more reliably integrated microcontroller circuits containing ultimately a few million transistors, and a
program to carry out the same task through logic. With electromechanical components there were
only moving parts, such as mechanical electric actuators. This more reliable logic has replaced most
electromechanical devices, because any point in a system which must rely on mechanical movement
for proper operation will inevitably have mechanical wear and eventually fail. Properly designed
electronic circuits without moving parts will continue to operate correctly almost indefinitely and are
used in most simple feedback control systems. Circuits without moving parts appear in a large
number of items from traffic lights to washing machines.
Another electromechanical device is Piezoelectric devices, but they do not use electromagnetic
principles. Piezoelectric devices can create sound or vibration from an electrical signal or create an
electrical signal from sound or mechanical vibration.
To become an electromechanical engineer, typical college courses involve mathematics, engineering,
computer science, designing of machines, and other automotive classes that help gain skill in
troubleshooting and analyzing issues with machines. To be an electromechanical engineer a
bachelor's degree is required, usually in electrical, mechanical, or electromechanical engineering. As
of April 2018, only two universities, Michigan Technological University and Wentworth Institute of
Technology, offer the major of electromechanical engineering. To enter the electromechanical field as
an entry level technician, an associative degree is all that is required.
‘As of 2016, approximately 13,800 people work as electro-mechanical technicians in the US. The job
outlook for 2016 to 2026 for technicians is 4% growth which is about an employment change of 500
positions. This outlook is slower than average.{#!)
See also
= Electromechanical modeling = Kerrison Predictor
= Adding machine = Mechatronics
= Automation = Power engineering
= Automatic transmission system = Relay
= Electric machine = Robotics
= Electric power conversion = SAW filter
« Electricity meter = Stepping switch
= Enigma machine = Solenoid valve
hitpsten wikipedia orgwikvElecvomechianies, ais‘113722, 1006 AM Electromechanis - Wikipedia
= Thermostat = Unit record equipment
= Torpedo Data Computer
References
Citations
4. Course in Electro-mechanics (https://books. google.com/books?id=fbdAAAAAYAAM), for Students
in Electrical Engineering, ist Term of 3d Year, Columbia University, Adapted from Prof. F.
Nipher’s "Electricity and Magnetism”. By Fitzhugh Townsend. 1901
2. Szole, T.; Konowrocki, Robert; Michajtow, M.; Pregowska, A. (2014). "An investigation of the
dynamic electramechanical coupling effects in machine drive systems driven by asynchronous
motors". Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing. Mechanical Systems and Signal
Processing, Vol.49, pp.118-134. 49 (1-2): 118-134, Bibcode:2014MSSP...49..118S (https://ui.ads
abs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MSSP...49..118S). doi:10.1016/j.ymssp.2014.04.004 (https://doi.org/10.
1016%2F),ymssp.2014,04.004).
3. The Elements of Electricity (https://archive.org/details/elementsofelectrO0robi
Mechanics (https://books.google.com/books?id=w470AAAAMAAJ/page/433)."
John Wiley & sons, Incorporated, 1922.
4. Konowrocki, Robert; Szolc, T.; Pochanke, A.; Pregowska, A. (2016). "An influence of the stepping
motor control and friction models on precise positioning of the complex mechanical system’.
Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, Vol.70-
71, pp.397-413. 70-71: 397-413, Bibcode:2016MSSP...70,.397K (hitps://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/a
bs/2016MSSP...70..397K). doi:10.1016/j.ymssp.2015.09.030 (hitps://doi.org/10.1016%2F).ymssp
2015.09.030). ISSN 0888-3270 (https://www.worldcat.org/issr/0888-3270)
5, "Michael Faraday's electric magnetic rotation apparatus (motor)" (http://www.tigb.org/our-historylic
onic-objects/iconic-objects-list/faradays-motor). Retrieved 2018-04-14.
6. "Michael Faraday's generator” (http:/mww.rigb.org/our-history/iconic-objects/iconic-objects-list/far
aday-generator), Retrieved 2018-04-14.
7. "WWI: Technology and the weapons of war | NCpedia" (https://www.ncpedia, org/wwi-technology-a
nd-weapons-war). www.ncpedia.org. Retrieved 2018-04-22.
8, Rai-Choudhury, P. (2000). MEMS and MOEMS Technology and Applications (https://books. goog!
e,com/books?id=v6KOTal2DhAC&pg=PR9). SPIE Press. pp. ix, 3. ISBN 9780819437167
9. Nathanson HC, Wickstrom RA (1965). "A Resonant-Gate Silicon Surface Transistor with High-Q
Band-Pass Properties". Appl. Phys. Lett. 7 (4): 84-86. Bibcode:1965ApPHL...7...84N (https://uiad
sabs harvard.edu/abs/1965ApPHL...7...84N). doi:10.1063/1.1754323 (https://doi.org/10.1063%2F
1.1754323).
10. Bergveld, Piet (October 1985), "The impact of MOSFET-based sensors” (https://core.ac.uk/downl
oad/pdf/11473091 pdf) (PDF). Sensors and Actuators. 8 (2): 109-127.
Bibcode: 1985SeAc....8..109B (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985SeAc....8..109B)
doi:10.1016/0250-6874(85)87009-8 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0250-6874%2885%2987009-8),
ISSN 0250-6874 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0250-6874).
11. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, Electro-
mechanical Technicians, on the Internet at http:/Avww.bls.gov/ooh/architecture-and-
engineering/electro-mechanical-technicians.htm (visited April 13, 2018).
Part V. Electro-
y Wirt Robinson.
Sources
= Davim, J. Paulo, editor (2011) Mechatronics, John Wiley & Sons ISBN 978-1-84821-308-1
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= Furlani, Edward P. (August 15, 2001). Permanent Magnet and Electromechanical Devices:
Materials, Analysis and Applications. Academic Press Series in Electromagnetism. San Diego:
Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-269951-1. OCLC 47726317 (https:/www.worldcat.orgloclc/4772
6317).
= Krause, Paul C.; Wasynezuk, Oleg (1989). Electromechanical Motion Devices. McGraw-Hill
Series in Electrical and Computer Engineering. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-035494-4
OCLC 18224514 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18224514).
= Szolc T., Konowrocki R., Michajlow M., Pregowska A., An Investigation of the Dynamic
Electromechanical Coupling Effects in Machine Drive Systems Driven by Asynchronous Motors,
Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, ISSN 0888-3270 (https://www.worldcat.org/search?f
q=x0;jrnl&q=n2:0888-3270), Vol.49, pp. 118-134, 2014
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Further reading
= A first course in electromechanics. By Hugh Hildreth Skilling. Wiley, 1960,
= Electromechanics: a first course in electromechanical energy conversion, Volume 1. By Hugh
Hildreth Skilling. R. E. Krieger Pub. Co., Jan 1, 1979.
= Electromechanics and electrical machinery. By J. F. Lindsay, M. H. Rashid. Prentice-Hall, 1986.
= Electromechanical motion devices. By Hi-Dong Chai. Prentice Hall PTR, 1998.
= Mechatronics: Electromechanics and Contromechanics. By Denny K. Miu. Springer London,
Limited, 2011.
lectromechanics&oldi
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