History of Propaganda - Wikipedia

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story_of_propaganda
History of propaganda
Propaganda is information that is not impartial and
used primarily to influence an audience and further
an agenda, often by presenting facts selectively
(perhaps lying by omission) to encourage a
particular synthesis, or using loaded messages to
produce an emotional rather than a rational
response to the information presented. The term
propaganda has acquired a strongly negative
connotation by association with its most
manipulative and jingoistic examples.
Contents American cartoon, published in 1898: "Remember

the Maine! And Don't Forget the Starving
Pre-modern precedents Cubans!" Used to encourage support for
19th century American intervention in the Cuban War of
First World War Independence.
Germany
Britain
United States
Russian revolution
White propaganda
Red propaganda
Post-war
Nazi Germany
Nuremberg Laws
Political opponents
France in the 1930s
Second World War
Cold War propaganda
Vietnam war
Pro-South
Pro-North
U.S. home front
Yugoslav wars
Propaganda films
World War I
Interwar period
World War II
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Cold War
Post-9/11
Food, health, and beyond
21st century
Forms
Fake news
Workplace
Nations
China
Mexico
North Korea
United States
Russia
Vietnam
Contemporary wars
Afghan War
Iraq War
Iraqi propaganda
US propaganda in Iraq
Propaganda aimed at US citizens
See also
References
Further reading
World wars
Visual propaganda
External links
General information
Pre-modern precedents
Primitive forms of propaganda have been a human activity as far back as reliable recorded
evidence exists. The Behistun Inscription (c. 515 BC) detailing the rise of Darius I to the Persian
throne is viewed by most historians as an early example of propaganda.[1] The Arthashastra
written by Chanakya (c. 350 – 283 BC), a professor of political science at Takshashila University
and a prime minister of the Maurya Empire in ancient India, discusses propaganda in detail, such
as how to spread propaganda and how to apply it in warfare. His student Chandragupta Maurya (c.
340 – 293 BC), founder of the Maurya Empire, employed these methods during his rise to
power.[2] The best-known originator of Roman historiography was Quintus Fabius Pictor (3rd
century BCE). His style of writing history defending the Roman state actions and using propaganda
heavily eventually became a defining characteristic of Roman historiography. Another example of
early propaganda is the 12th-century work, The War of the Irish with the Foreigners, written by
the Dál gCais to portray themselves as legitimate rulers of Ireland.
Propaganda during the Reformation, helped by the spread of the printing press throughout
Europe, and in particular within Germany, caused new ideas, thoughts, and doctrine to be made
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available to the public in ways that had never been seen before
the 16th century. The printing press was invented in
approximately 1450 and quickly spread to other major cities
around Europe; by the time the Reformation was underway in
1517 there were printing centres in over 200 of the major
European cities.[6] These centres became the primary
producers of both Reformation works by the Protestant
Reformers and anti-Reformation works put forth by the Roman
Catholics.
During the U.S.'s Colonial period, religious writers and trading

companies circulated glowing tracts urging settlement in the
Americas, but often left out the risk and perils.[7] During the
era of the American Revolution, the American colonies had a English Civil War cartoon titled "The
flourishing network of newspapers and printers which Cruel Practices of Prince Rupert"
specialized in the topic on behalf of the Patriots (and to a lesser (1643).
extent on behalf of the Loyalists). The most famous single
publication was Common Sense, a 1776 pamphlet by Tom Paine
that played a major role in articulating the demand for independence.[8] On occasion, outright
disinformation was used, as when Benjamin Franklin circulated false stories of atrocities
committed by the Seneca Indians in league with the British.[9] Later, The Federalist Papers were
written under pseudonyms by three framers of the Constitution in order to influence public
support for ratification.
In the French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars both sides made heavy use of it during military
campaigns with media literate. For instance, the Girondists distributed broadsheets among enemy
troops offering them rewards for desertion.[10]
19th century
Propaganda, as generally understood, is a modern phenomenon that emerged from the creation of
literate and politically active societies informed by a mass media, where governments increasingly
saw the necessity for swaying public opinion in favour of its policies. The French Revolutionary and
Napoleonic eras produced some of the earliest propaganda of the Modern Period. A notable
example was perhaps during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, where Indian sepoys rebelled against
the British East India Company's rule in India. Incidents of rape committed by Indian rebels
against English women or girls were exaggerated to great effect by the British media to justify
continued British colonialism in the Indian subcontinent.[11] At the time, British newspapers had
printed various accounts about English women and girls being raped by the Indian rebels. It was
later found that some of these accounts were false stories created to perpetuate the common
stereotypes of the native people of India as savages who need to be civilised by British colonialists,
a mission sometimes known as "The White Man's Burden". One such account published by The
Times, regarding an incident where 48 English girls as young as 10–14 were supposedly raped by
the Indian rebels in Delhi, was criticised as a false propaganda story by Karl Marx, who pointed out
that the story was reported by a clergyman in Bangalore, far from the events of the rebellion.[12]
In the U.S. prior to the Civil War, slavery proponents and abolitionists both disseminated their
ideas through literature and lobbying.[7] Early anti-slavery periodicals included Anti-Slavery
Reporter and Freedom's Journal (1827–29), the last attacking the “return to Africa” colonization
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programs favored by many prominent politicians. Activists

such as William Lloyd Garrison and Theodore Dwight Weld
were very effective in anti-slavery societies' writings in winning
over public opinion. On the pro-slavery side, the Ostend
Manifesto (October 18, 1854) made a case for acquiring Cuba as
a slave state, as a way of getting around the Missouri
Compromise. In the wake of Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857),
several books were written to bolster the decision. For instance,
George Fitzhugh's Cannibals All!, or Slaves Without Masters
argued that the master-slave relationship was better than wage-
slavery under capitalist exploitation. Another, Frederick A.
Ross's Slavery Ordained of God, used divine will to justify
slavery and controversially equated slavery to the treatment of
women (i.e., both slaves and women are children). Lastly came
Augusta Jane Evans Wilson's Macaria; or, Altars of Sacrifice
(1864), popular in the North and South, persuasively defended
The Pope as Antichrist, from a
Confederate policy and predicted horrible consequences if the
series of German woodcuts (1545)
slaves were freed.[13] usually referred to as the
Papstspotbilder or Papstspottbilder
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, propaganda
in German or Depictions of the
techniques became more refined and effective due to, on the
Papacy,[3] by Lucas Cranach,
one hand, the growth of new communication technologies (e.g. commissioned by Martin Luther.
underseas cables, wireless radio, silent motion pictures), and German peasants respond to a
on the other, the development of modern advertising and papal bull of Pope Paul III. Caption
public relations.[7] Gabriel Tarde's Laws of Imitation (1890) reads: "Nicht Bapst: nicht schreck
and Gustave Le Bon's The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind uns mit deim ban, Und sey nicht so
(1897) were two of the first codifications of propaganda zorniger man. Wir thun sonst ein
techniques, which influenced many writers afterward, gegen wehre, Und zeigen dirs Bel
including Sigmund Freud. Hitler's Mein Kampf is heavily vedere." ("Don't frighten us Pope,
influenced by Le Bon's theories. with your ban, and don't be such a
furious man. Otherwise we shall turn
First World War away and show you our rears.")[4]

Title: Kissing the Pope's Feet.[5]
The first large-scale and organised propagation of government

propaganda was occasioned by the outbreak of war in 1914. In
the war's initial stages, propaganda output was greatly
increased by the British and German governments, to persuade
their populace in the justness of their cause, to encourage
voluntary recruitment, and above all to demonise the
enemy.[14] Heavy use was made of posters, as well as the new
medium of film.[15]
Germany How Britain Prepared, 1915 film.
At the start of the war, Germany expanded its unofficial

propaganda machinery, establishing the Central Office for Foreign Services, which among other
duties was tasked with propaganda distribution to neutral nations, persuading them to either side
with Germany or to maintain their stance of neutrality. After the declaration of war, Britain
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immediately cut the undersea cables that connected Germany to the outside world, thereby cutting
off a major propaganda outlet. The Germans relied instead on the powerful wireless Nauen
Transmitter Station to broadcast pro-German news reports to the world. Among other techniques
used to keep up the morale of the troops, mobile cinemas were regularly dispatched to the front
line for the entertainment of the troops. Newsreels would portray current events with a pro-
German slant. German propaganda techniques heavily relied on emphasising the mythological and
martial nature of the Germanic 'Volk' and the inevitability of its triumph.
Germany published several newspapers and magazines for the occupied areas. The 'Gazette des
Ardennes,' was designed for French readers in Belgium and France, Francophone prisoners of war,
and generally as a propaganda vehicle in neutral and even enemy countries. Editor Fritz H.
Schnitzer had a relatively free hand, and he tried to enhance his credibility by factual information.
He realized until the closing days of the war that it was necessary to produce an increasingly
optimistic report to hide the weakening position of the Central Powers in the summer and fall of
1918.[16]
The British made a careful analysis of the German propaganda campaigns. In terms of content, the
official propaganda had multiple themes:[17] A) It proclaimed that German victory was a certainty.
B) It explained Germany was fighting a war of defence. C) Enemy atrocities in were denounced,
including its starvation plan for German civilians, use of dum dum bullets, and the use of black
soldiers. D) The rhetoric exalted Germany's historic mission to promote high culture and true
civilization, celebrating the slogan "work, order, duty" over the enemy's "liberty, equality,
fraternity." E). It explained that German victory would benefit all of mankind, freeing the seas for
all nations, and enabling the downtrodden colonies of the Allies to liberate themselves. F).
Germany needed to land to expand, as an outlet for its surplus population, talent, organizing
ability, financial capital, and manufacturing output. G). The riches of the world, especially raw
materials, controlled by the British and the French, must be disgorged by the enemy to the benefit
of Germany. The propaganda designed for the home market included points A through G.[18]
Propaganda directed at neutral opinion downplayed D and F, and left out theme G. The Germans
realized they needed to appeal to vocal supporters in countries allied with the Central Powers,
especially Austria, Bulgaria, and Turkey. They put special emphasis on the Muslim world, using
Turkey as their leverage. Much of the propaganda was oriented toward minorities in the Allied
countries, as they tried to stir up Muslims in India and Russia and ethnic groups in Eastern
Europe, especially the Poles. In prioritizing the goal of destabilizing the enemy, Berlin realized that
it was often counterproductive to promote German glories. Other elements that were hostile or
indifferent to Germany, especially among the far left and the Muslims, could best be reached
through their own spokesman. Hence large sums—upwards of nine tons of gold—were given the
Bolsheviks to spread their own anti-tsarist propaganda.[19]
Britain
British propaganda during World War I — called "an impressive exercise in improvisation" — was
hastily expanded at the beginning of the war and was rapidly brought under government control as
the War Propaganda Bureau (Wellington House), under the overall leadership of journalist Charles
Masterman. The Bureau began its propaganda campaign on 2 September 1914 when Masterman
invited 25 leading British authors to Wellington House to discuss ways of best promoting Britain's
interests during the war. Those who attended included William Archer, Arthur Conan Doyle,
Arnold Bennett, John Masefield, Ford Madox Ford, G. K. Chesterton, Henry Newbolt, John
Galsworthy, Thomas Hardy, Rudyard Kipling, Gilbert Parker, G. M. Trevelyan and H. G. Wells.
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Several of the writers agreed to write pamphlets and books that would promote the government's
point of view; these were printed and published by such well-known publishers as Hodder &
Stoughton, Methuen, Oxford University Press, John Murray, Macmillan and Thomas Nelson.
After January 1916 the Bureau's activities were subsumed under the
office of the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. In May 1916
Masterman began recruiting artists, including Muirhead Bone, Francis
Dodd, Eric Kennington and others, to paint pictures of the war in
France and the home front. In early 1918 it was decided that a senior
government figure should take over responsibility for propaganda and
on 4 March Lord Beaverbrook, owner of the Daily Express newspaper,
was made Minister of Information. The British effort soon far
surpassed the German in its quality and ability to sway the public
mood both at home and abroad.[20]
A variety of propaganda methods were used by the British during the

war, with emphasis on the need for credibility.[21] Written forms of
distributed propaganda included books, pamphlets, official
1914 "Lord Kitchener Wants publications, ministerial speeches or royal messages. They were
You!" poster targeted at influential individuals, such as journalists and politicians,
rather than a mass audience.[22] Pamphlets were distributed to
various foreign countries, primarily the United States: – these
pamphlets were academic in tone and factual in nature, distributed through unofficial channels. By
1916, 7 million copies had been circulated by Wellington House in various languages.[23]
British propagandists also sought to influence the foreign press, by providing it with information
through the Neutral Press Committee and the Foreign Office. Special telegraph agencies were
established in various European cities, including Bucharest, Bilbao and Amsterdam, in order to
facilitate the spread of information.[24]
Recruitment was a central theme of domestic propaganda until the introduction of conscription in
January 1916. The most common theme for recruitment posters was patriotism, which evolved into
appeals for people to do their 'fair share'. Among the most famous of the posters used in the British
Army recruitment campaign of World War I were the "Lord Kitchener Wants You" posters, which
depicted Secretary of State for War Lord Kitchener above the words "WANTS YOU".
One major propaganda avenue was the use of atrocity stories. These aimed to mobilise hatred of
the German enemy by spreading details of their atrocities, real or alleged, and was used extensively
by Britain, reaching a peak in 1915, with much of the atrocities related to Germany's invasion of
Belgium.[25][26][27] One of the first significant publications to be produced by the Bureau was the
Report on Alleged German Outrages, in early 1915. This pamphlet documented atrocities both
actual and alleged committed by the German army against Belgian civilians. Other atrocity stories
included the fate of the nurse Edith Cavell and the Sinking of the RMS Lusitania. These had a
significant impact both in Britain and in America, making front-page headlines in major
newspapers.[28][29]
United States
Before the United States declared war in 1917, the Woodrow Wilson administration established a
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propaganda department along similar lines. Propaganda experts Walter Lippmann and Edward
Bernays participated in the Committee on Public Information (CPI), which was tasked with
swaying popular opinion to encourage enlistment and war bond sales.[7] The CPI deployed posters,
films, and provided themes for speeches by "four-minute men" at public functions,[7] and also
encouraged censorship of the American press. The American press played an unwitting role too by
relying on daily war news cables controlled by the British government and by spreading false
stories of German atrocities in Belgium and German-occupied eastern France supplied by the
British as well.[7][30] Starting after World War I, propaganda had a growing negative connotation.
This was due in part to the 1920 book How We Advertised America: the First Telling of the
Amazing Story of the Committee on Public Information that Carried the Gospel of Americanism
to Every Corner of the Globe[31] in which the impact of the CPI, and the power of propaganda, was
overemphasised. Also, exposure of fact that the atrocity stories were false created public distrust.[7]
The CPI was so unpopular that after the war, Congress closed it down without providing funding to
organise and archive its papers.
The war propaganda campaign of the CPI "produced within six months such an intense anti-
German hysteria as to permanently impress American business (and Adolf Hitler, among others)
with the potential of large-scale propaganda to control public opinion."[32]
The use of film by the U.S. Signal Corps and the Committee on Public Information during World
War features in the documentary "Mobilizing Movies!" (2017). (https://commons.wikimedia.org/w
iki/File:Mobilizing_Movies_-_The_U.S._Signal_Corps_Goes_To_War,_1917-1919.ogg)
Russian revolution
White propaganda
The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, a fraudulent anti-Semitic conspiracy text, was first printed in a
Black Hundreds newspaper shortly before the Revolution of 1905.[33] It became widely circulated
as an explanation for the uprisings. As the 1917 October Revolution unfolded, causing White
movement-affiliated Russians to flee to the West, The Protocols was carried along with them and
assumed a new purpose. Until then, The Protocols had remained obscure;[34] it now became an
instrument for blaming Jews for the Russian Revolution. It was a directly political weapon, used
against the Bolsheviks who were depicted as overwhelmingly Jewish, allegedly executing the
Judeo-Bolshevist "plan" embodied in The Protocols. The purpose was to discredit communism,
prevent the West from recognizing the Soviet Union, and bring about the downfall of Vladimir
Lenin's regime.[33][35]
Red propaganda
Russian revolutionaries of the 19th and 20th centuries distinguished two different aspects covered
by the English term propaganda. Their terminology included two terms: Russian: агитация
(agitatsiya), or agitation, and Russian: пропаганда, or propaganda, see agitprop (agitprop is not,
however, limited to the Soviet Union, as it was considered, before the October Revolution, to be
one of the fundamental activities of any Marxist activist; this importance of agit-prop in Marxist
theory may also be observed today in Trotskyist circles, who insist on the importance of leaflet
distribution).
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Soviet propaganda meant dissemination of revolutionary ideas, teachings of Marxism, and

theoretical and practical knowledge of Marxist economics, while agitation meant forming
favourable public opinion and stirring up political unrest. These activities did not carry negative
connotations (as they usually do in English) and were encouraged. Expanding dimensions of state
propaganda, the Bolsheviks actively used transportation such as trains, aircraft and other means.
Joseph Stalin's regime built the largest fixed-wing aircraft of the 1930s, Tupolev ANT-20,
exclusively for this purpose. Named after the famous Soviet writer Maxim Gorky who had recently
returned from fascist Italy, it was equipped with a powerful radio set called "Voice from the sky",
printing and leaflet-dropping machinery, radio stations, photographic laboratory, film projector
with sound for showing movies in flight, library, etc. The aircraft could be disassembled and
transported by railroad if needed. The giant aircraft set a number of world records.
Meeting Germans in Meeting before the Bolshevik ANT-20 "Maxim

No Man's Land Russian wire propaganda train, Gorky" propaganda
(1917) entanglements 1923. aircraft in the
(1917) Moscow sky.
Post-war
Bernays, a nephew of Freud, who wrote the book Propaganda early in the 20th century,[36] later
coined the terms "group mind" and "engineering consent", important concepts in practical
propaganda work. He wrote:[37]
The conscious and intelligent manipulation of the organised habits and opinions of the
masses is an important element in democratic society. Those who manipulate this
unseen mechanism of society constitute an invisible government which is the true
ruling power of our country.
We are governed, our minds are molded, our tastes formed, our ideas suggested, largely
by men we have never heard of. This is a logical result of the way in which our
democratic society is organised. Vast numbers of human beings must cooperate in this
manner if they are to live together as a smoothly functioning society.
The documentary film Century of the Self by Adam Curtis explores the influence of these ideas on
public relations and politics throughout the last century.
Lippmann, in Public Opinion (1922) also worked on the subject, as well as the American
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advertising pioneer and founder of the field of public relations Edward Bernays, a nephew of
Freud, who wrote the book Propaganda early in the 20th century.[36]
According to Alex Carey, one distinctive feature of the 20th century was "the professionalising and
institutionalising of propaganda", as it became an increasingly prominent, sophisticated, and self-
conscious tactic of both government and business.[38]
Nazi Germany
After the defeat of Germany in the First World War, military officials such as Erich Ludendorff
suggested that British propaganda had been instrumental in their defeat. Adolf Hitler came to echo
this view, believing that it had been a primary cause of the collapse of morale and the revolts in the
German home front and Navy in 1918 (see also: Dolchstoßlegende). Later, the Nazis adapted many
British propaganda techniques during their time in power. Most propaganda in Germany was
produced by the Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda. Joseph Goebbels was placed in
charge of this ministry shortly after Hitler took power in 1933. All journalists, writers and artists
were required to register with one of the Ministry's subordinate chambers for the press, fine arts,
music, theatre, film, literature or radio.
Hitler met nearly every day with Goebbels to discuss the news, and Goebbels would obtain Hitler's
thoughts on the subject. Goebbels then met with senior Ministry officials to pass down the official
Party line on world events. Broadcasters and journalists required prior approval before their works
were disseminated. Along with posters, the Nazis produced a number of films and books to spread
their beliefs.
On 13 March 1933, The Third Reich established a Ministry of Propaganda, appointing Joseph
Goebbels as its Minister. Goals were to establish external enemies (countries that allegedly inflicted
the Treaty of Versailles on Germany – by territorial claims and ethnocentrism) and internal
enemies, such as Jews, Romani, homosexuals, Bolsheviks and topics like degenerate art.
A major political and ideological cornerstone of Nazi policy was the unification of all ethnic
Germans living outside of the Reich's borders under one Greater Germany (e.g. Austria and
Czechoslovakia).[39] In Mein Kampf, Hitler made a direct remark to those outside of Germany. He
stated that pain and misery were being forced upon ethnic Germans outside of Germany, and that
they dream of common fatherland. He finished by stating they needed to fight for one's
nationality.[40] Throughout Mein Kampf, he pushed Germans worldwide to make the struggle for
political power and independence their main focus. Nazi propaganda used the Heim ins Reich
policy for this, which began in 1938.[41]
For months prior to the beginning of World War II in 1939, German newspapers and leaders had
carried out a national and international propaganda campaign accusing Polish authorities of
organizing or tolerating violent ethnic cleansing of ethnic Germans living in Poland.[42] On 22
August, Adolf Hitler told his generals:
"I will provide a propagandistic casus belli. Its credibility doesn't matter. The victor will
not be asked whether he told the truth."[43][44]
The main part of this propaganda campaign was the false flag project, Operation Himmler, which
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was designed to create the appearance of Polish aggression against Germany, which was
subsequently used to justify the invasion of Poland.[43][44][45]
Nuremberg Laws
In 1935, racist laws in Nazi Germany were introduced known as the Nuremberg Laws, the laws
forbade non-Aryans and political opponents of the Nazis from the civil-service and any sexual
relations and marriage between people classified as "Aryan" and "non-Aryan" (Jews, Gypsies,
blacks) was prohibited as Rassenschande or "race defilement".[46] The Nuremberg Laws were
based on notions of racial purity and sought to preserve the Aryan race, who were at the top of the
Nazi racial hierarchy and were said to be the ubermenschen "herrenvolk" (master race),[47] and to
teach the German nation to view the Jews as subhumans.[48]
Hitler and Nazi propagandists played on the anti-Semitism and resentment present in Germany.
The Jews were blamed for things such as robbing the German people of their hard work while
themselves avoiding physical labour. Der Stürmer, a Nazi propaganda newspaper, told Germans
that Jews kidnapped small children before Passover because "Jews need the blood of a Christian
child, maybe, to mix in with their Matzah." Posters, films, cartoons, and fliers were seen
throughout Germany which attacked the Jewish community. One of the most infamous such films
was The Eternal Jew directed by Fritz Hippler.
Political opponents
Soon after the takeover of power in 1933, Nazi concentration camps were established for political
opponents. The first people that were sent to the camps were Communists.[49] They were sent
because of their ties with the Soviet Union and because Nazism greatly opposed Communism.[50]
France in the 1930s
France, a democratic society in the 1930s, but the people were kept in the dark about critical issues
of foreign policy. The government tightly controlled all of the media to promulgate propaganda to
support the government's foreign policy of appeasement to the aggressions of Italy and especially
Nazi Germany. There were 253 daily newspapers, all owned separately. The five major national
papers based in Paris were all under the control of special interests, especially right-wing political
and business interests that supported appeasement. They were all venal, taking large secret
subsidies to promote the policies of various special interests. Many leading journalists were
secretly on the government payroll. The regional and local newspapers were heavily dependent on
government advertising and published news and editorials to suit Paris. Most of the international
news was distributed through the Havas agency, which was largely controlled by the government.
Radio was a potentially powerful new medium, but France was quite laggard in consumer
ownership of radio sets, and the government impose very strict controls. After 1938, stations were
allowed only three brief daily bulletins, of seven minutes each, to cover all the day's news. The
Prime Minister's office closely supervised the news items that were to be broadcast. Newsreels
were tightly censored; they were told to feature none controversial but glamorous entertainers, film
premieres, sporting events, high-fashion, new automobiles, an official ceremonies. Motion pictures
likely likewise were censored, and were encouraged to reinforce stereotypes to the effect that the
French were always lovers of liberty and justice, contending against cruel and barbarous Germans.
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The government-subsidized films that glorified military virtues and the French Empire. The goal
was to tranquilize public opinion, to give it little or nothing to work with, so as not to interfere with
the policies of the national government. When serious crises emerged such as the Munich crisis of
1938, people were puzzled and mystified by what was going on. When war came in 1939,
Frenchman had little understanding of the issues, and little correct information. They suspiciously
distrusted the government, with the result that French morale in the face of the war with Germany
was badly prepared.[51]
Second World War

World War II saw continued
use of propaganda as a
weapon of war, building on the
experience of WW1, both by
Hitler's propagandist Joseph
Goebbels and the British
Political Warfare Executive, as
well as the United States Office
of War Information (OWI).
Within the US, the British

Security Coordination
activities worked to counter
Bataan Death March in pro-German sentiment, and
American propaganda. isolationist opinion.[52][53]
Because of public distrust
BE SURE YOU HAVE CORRECT
following the revelation of TIME! This poster, intended for
false atrocity stories during WW1 and the heavy association of navigation students, combines
propaganda with the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany, the U.S. instruction with caricatures of Axis
government referred to its own propaganda effort as a “strategy leaders. From left-right: Hitler,
of truth”, this time using as its main method newsreels and an Mussolini, and Tojo.
information format.[7] Enlisting the cooperation of the news
media, industry, and Hollywood, the OWI portrayed the war as
a contest against democracy and dictatorship, good and evil.[7] While the OWI focused on the
home front, the Allies, and neutral countries, the military and the Office of Strategic Services (OSS)
engaged in psychological warfare by directing propaganda against the Axis powers.[7]
The British broadcast black propaganda through fake German-language radio stations to Europe.
It was disguised to sound like legitimate German radio broadcasts, but it had a negative twist
designed to undermine German morale. The Germans undertook a similar program. The Reich
Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda used English language broadcasts – such as
Germany Calling – broadcast to the UK. Presenter William Joyce – a British fascist – gained the
nickname "Lord Haw-Haw" from the popular press.[54]
In the US, animation became popular, especially for winning over youthful audiences and aiding
the U.S. war effort, e.g., Der Fuehrer's Face (1942), which ridicules Hitler and advocates the value
of freedom. Some American war films in the early 1940s were designed to create a patriotic
mindset and convince viewers that sacrifices needed to be made to defeat the Axis Powers.[55]
Others were intended to help Americans understand their Allies in general, as in films like Know
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Your Ally: Britain (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2SOvr9fLHUM&t=1539s) and Our Greek

Allies (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8gPv40NqXgg). Apart from its war films, Hollywood
did its part to boost American morale in a film intended to show how stars of stage and screen who
remained on the home front were doing their part not just in their labors, but also in their
understanding that a variety of peoples worked together against the Axis menace: Stage Door
Canteen (1943) features one segment meant to dispel Americans' mistrust of the Soviets (https://w
ww.youtube.com/watch?v=bX2aK1cwXE4), and another to dispel their bigotry against the Chinese
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oWHu4vrlIG0).
Cold War propaganda

During the Cold War, propaganda became highly ideological rather
than tactical, and the rivalry among the United States, Soviet Union,
and People's Republic of China generated the most pervasive and
intense propaganda seen thus far.[56]
All sides used film, television, and radio programming to influence

their own citizens, each other, and Third World nations. The United
States Information Agency operated the Voice of America as an official
government station. Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty, which
were, in part, supported by the Central Intelligence Agency, provided
grey propaganda in news and entertainment programs to Eastern
Europe and the Soviet Union respectively. The Soviet Union's official
government station, Radio Moscow, broadcast white propaganda, A 1988 East German
while Radio Peace and Freedom broadcast grey propaganda. Both communist poster showing
sides also broadcast black propaganda programs in periods of special the increase of timber
crises. production from 7 million
cubic metres in 1970 to 11
In 1948, the United Kingdom's Foreign Office created the IRD million in 1990
(Information Research Department), which took over from wartime
and slightly post-war departments such as the Ministry of Information
and dispensed propaganda via various media such as the BBC and
publishing.[57][58]
Its main targets were in the Third World.[59] However, it was also set
out to "be of use to" British media and opinion formers. As well as
supplying material to the BBC World Service, secret lists were
compiled of approved journalists and trade unionists to whom
material was offered, if not always accepted.
Possibly its most notorious "project" was the joint operation with the
CIA to set up Encounter magazine, edited by Stephen Spender from
1953 to 1966. Spender resigned after it emerged that the Congress for
Cultural Freedom, which published the magazine, was being covertly Soldier loads a "leaflet
funded by the CIA.[60] bomb" during the Korean
War.
The ideological and border dispute between the Soviet Union and
People's Republic of China resulted in a number of cross-border
operations. One technique developed during this period was the "backwards transmission," in
which the radio program was recorded and played backwards over the air. (This was done so that
12 / 41 13.06.2022 20:22
messages meant to be received by the other government could be heard, while the average listener
could not understand the content of the program).
When describing life in capitalist countries, in the US in particular, propaganda focused on social
issues such as poverty and anti-union action by the government. Workers in capitalist countries
were portrayed as "ideologically close". Propaganda claimed rich people from the US derived their
income from weapons manufacturing, and claimed that there was substantial racism or neo-
fascism in the US.
When describing life in Communist countries, western propaganda sought to depict an image of a
citizenry held captive by governments that brainwash them. The West also created a fear of the
East, by depicting an aggressive Soviet Union. In the Americas, Cuba served as a major source and
a target of propaganda from both black and white stations operated by the CIA and Cuban exile
groups. Radio Habana Cuba, in turn, broadcast original programming, relayed Radio Moscow, and
broadcast The Voice of Vietnam as well as alleged confessions from the crew of the USS Pueblo.
George Orwell's novels Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four are virtual textbooks on the use of
propaganda. Though not set in the Soviet Union, these books are about totalitarian regimes that
constantly corrupt language for political purposes. These novels were, ironically, used for explicit
propaganda. The CIA, for example, secretly commissioned an animated film adaptation of Animal
Farm in the 1950s with small changes to the original story to suit its own needs.[61]
During the Cuban Revolution, in 1955 Fidel Castro stressed the importance of propaganda in his
struggle both against Fulgencio Batista and the United States, saying, “Propaganda is the heart of
our struggle. We must never abandon propaganda.”[62]
Vietnam war
Pro-South
From the beginning of its involvement in Vietnam, the United States government engaged in covert
psychological operations. Thomas Anthony Dooley III, a medical intelligence recruit, became the
public face of Operation Passage to Freedom, a refugee program secretly designed by CIA officer
Edward Lansdale. The refugee surge from North to South appeared spontaneous to the American
public, but was partly engineered by Lansdale's hoax threats of dropping nuclear bombs on Hanoi.
Although celebrated for independent humanitarian activities, after his death the public learned
that Thomas Dooley had been recruited as an intelligence operative by the Central Intelligence
Agency, and numerous descriptions of atrocities by the Viet Minh in his book Deliver Us From Evil
had been fabricated. Dooley later did similar propaganda work in Laos. [63]
Lansdale went on to run black propaganda operations out of Saigon in collaboration with dictator
Ngo Diem. The CIA's forged Communist pamphlets were so convincing they even fooled some of
the Viet Minh, and US journalist Joseph Alsop reported Lansdale's disinformation as fact. The
agency also manipulated astrology reports in the North in order to negatively effect the morale of
the population.[64]
Pro-North
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Propaganda was used extensively by Communist forces in the Vietnam War as means of controlling
people's opinions.[65] Radio stations like Radio Hanoi were an integral part of North Vietnamese
propaganda operations. Communist Vietnamese politician Mai Chi Tho, commenting on the use of
propaganda, stated:
"Ho Chi Minh may have been an evil man; Nixon may have been a great man. The
Americans may have had the just cause; we may not have had the just cause. But we
won and the Americans were defeated because we convinced the people that Ho Chi
Minh is the great man, that Nixon is a murderer and the Americans are the invaders...
The key factor is how to control people and their opinions. Only Marxism–Leninism
can do that."[66]
U.S. home front
On the U.S. home front, information was tightly controlled and the government maintained an
upbeat official line about the conduct of the War. However, during the Nixon administration,
revelations from the Pentagon Papers and about the My Lai Massacre and the war's expansion into
Cambodia and Laos, exposed the government's secrecy and manipulation of information. This led
to a “credibility gap” when much evidence contradicted the upbeat official line.[67] By 1971, more
than 70% of those polled thought the U.S. military involvement in Vietnam had been a mistake.[68]
Yugoslav wars
During the Yugoslav wars, propaganda was used as a military strategy by governments of Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia.
Propaganda was used to incite fear and hatred, and particularly incite the Serb population against
the other ethnicities (Bosniaks, Croats, Albanians and other non-Serbs). Serb media made a great
effort in justifying, revising or denying mass war crimes committed by Serb forces during these
wars.[69]
According to the ICTY verdicts against Serb political and military leaders, during the Bosnian war,
the propaganda was a part of the Strategic Plan by Serb leadership, aimed at linking Serb-
populated areas in Bosnia and Herzegovina together, gaining control over these areas and creating
a sovereign Serb nation state, from which most non-Serbs would be permanently removed. The
Serb leadership was aware that the Strategic Plan could only be implemented by the use of force
and fear, thus by the commission of war crimes.[70][71]
Croats also used propaganda against Serbs throughout and against Bosniaks during the 1992–1994
Croat–Bosniak War, which was part of the larger Bosnian War. During Lašva Valley ethnic
cleansing, Croat forces seized the television broadcasting stations (for example at Skradno) and
created its own local radio and television to carry propaganda. They also seized the public
institutions, raised the Croatian flag over public institution buildings and imposed the Croatian
Dinar as the unit of currency. During this time, Busovača's Bosniaks were forced to sign an act of
allegiance to the Croat authorities, fell victim to numerous attacks on shops and businesses and,
gradually, left the area out of fear that they would be the victims of mass crimes.[72] According to
ICTY Trial Chambers, in Blaškić case, Croat authorities created a radio station in Kiseljak to
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broadcast nationalist propaganda.[73] A similar pattern was applied in Mostar and Gornji Vakuf
(where Croats created a radio station called Radio Uskoplje).[74] Local propaganda efforts in parts
of Bosnia and Herzegovina controlled by the Croats were supported by Croatian daily newspapers
such as Večernji list and Croatian Radiotelevision, especially by controversial reporters Dijana
Čuljak and Smiljko Šagolj, who are still blamed by the families of Bosniak victims in Vranica case
for inciting massacre of Bosnian POWs in Mostar when broadcasting a report about alleged
terrorists arrested by Croats who victimised Croat civilians. The bodies of Bosnian POWs were later
found in Goranci mass grave. Croatian Radiotelevision presented Croat attack on Mostar as a
Bosnian Muslim attack on Croats in alliance with the Serbs. According to ICTY, in the early hours
of May 9, 1993, the Croatian Defence Council (HVO) attacked Mostar using artillery, mortars,
heavy weapons and small arms. The HVO controlled all roads leading into Mostar and
international organisations were denied access. Radio Mostar announced that all Bosniaks should
hang out a white flag from their windows. The HVO attack had been well prepared and planned.[75]
During the ICTY trials against Croat war leaders, many Croatian journalists participated as defence
witnesses trying to relativise war crimes committed by Croatian troops against non-Croat civilians
(Bosniaks in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbs in Croatia). During the trial against general
Tihomir Blaškić (later convicted of war crimes), Ivica Mlivončić, Croatian columnist in Slobodna
Dalmacija, tried to defend general Blaškić presenting claims in his book Zločin s pečatom about
alleged "genocide against Croats" (most of it unproven or false), which were considered by the Trial
Chambers as irrelevant for the case. After the conviction, he continued to write in Slobodna
Dalmacija against the ICTY presenting it "as the court against Croats", with chauvinistic claims
that the ICTY cannot be unbiased because "it is financed by Saudi Arabia (Muslims)".[76][77]
Propaganda films
At the turn of the 20th century, films emerged as the new cultural agents, depicting events and
showing foreign images to mass audiences in European and American cities. Politics and film
began to intertwine with the reconstruction of the Boer War for a film audience and recordings of
war in the Balkans. The new medium proved very useful for political and military interests when it
came to reaching a broad segment of the population and creating consent or encouraging rejection
of the real or imagined enemy. They also provided a forceful voice for independent critics of
contemporary events.[78]
The earliest known propaganda film was a series of short silent films made during the Spanish–
American War in 1898 created by Vitagraph Studios.
At an epic 120 minute running time, the 1912 Romanian Independența României is the first
fictional film in the world with a deliberate propagandistic message. Filmed with a budget that
would not be reached by a Romanian movie until 1970 (Michael the Brave, supported by the
Romanian communist regime also for propagandistic purposes), the movie was meant to shift the
perception of the Romanian public towards an acceptance of Romanian involvement into an
expected Balkan conflict (the First Balkan War).[79]
Another of the early fictional films to be used for propaganda was The Birth of a Nation (1915).
World War I
15 / 41 13.06.2022 20:22
Film was still relatively new to urban audiences with the outbreak of hostilities in 1914.
Governments’ use of film as propaganda reflected this. The British and Americans’ initial struggles
in the official use of film led to eventual success in their use of the medium. The Germans were off
to a faster start in recognising film's value as a tool of perpetuating pro-German sentiment in the
US through The American Correspondent Film Company as well as on the front lines with their
mobile cinemas, which showed feature films and newsreels.
Though the Allied governments were slow to use film as a medium for conveying a desired position
and set of beliefs, individuals, such as Charlie Chaplin were considerably more successful with The
Bond and Zepped.
Interwar period
In the years following the October Revolution of 1917, the

Soviet government sponsored the Russian film industry with
the purpose of making propaganda films. The development of
Russian cinema in the 1920s by such filmmakers as Dziga
Vertov and Sergei Eisenstein saw considerable progress in the
use of the motion picture as a propaganda tool, yet it also
served to develop the art of moviemaking. Eisenstein's films, in
particular 1925's The Battleship Potemkin, are seen as
masterworks of the cinema, even as they glorify Eisenstein's
Communist ideals. In depicting the 1905 Russian Revolution A baby in a carriage falling down the
Potemkin sought to create a new history for Russia, one led and Potemkin Stairs in the iconic scene
triumphed over by the formerly oppressed masses. Eisenstein of The Battleship Potemkin
was heavily influenced by the ideology of the 1917 Bolshevik
revolution, which results in it providing better insight into the
mindset of the later revolution than that which it depicted. Its dual purpose beyond forging a
national Russian identity was to bring its revolutionary Communist message to the West. Its
influence was feared in Germany to the extent that the government banned the film when it was
released in the late 1920s.[78] Another of Eisenstein's films, 1927's October, depicted the Bolshevik
perspective on the October Revolution, culminating in the storming of the Winter Palace which
provided Soviet viewers with the victory that the workers and peasants lacked in Battleship
Potemkin, ending with Lenin (as played by an unknown worker) declaring that the government is
overthrown. Because no documentary material existed of the storming of the palace, Eistenstein's
re-creation of the event has become the source material for historians and filmmakers, giving it
further legitimacy as the accepted historical record, which illustrates its success as a propaganda
film.[80]
Between the Great Wars American films celebrated the bravery of the American soldiers while
depicting war as an existential nightmare. Films such as The Big Parade depicted the horrors of
trench warfare, the brutal destruction of villages, and the lack of provisions.[81]
Meanwhile, Nazi filmmakers produced highly emotional films about the suffering of the German
minority in Czechoslovakia and Poland, which were crucial towards creating popular support for
occupying the Sudetenland and attacking Poland. Films like the 1941 Heimkehr (Homecoming)
depicted the plight of homesick ethnic Germans in Poland longing to return to the Reich which in
turn set the psychological conditions for the real attack and acceptance of the German policy,
Lebensraum (living space).[78]
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World War II
The 1930s and 1940s, which saw the rise of totalitarian states
and the Second World War, are arguably the "Golden Age of
Propaganda". Nazi control of the German film industry is the
most extreme example of the use of film in the service of a
fascist national program and, in 1933, Hitler created the Reich
Ministry for People's Enlightenment and Propaganda and
appointed the youthful Joseph Goebbels as its head.[82] Fritz
Hippler, producer of one of the most powerful propaganda
films of the time, 1940's The Eternal Jew (Der ewige Jude), ran
the film department under Goebbels. The Eternal Jew
purported to be a documentary depicting the Jewish world,
insinuating that the Jewish population consisted of avaricious In the face of obstacles –
barbarians putting on a front for civilized European society, COURAGE. Depicting the United
remaining indifferent and unaffected by the war.[83] During States Army in action.
this time Leni Riefenstahl, a filmmaker working in Nazi
Germany, created one of the best-known propaganda films,
Triumph of the Will, a film commissioned by Hitler to chronicle
the 1934 Nazi Party rally in Nuremberg. Despite its
controversial subject, the film is still recognized for its
revolutionary approach to using music and cinematography.
Another of Riefenstahl's films, 1938's Olympia, was meant to
prove that the Reich was a democratic and open society under
Nazi rule. It had the perfect venue, the 1936 Berlin Olympics in
which to showcase Adolf Hitler's Aryan ideals and prowess.
One of the most notable shots is Hitler congratulating the
African American Jesse Owens on his four gold medals, whose
successes spoiled Hitler's wish to depict those of African
descent as racially inferior. The film won a number of
prestigious film awards but fell from grace, particularly in the
United States when, in November 1938, the world learned of
the program against the Jews.[78] Riefenstahl's cinematic
masterpiece, though temporarily effective propaganda, was
unable to mitigate the growing awareness of the political
The Totenehrung (honouring of
realities in Nazi Germany.
dead) at the 1934 Nuremberg Rally.
In the United States during World War II, President Franklin SS leader Heinrich Himmler, Adolf
Hitler and SA leader Viktor Lutze
D. Roosevelt recognized that the direct style of propaganda
(from L to R) on the stone terrace.
would not win over the American public. He assigned Lowell
From Triumph of the Will by Leni
Mellett to the post of coordinator of government film. Although
Riefenstahl
he had no jurisdiction over Hollywood films, he pressured the
industry into helping the war effort. On 13 January 1945,
Mellett stated in then-confidential testimony that he was
assigned to persuade the film industry to "insert morale-building and citizenry arousing themes in
its films by all means possible."[84] Luckily, many directors recognized the necessity (and likely the
commercial success they would reap) of supporting the battle against fascism as public opinion lay
with the war effort.[85] One such filmmaker, Frank Capra, created a seven-part U.S. government-
sponsored series of films to support the war effort entitled Why We Fight (1942–5). This series is
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considered a highlight of the propaganda film genre. Other

propaganda movies, such as Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo (1944)
and Casablanca (1942), have become so well loved by film
viewers that they can stand on their own as dramatic films,
apart from their original role as propaganda vehicles.[86]
Charlie Chaplin once again joined the U.S. war effort, creating
The Great Dictator (1940), in which he played the Hitler-like
character of 'Adenoid Hynkel' — this was preceded by some
nine months by the short subject starring The Three Stooges,
You Nazty Spy!, as Moe Howard was the first American actor Charlie Chaplin in the film The Great
(as "Moe Hailstone") to spoof Hitler in film. Dictator
Animation became popular, especially for winning over

youthful audiences. Walt Disney and Looney Tunes were
among those that actively aided the U.S. war effort through
their cartoons which provided training and instructions for
viewers as well as a political commentary on the times. One of
the most popular, Der Fuehrer's Face (1942) was a means of
relieving the aggression against Hitler by making him a
somewhat comical figure while showcasing the freedom
America offered. Disney's Food Will Win the War (1942) 1:14
attempts to make US citizens feel good by using US agriculture
as a means of power.[87] Also popular in the Soviet Union, the Occupied-Dutch newsreel by
government produced such animated shorts as What Hitler Polygoon-Profilti featuring people
Wants, which depicts a devilish Hitler giving Russian factories swimming (1941)
to capitalists, enslaving and riding once-free Soviet citizens, but
shows that the U.S.S.R. will be prepared to fight, paying the
Germans back in triplicate, ready to beat the 'fascist pirates.'[88]
Many of the dramatic war films in the early 1940s in the United States were designed to create a
patriotic mindset and convince viewers that sacrifices needed to be made to defeat "the enemy."
Despite fears that too much propaganda could diminish Hollywood's entertainment appeal,
reducing its targeted audience and decreasing profits, military enlistment increased and morale
was considered to be higher, in part attributed to America's innovative propaganda.[89][90] One of
the conventions of the genre was to depict a racial and socioeconomic cross-section of the United
States, either a platoon on the front lines or soldiers training on a base, which come together to
fight for the good of the country. In Italy, at the same time, film directors like Roberto Rossellini
produced propaganda films for similar purposes.
Similar to Nazi Germany, the U.S.S.R. prepared its citizens for war by releasing dramas, such as
Sergei Eisenstein's iconic Alexander Nevsky. The U.S.S.R also screened films depicting partisan
activity and the suffering inflicted by the Nazis, such as Girl No. 217, which showed a Russian girl
enslaved by an inhumane German family. Films were shown on propaganda trains while newsreels
were screened in subway stations to reach those who were unable to pay to see films in the
theater.[91]
Cold War
Psychological combat was in fashion during the Cold War, and was used heavily by both sides.[92]
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When describing life in Communist countries, western propaganda sought to depict an image of a
brainwashed citizenry which was then held captive by their government. The CIA's Office of Policy
Coordination adapted George Orwell's Animal Farm into an animated movie in 1954 that was
released in England.[93] In 1951, the American Federation of Labor disseminated a map, entitled
"'Gulag'--Slavery, Inc.," of the Soviet Union showing the locations of 175 forced labor camps
administered by the Gulag. It was widely reprinted across the United States and internationally.[94]
The U.S. government made various anti-communist "education" documentaries, known as Armed
Forces Information Films (AFIF), first shown to the Armed Forces, then released to commercial
television or as educational films in schools. They include Communism (1950), Communist
Weapon of Allure (1950), Communist Blueprint for Conquest (1956), Red Nightmare (1957),
Challenge of Ideas (1961), and Communism (1967). Some were used to portray the American Left
as infiltrated by communism, such as Communist Target—Youth (1960), produced by J. Edgar
Hoover, which painted the anti-HUAC riots of the 1950s as the work of communism; Anarchy,
USA (1966) presents the civil rights movement as a part of a communist plot for world domination.
Red Dawn (1984) was a commercial Hollywood film that depicts an alternate 1980s in which the
United States is invaded by the Soviet Union, Cuba, Nicaragua, and other Latin American allies of
the U.S.S.R. and a group of small-town high school students engage in guerrilla warfare in their
resistance of the occupation, eventually beating the communists.[95]
Pork Chop Hill (1959) was the most notable 1950s American anti-war propaganda piece about the
Korean war. Milestone was known for his previous anti-war films, including 1930's All Quiet on the
Western Front and Shangganling (The Battle of Sangkumryung Ridge or Triangle Hill; 1956),
which was the most influential film on the Chinese in that era. Both Pork Chop Hill and
Shangganling depict a single battle in which a small dedicated unit defends a small holdout with
very little hope of reprieve. Like all propaganda the importance of the film is not the battle itself
but the outstanding characteristics of such individuals who would commit such acts of patriotism
for their home and country.[96]
Post-9/11
Over 100 years since its creation, film continues to resonate with viewers and helps influence or
reinforce a particular viewpoint. Following the 9/11 attacks, many Americans were split on the
success of the government's response and the ensuing war in Afghanistan and Iraq. Similar to the
Vietnam War, filmmakers expressed their view of the attacks and feelings about the war through
films, most notably, Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004). The film sparked debate across the country,
presenting mixed assessments on the role of the U.S. government and its response along with the
controversy that normally arises when depicting recent, traumatic events. Director Michael Moore
omits footage of the planes striking the Twin Towers, cutting directly to the aftermath and
destruction.[97] Alan Petersen's Fahrenhype 9/11 was released in response to Fahrenheit 9/11's
success in theaters. Petersen called Fahrenheit 9/11 "the Road Runner of manipulation...removing
all avenues of thought through over-determination...leaving no room for the viewer's own
judgment."[98] It received considerably less press and screentime than Moore's controversial piece.
Ayman al-Zawahiri stated that “We are in a media battle for the hearts and minds of our umma
[community] of Muslims.”[99] Towards winning the hearts and minds of the MENA region, Al-
Qaeda and its affiliates have produced propaganda films and documentaries depicting jihadist
attacks, last will and testament videos, training, and interviews, all meant to boost morale among
supporters. Al-Qaeda established a Media Committee early in its inception to handle traditional
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Western and Arab media as well as create an online media presence, which was established
through the multi-media company as-Sahab in 2001. The company, which produces documentary-
like films and operational videos for Afghanistan is known for its technological sophistication,
cinematic effects, and their efforts to reach the west with translations and subtitling. Its
operational videos were serialised in Pyre for Americans in Khorasan [Afghanistan]. Other
productions in North Africa include Apostate in Hell, a Somali film produced by al-Fajr Media
Centre includes interviews with Somali jihadists, training of fighters, preparation for an attack, and
actual operations. It along with many other al-Qaeda videos is distributed by Arabic jihadist
websites as that community relies on the Internet to a high degree to disseminate information to
followers.[100]
Food, health, and beyond
Elements of propaganda films can also be incorporated into films that have messages that seek to
implement positive change within society.[101] However, what one generation may see as positive,
later generations may experience as negative.
Food
As mentioned previously, Walt Disney's Food Will Win the War (1942) attempts to make US
citizens feel good by using US agriculture as a means of power.[87] In 1943, the United States
Department of Agriculture (USDA) introduced its "Basic 7" nutrition guide (a precursor to the food
pyramid). In the same year, the United States Office of War Information released Food for Fighters
about the importance of nutrition in wartime.[102] Between the 1940s and 1970s the Green
Revolution increased agriculture production around the world which led to further increases in
farm size and a reduction in the number of farms. Advances in fertilizers, herbicides, insecticides,
fungicides, antibiotics, and growth hormones, reduced crop wastage due to weeds, insects, and
diseases at the expense of health and safety from agricultural pollution. Good Eating Habits (1951)
by Coronet Films is a drama focusing on gluttony and "hidden hunger," where well-nourished
people eat poorly and malnourish themselves.[103] Miracles From Agriculture (1960) from the
USDA presents then supermarkets as the showplaces of agriculture, discussing methods of
improvement in the growing, handling, processing, and shipping of food products and the
cooperative assistance offered by agricultural and food-processing research centres; the film also
hypothesises that a nation grows according to the productivity of its agriculture.[104]
Since the 1990s to the present, responses to mad-cow disease, genetically modified foods, flu
epidemics in pigs and birds, and an increase in foodborne illness outbreaks, agricultural pollution,
and Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) have led people to question where their
food comes from and what is actually in it. The use of antibiotics and hormones in cattle and birds,
artificial food additives like artificial colors/flavors, artificial sweeteners like high-fructose corn
syrup and aspartame, artificial preservatives, etc., prompted "propaganda" films like Super Size Me
(2004),[105] King Corn (2007), Food, Inc. (2008),[105] Forks Over Knives (2011), and others to
promote food awareness, organic farming and eating local organic food, reducing and eliminating
pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, and synthetic fertilisers, and adopting a vegan and/or raw food
diet.
Health
Health and medical propaganda films include The Pace That Kills (1935, cocaine), The Terrible
20 / 41 13.06.2022 20:22
Truth (1951, Sid Davis, anti-marijuana/heroine), Case Study series by Lockheed Aircraft
Corporation (1969, amphetamines, barbiturates, heroine, LSD),[106] Hoxsey: Quacks Who Cure
Cancer (1988) about the Hoxsey Therapy,[107] The Beautiful Truth (2008) about the Gerson
method for treating cancer,[107] the anti-vaccine The Greater Good,[108] Burzynski The Movie:
Cancer Is Serious Business (2010),[109] and Michael Moore's Sicko (2007) about the health care
industry.[107]
Other
Other propaganda film topics include Cannabis and hemp, Are You Popular? (1947, Coronet Films,
popularity),[106] The Spirit of '43 (1943, Disney, income taxes) with Donald Duck,[106] Boys
Beware (1961, anti-homosexuality),[106] Perversion for Profit (1965, anti-pornography),[106] Days
and Nights in Wuhan (2021) about the COVID-19 pandemic in Wuhan, China,[110] The Secret
(2006), a self-help film about the metaphysical concept of the law of attraction, Expelled: No
Intelligence Allowed (2008) about intelligent design, Silent Contest (2013) a military propaganda
film produced by the People's Liberation Army, and Elk*rtuk (2021), about Ferenc Gyurcsány's
controversial Őszöd speech, made to defamate the liberal politician.
21st century
Forms
Fake news
Fake news websites have been used to disseminate hoaxes, propaganda, and disinformation —
using social media to drive web traffic and amplify their effect.[111][112][113]
Workplace
The ease of data collection emerging from the IT revolution has been suggested to have created a
novel form of workplace propaganda.[114] A lack of control on the acquired data's use has led to the
widespread implementation of workplace propaganda created much more locally by managers in
small and large companies, hospitals, colleges and Universities etc. The author highlights the
transition of propagandist coming from large, often national producers to small scale production.
The same article (https://web.archive.org/web/20151217144035/http://datanotpropaganda.net/)
also notes a departure from the traditional methodology of propagandists i.e., the use of
emotionally provocative imagery to distort facts. Data driven propaganda is suggested to use
'distorted data' to overrule emotion. For example, by providing rationales for ideologically driven
pay cuts etc.
Nations
China
Propaganda is used by the Chinese Communist Party to sway public and international opinion in
21 / 41 13.06.2022 20:22
favour of its policies.[115][116] Domestically, this includes

censorship of proscribed views and an active cultivation of
views that favour the government. Propaganda is considered
central to the operation of the Chinese government.[117] The
term in general use in China, xuanchuan (宣傳 "propaganda;
publicity") can have either a neutral connotation in official
government contexts or a pejorative connotation in informal
contexts.[118] Some xuanchuan collocations usually refer to
"propaganda" (e.g., xuānchuánzhàn 宣传战 "propaganda war"), Revolutionary opera with a scene
others to "publicity" (xuānchuán méijiè 宣傳媒介 "mass media; from the Red Detachment of
means of publicity"), and still others are ambiguous Women.
(xuānchuányuán 宣传员 "propagandist; publicist").[119]
Aspects of propaganda can be traced back to the earliest periods of Chinese history, but
propaganda has been most effective in the twentieth century owing to mass media and an
authoritarian government.[117] China in the era of Mao Zedong is known for its constant use of
mass campaigns to legitimise the state and the policies of leaders. It was the first Chinese
government to successfully make use of modern mass propaganda techniques, adapting them to
the needs of a country which had a largely rural and illiterate population.[117] In poor developing
countries, China spreads propaganda through methods such as opening Confucius Institutes, and
providing training programs in China for foreign officials and students.[120]
According to Anne-Marie Brady, the Foreign Ministry first set up a system of designated officials to
give information in times of crisis in 1983, and greatly expanded the system to lower levels in the
mid-1990s. China's spin had been directed only at foreigners, but in the 1990s leaders realised that
managing public crises was useful for domestic politics; this included setting up provincial level
"News Coordinator Groups," and inviting foreign PR firms to give seminars.[121]
Brady writes that Chinese foreign propaganda officials took cues from the Blair government's spin
doctoring during the mad cow disease crisis of 2000–2001, and the Bush government's use of the
U.S. media after the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001. According to her, the Blair model
allows for a certain amount of negative coverage to be shown during a crisis, which is believed to
help release some of the "social tension" surrounding it. She believes information managers in
China used this approach during coal mining disasters of 2005.[121]
According to Brady, trained official spokespeople are now available on call in every central
government ministry, as well as in local governments, to deal with emerging crises; these spin
doctors are coordinated and trained by the Office of Foreign Propaganda/State Council
Information Office.[121]
During the July 2009 Ürümqi riots, Communist Party officials moved swiftly in a public relations
campaign. According to Newsweek, Party officials felt that the recent riots risked tarnishing
China's global image, and underwent a public relations program involving quickly getting out the
government's official version of the events, as well as transporting foreign journalists to riot
affected areas. The growth in new technologies, such as email and SMS, forced the CCP's hand into
taking up spin.
Instead of attempting a media blackout as with the 2008 Tibetan unrest, the Party has adopted a
series of more advanced techniques to influence the information leaving China. The day after
violence in Ürümqi, the State Council Information Office set up a Xinjiang Information Office in
22 / 41 13.06.2022 20:22
Ürümqi to assist foreign reporters. It invited foreign media to Xinjiang to tour the riot zones, visit
hospitals, and look at the aftermath themselves. Journalists were also given CDs with photos and
TV clips. "They try to control the foreign journalists as much as possible by using this more
sophisticated PR work rather than ban[ning] them," according to Professor Xiao Qiang, quoted by
Newsweek.[122]
Mexico
Drug cartels have been engaged in propaganda and psychological campaigns to influence their
rivals and those within their area of influence. They use banners and narcomantas to threaten
their rivals. Some cartels hand out pamphlets and leaflets to conduct public relation campaigns.
They have been able to control the information environment by threatening journalists, bloggers
and others who speak out against them. They have elaborate recruitment strategies targeting young
adults to join their cartel groups. They have successfully branded the word narco, and the word has
become part of Mexican culture. There is music, television shows, literature, beverages, food and
architecture that all have been branded narco.[123][124]
North Korea
Every year, a state-owned publishing house releases several

cartoons (called geurim-chaek in North Korea), many of which
are smuggled across the Chinese border and, sometimes, end
up in university libraries in the United States. The books are
designed to instill the Juche philosophy of Kim Il-sung (the
"father" of North Korea)—radical self-reliance of the state. The
plots mostly feature scheming capitalists from the United
States and Japan who create dilemmas for naïve North Korean
characters.
North Koreans touring the Museum
DPRK textbooks claim that US missionaries came to the of American War Atrocities.
Korean Peninsula and committed barbarous acts against
Korean children, including injecting dangerous liquids into the
children and writing the word "THIEF" on the forehead of any child who stole an apple for
missionary-owned orchards in Korea.[125]
United States
The National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign, originally established by the National Narcotics
Leadership Act of 1988,[126][127] but now conducted by the Office of National Drug Control Policy
under the Drug-Free Media Campaign Act of 1998,[128] is a domestic propaganda campaign
designed to "influence the attitudes of the public and the news media with respect to drug abuse"
and for "reducing and preventing drug abuse among young people in the United States".[129][130]
The Media Campaign cooperates with the Partnership for a Drug-Free America and other
government and non-government organizations.[131]
Anti-smoking campaigns that aired in the United States between 1999 and 2000 were state-
sponsored to decrease the amounts of youth smoking.[132] The 'Truth' anti-smoking campaign was
created to target 12-17 year old to decrease youth smoking in the United States.[133] February 2004
23 / 41 13.06.2022 20:22
the 'Truth' anti-smoking campaign started to show up on

televised commercials to expose youth of the dangers of
tobacco and smoking.[132] The televised campaign used
provocative tactics to decrease the amount of youth using
tobacco and to change attitudes towards the tobacco
industry.[132]
In early 2002, the U.S. Department of Defense launched an

information operation, colloquially referred to as the Pentagon
military analyst program.[134] The goal of the operation is "to
spread the administrations's talking points on Iraq by briefing
... retired commanders for network and cable television
appearances," where they have been presented as independent
analysts.[135] On 22 May 2008, after this program was revealed
in The New York Times, the House passed an amendment that
would make permanent a domestic propaganda ban that until
now has been enacted annually in the military authorization
bill.[136]
A poster circa 2000 concerning
cannabis in the United States. The Shared values initiative was a public relations campaign
that was intended to sell a "new" America to Muslims around
the world by showing that American Muslims were living
happily and freely, without persecution, in post-9/11 America.[137] Funded by the United States
Department of State, the campaign created a public relations front group known as Council of
American Muslims for Understanding (CAMU). The campaign was divided in phases; the first of
which consisted of five mini-documentaries for television, radio, and print with shared values
messages for key Muslim countries.[138]
Russia
Vladimir Putin's Russia has been reviving the Soviet-style Propaganda traditions. He stated in
April 2005 on national television that the destruction of the USSR was "the greatest geopolitical
catastrophe of the twentieth century."[139] In 2005 he established "Russia Today", now called RT,
with English, Spanish and Arabic cable news channels financed by the government and designed to
function as a "soft power" tool that will improve Russia's image abroad and counter the anti-
Russian bias it sees in the Western media. RT's ruble budget in 2013–14 was equivalent to
$300 million US dollars, compared to the $367 million budget of the BBC-World Service Group.
RT has an American channel based in Washington, and in 2014 opened a British channel based in
London. However the sharp decline in the ruble forced it to postpone channels in German and
French. Meanwhile, China and Iran have followed the RT model in launching their own English
language channels.[140]
Journalism expert Julia Ioffe argues, RT became an:
extension of former President Vladimir Putin's confrontational foreign policy....It featured

fringe-dwelling "experts," like the Russian historian who predicted the imminent dissolution of
the United States; broadcast bombastic speeches by Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez;
aired ads conflating Barack Obama with Mahmoud Ahmadinejad; and ran out-of-nowhere
reports on the homeless in America.[141]
24 / 41 13.06.2022 20:22
Critics identify a cult of personality around Putin, known as Putinism. Cassiday and Johnson Argue
that since taking power in 1999, "Putin has inspired expressions of adulation the likes of which
Russia has not seen since the days of Stalin. Tributes to his achievements and personal attributes
have flooded every possible media."[142] Ross says the cult emerged quickly by 2002 and
emphasizes Putin's "iron will, health, youth and decisiveness, tempered by popular support." Ross
concludes, "The development of a Putin mini cult of personality was based on a formidable
personality at its heart."[143]
Putin's government shut down almost all independent television media, while allowing a few small
critical newspapers and websites to exist.[144] school textbooks were revised to teach students the
exceptionality of Russian historical development and how Putin fits into the grand Russian
traditions.[145]
Vietnam
Posters hanging everywhere often describe unity of the working

class, farmers and soldiers under the leadership of the
Communist Party of Vietnam and Ho Chi Minh. Residents and
students have been studying ethics and ideology of Ho Chi
Minh.
Contemporary wars
Propaganda posters in Vietnam with
Afghan War images of solidarity and Ho Chi
Minh
In the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan, psychological operations
tactics were employed to demoralise the Taliban and to win the
sympathies of the Afghan population. At least six EC-130E Commando Solo aircraft were used to
jam local radio transmissions and transmit replacement propaganda messages. Leaflets were also
dropped throughout Afghanistan, offering rewards for Osama bin Laden and other individuals,
portraying Americans as friends of Afghanistan and emphasising various negative aspects of the
Taliban. Another shows a picture of Mohammed Omar in a set of crosshairs with the words: "We
are watching."
Iraq War
Both the United States and Iraq employed propaganda during the Iraq War. The United States
established campaigns towards the American people on the justifications of the war while using
similar tactics to bring down Saddam Hussein's government in Iraq.[146]
Iraqi propaganda
The Iraqi insurgency's plan was to gain as much support as possible by using violence as their
propaganda tool.[147] Inspired by the Vietcong's tactics,[148] insurgents were using rapid movement
to keep the coalition off-balance.[147] By using low-technology strategies to convey their messages,
they were able to gain support.[149] Graffiti slogans were used on walls and houses praising the
25 / 41 13.06.2022 20:22
virtues of many group leaders while condemning the Iraqi government. Others used flyers, leaflets,
articles and self-published newspapers and magazines to get the point across.[149]
Insurgents also produced CDs and DVDs and distributed them in communities that the Iraq and
the US Government were trying to influence.[150] The insurgents designed advertisements that cost
a fraction of what the US was spending on their ads aimed at the same people in Iraq with much
more success.[150] In addition, a domestic Arabic language television station was established with
the aim of informing the Iraqi public of alleged coalition propaganda efforts in the country.[148]
US propaganda in Iraq
To achieve their aim of a moderate, pro-western Iraq, US authorities

were careful to avoid conflicts with Islamic culture that would produce
passionate reactions from Iraqis, but differentiating between "good"
and "bad" Islam has proved challenging for the US.[148]
The US implemented black propaganda by creating false radio

personalities that would disseminate pro-American information, but
supposedly run by the supporters of Saddam Hussein. One radio
station used was Radio Tikrit.[148] Another example of use of black
propaganda is that the United States paid Iraqis to publish articles
written by US troops in their newspapers under the idea that they are
unbiased and real accounts; this was brought forth by The New York
Times in 2005.[151] The article stated that it was the Lincoln Group
who had been hired by the US government to create the propaganda.
However, their names were later cleared from any wrongdoing.[151] US PSYOP pamphlet
disseminated in Iraq. The
The US was more successful with the Voice of America campaign, pamphlet says: "This is
which is an old Cold War tactic that exploited people's desire for your future, Al-Zarqawi",
information.[148] While the information they gave out to the Iraqis was and shows Al-Qaeda fighter
truthful, they were in a high degree of competition with the opposing Al-Zarqawi caught in a rat
forces after the censorship of the Iraqi media was lifted with the trap.
removal of Saddam from power.[152]
In November 2005, the Chicago Tribune and the Los Angeles Times alleged that the United States
military had manipulated news reported in Iraqi media in an effort to cast a favourable light on its
actions while demoralising the insurgency. Lt. Col. Barry Johnson, a military spokesman in Iraq,
said the program is "an important part of countering misinformation in the news by insurgents",
while a spokesman for former Defense Secretary Donald H. Rumsfeld said the allegations of
manipulation were troubling if true. The Department of Defense confirmed the existence of the
program.[153][154]
Propaganda aimed at US citizens
The extent to which the US government used propaganda aimed at its own people is a matter of
discussion. The book Selling Intervention & War, by Jon Western, argued that president Bush was
"selling the war" to the public.[155] In a 2005 talk to students Bush said: "See, in my line of work,
you got to keep repeating things over and over, and over again, for the truth to sink in, to kind of
catapult the propaganda."[156]
26 / 41 13.06.2022 20:22
While the United States' official stance was to remove Saddam Hussein's power in Iraq with
allegations that his government held weapons of mass destruction or was related to Osama Bin
Laden,[157] over time the Iraq war as a whole has been seen in a negative light.[158] Video and
picture coverage in the news has shown shocking and disturbing images of torture and other evils
being done under the Iraqi Government.[157]
Russian nationals used different propaganda tools to interfere with the United States 2016 election
between Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton.[159] Russia created political propaganda for the
United States 2016 election to confuse voters from interpreting which news information was false
or misleading.[160] Different tactics used to interfere with the United States 2016 included fake
social media accounts on Twitter, Facebook, and other cites, false political rallies, and online
political advertisements.[159] Russian nationals used new online propaganda which "is not to
convince or persuade", but rather to cause distraction and paranoia.[161] The Select Committee On
Intelligence in the United States Senate found that technology aided to providing more convincing
and realistic propaganda.[161]
See also
!"American propaganda during World War II
!"British propaganda during WWII
!"Canadian propaganda during World War II
!"Color books
!"International Convention concerning the Use of Broadcasting in the Cause of Peace
!"Kangura
!"Japanese propaganda during World War II
!"An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus
!"Hakkō ichiu
!"Shinmin no Michi
!"Statism in Shōwa Japan
!"Propaganda in North Korea
!"Propaganda in the People's Republic of China
!"Propaganda in the Republic of China
!"Propaganda in the War in Somalia
!"Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines
!"Soviet propaganda during World War II
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Further reading
!"Bernays, Edward. "Propaganda" (http://www.historyisaweapon.org/defcon1/bernprop.html).
(1928)
36 / 41 13.06.2022 20:22
!"Bytwerk, Randall L. (2004). Bending Spines: The Propagandas of Nazi Germany and the
German Democratic Republic. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.
ISBN 978-0-87013-710-5.
!"Cole, Robert. Propaganda in Twentieth Century War and Politics (1996)
!"Cole, Robert, ed. Encyclopedia of Propaganda (3 vol 1998)
!"Jowett, Garth S. and Victoria O'Donnell, Propaganda and Persuasion (6th ed. Sage
Publications, 2014). A detailed overview of the history, function, and analyses of propaganda.
excerpt and text search (https://www.amazon.com/Propaganda-Persuasion-Garth-S-Jowett/dp/
1452257531/)
!"Kennedy, Greg, and Christopher Tuck, eds. British Propaganda and Wars of Empire:
Influencing Friend and Foe 1900–2010 (2014) excerpt and text search (https://www.amazon.co
m/British-Propaganda-Wars-Empire-Influencing/dp/1409451739/)
!"Le Bon, Gustave, The Crowd: a study of the Popular Mind (1895)
!"MacArthur, John R. Second Front: Censorship and Propaganda in the Gulf War. New York: Hill
and Wang. (1992)
!"O'Donnell, Victoria; Jowett, Garth S. (2005). Propaganda and Persuasion. Thousand Oaks,
California: Sage Publications, Inc. ISBN 978-1-4129-0897-9.
!"Le Bon, Gustave (1895). The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind. ISBN 978-0-14-004531-4.
!"Nelson, Richard Alan (1996). A Chronology and Glossary of Propaganda in the United States.
Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-29261-3.
!"Young, Emma (October 10, 2001). "Psychological warfare waged in Afghanistan" (https://www.
newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99991404). New Scientist. Retrieved 2010-08-05.
!"Taylor, Philip M. British Propaganda in the Twentieth Century. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University
Press, 1999.
!"Thomson, Oliver. Mass Persuasion in History. An Historical Analysis of the Development of
Propaganda Techniques. Edinburgh: Paul Harris Publishing, 1977.
!"Thomson, Oliver. Easily Led: A History of Propaganda. Stroud: Sutton, 1999.
!"U.S, Army (August 31, 1979). "Appendix I: PSYOP Techniques" (https://fas.org/irp/doddir/army/
fm33-1/). Psychological Operations Field Manual No. 33-1. Washington, D.C.: Department of
the Army.
World wars
!"Bergmeier, Horst JP, and Rainer E. Lotz. Hitler's airwaves: the inside story of Nazi radio
broadcasting and propaganda (1997).
!"Carruth, Joseph. "World War I Propaganda and Its Effects in Arkansas." Arkansas Historical
Quarterly (1997): 385–398. in JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/stable/40027887)
!"Cornwall, Mark. "News, Rumour and the Control of Information in Austria‐Hungary,
1914–1918." History 77#249 (1992): 50–64.
!"Creel, George. "Propaganda and Morale" American Journal of Sociology (1941) 47#3
pp. 340–351 in JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2769284), Analysis by the head of
American propaganda in the First World War
!"Doob, Leonard W. "Goebbels' principles of propaganda", Public Opinion Quarterly 14, no. 3
(1950): 419–442. in JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2745999)
37 / 41 13.06.2022 20:22
!"Green, Leanne. "Advertising war: Picturing Belgium in First World War publicity", Media, War &
Conflict 7.3 (2014): 309–325.
!"Gullace, Nicoletta F. "Allied Propaganda and World War I: Interwar Legacies, Media Studies,
and the Politics of War Guilt", History Compass 9, no. 9 (2011): 686–700.
!"Haste, Cate. Keep the home fires burning: Propaganda in the First World War. Lane, Allen,
1977.
!"Herf, Jeffrey. The Jewish Enemy: Nazi Propaganda during World War II and the Holocaust.
Harvard University Press, 2009.
!"Honey, Maureen. Creating Rosie the Riveter: class, gender, and propaganda during World War
II. 1984.
!"Horne, John, and Alan Kramer. "German 'Atrocities' and Franco-German Opinion, 1914: The
Evidence of German Soldiers' Diaries," Journal of Modern History 66, no. 1 (1994): 1–33. in
JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2124390)
!"Johnson, Niel M. George Sylvester Viereck, German-American Propagandist. Urbana, Ill.:
University of Illinois Press, 1972. (about World War I)
!"Kingsbury, Celia Malone. For Home and Country: World War I Propaganda on the Home Front.
University of Nebraska Press, 2010. 308 pp. Describes propaganda directed toward the homes
of the American homefront in everything from cookbooks and popular magazines to children's
toys.
!"Lasswell, Harold D. Propaganda Technique in World War I. 1927.
!"Linebarger, Paul M. A. (1948). Psychological Warfare. Washington, D.C.: Infantry Journal
Press. ISBN 978-0-405-04755-8.
!"Lutz, Ralph Haswell. "Studies of World War Propaganda, 1914-33", Journal of Modern History
5, no. 4 (1933): 496–516. in JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1872083)
!"Marquis, Alice Goldfarb. "Words as Weapons: Propaganda in Britain and Germany during the
First World War", Journal of Contemporary History 13, no. 3 (1978): 467–498. online (https://we
b.viu.ca/davies/H482.WWI/Propaganda.%20Words%20as%20Weapons%20(1978).pdf); also
in JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/stable/260205)
!"Monger, David. Patriotism and Propaganda in First World War Britain: The National War Aims
Committee and Civilian Morale (2013) online edition (https://www.questia.com/library/12008490
7/patriotism-and-propaganda-in-first-world-war-britain)
!"Morris, Kate. British Techniques of Public Relations and Propaganda for Mobilizing East and
Central Africa During World War II. Edwin Mellen Press, 2000.
!"Paddock, Troy. A Call to Arms: Propaganda, Public Opinion, and Newspapers in the Great War
(2004)
!"Paddock, Troy. World War I and propaganda (Brill, 2014).
!"Peterson, Horace Cornelius. Propaganda for war: The campaign against American neutrality,
1914–1917. University of Oklahoma Press, 1939. On the operations of private organizations
!"Rhodes, Anthony. Propaganda: the art of persuasion, World War II. 1987.
!"Sanders, Michael, and Philip M. Taylor, eds. British Propaganda during the First World War,
1914–1918 (1983)
!"Shirer, William L. (1942). Berlin Diary: The Journal of a Foreign Correspondent, 1934–1941.
New York: Albert A. Knopf., A primary source
!"Squires, James Duane. British Propaganda at Home and in the United States from 1914 to
38 / 41 13.06.2022 20:22
1917 (Harvard University Press, 1935)

!"Thompson, J. Lee. Politicians, the Press, & Propaganda: Lord Northcliffe & the Great War,
1914–1919 (Kent State University Press, 1999), On Britain
!"Welch, David. Germany, Propaganda and Total War, 1914–1918 (2000).
Visual propaganda
!"Aulich, James. War Posters: Weapons of Mass Communication (2011)
!"Bird, William L. and Harry R. Rubenstein. Design for Victory: World War II Poster on the
American Home Front (1998)
!"Darman, Peter. Posters of World War II: Allied and Axis Propaganda 1939 – 1945 (2011)
!"Moore, Colin. Propaganda Prints: A History of Art in the Service of Social and Political Change
(2011) excerpt and text search (https://www.amazon.com/Propaganda-Prints-History-Service-P
olitical/dp/1408105918/)
!"Slocombe, Richard. British Posters of the Second World War (2014)
External links
!"Documentation on Early Cold War U.S. Propaganda Activities in the Middle East (http://www.g
wu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB78/) by the National Security Archive. Collection of 148
documents and overview essay.
!"World War II propaganda leaflets (http://members.home.nl/ww2propaganda/): A website about
airdropped, shelled or rocket fired propaganda leaflets. Some posters also.
!"Canadian Wartime Propaganda – Canadian War Museum (http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exh
ibitions/propaganda/index_e.shtml)
!"Northern Vietnamese Propaganda from the U.S. Vietnam War (http://www.dogmacollection.co
m). The largest collection of North Vietnamese propaganda available on-line.
!""North Korea's art of propaganda" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/7531260.stm), BBC,
July 29, 2007: images of North Korean propaganda posters
!"CBC Radio's "Nazi Eyes On Canada" (1942) (https://web.archive.org/web/20110929160018/htt
p://www.transpacificradio.com/2007/02/26/nazi1/), series with Hollywood stars promoting
Canadian War Bonds
!"America at War (http://dlxs.richmond.edu/w/wtp/index.html), a digital collection of World War II-
era American propaganda pamphlets and additional material
!"Over 400 posters from World Wars I & II (http://fax.libs.uga.edu/wwpost/) (searchable facsimile
at the University of Georgia Libraries; DjVu & layered PDF (http://fax.libs.uga.edu/wwpost/1f/wo
rld_war_posters.pdf) format)
!"Psywar.org (http://www.psywar.org/leaflets.php)'s large collection of propaganda leaflets from
various conflicts
!"WWII: Intense Propaganda Posters (http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/27932/wwii-intens
e-propaganda-posters) – slideshow by Life magazine
!""Mobilizing Movies! The U.S. Signal Corps Goes to War, 1917-1919" (https://commons.wikimed
ia.org/wiki/File:Mobilizing_Movies_-_The_U.S._Signal_Corps_Goes_To_War,_1917-1919.ogg)
(documentary on U.S. film propaganda by the Signal Corps and Committee on Public
Information, 2017)
!"Stefan Landsberger's Chinese Propaganda Poster Pages (http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/)
39 / 41 13.06.2022 20:22
!"Bytwerk, Randall, "Nazi and East German Propaganda Guide Page (https://research.calvin.edu
/german-propaganda-archive/)". Calvin University.
!"US Navy recruiting posters archive (http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/arttopic/pstr-rec/n-recps
t.htm)
!"Tim Frank Collection of WWII Propaganda Leaflets, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
(https://eisenhower.archives.gov/Research/Finding_Aids/F.html)
!"Finding Aid to American war posters from the First World War, circa 1914 – circa 1919 (http://w
ww.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/hb2000082j/?query=American%2520War%2520Posters),
The Bancroft Library
!"Finding Aid to American war posters from the Second World War, circa 1940 – 1945 (http://ww
w.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/hb5d5nb7dj/?query=American%2520War%2520Posters),
!"Finding Aid to Soviet poster collection, circa 1939 – 1945 (http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/
13030/hb7r29p557/?query=Soviet%2520Posters), The Bancroft Library
!"Aid to Canadian war posters from the First and Second World Wars, circa 1914 – 1945 (http://w
ww.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/hb0x0nb4fb/?query=Canadian%2520War%2520PostersFin
ding), The Bancroft Library
!"Aid to French war posters from the First World War, circa 1914 – 1918 (http://www.oac.cdlib.org
/findaid/ark:/13030/hb3f59p1f7/?query=French%2520War%2520PostersFinding), The Bancroft
Library
!"Finding Aid to French war posters from the Second World War, circa 1939 – circa 1945 (http://
www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/hb6z09p5jx/?query=French%2520War%2520Posters),
!"Finding Aid to British war posters from the First World War, circa 1914 – 1918 (http://www.oac.c
dlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/hb6g5011c7/?query=British%2520War%2520Posters), The Bancroft
Library
!"Finding Aid to British war posters from the Second World War, circa 1939 – circa 1945 (http://w
ww.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/hb4n39p2w2/?query=British%2520War%2520Posters),
!"Finding Aid to British and British Commonwealth war posters from the Second World War, circa
1939 – circa 1945 (http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/hb7199p4w1/?query=British%25
20War%2520Posters), The Bancroft Library
!"Finding Aid to Chinese News Service posters from the Second World War era, circa 1939 –
circa 1945 (http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/hb1f59p0xc/admin/?query=Chinese%20
News%20Service), The Bancroft Library
!"Finding Aid to the German poster and broadside collection, chiefly from the Nazi party during
the Second World War, circa 1930 – circa 1945 (http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/hb
1779p0b8/?query=Second%2520World%2520War), The Bancroft Library
General information
!"Propaganda Filmmaker: Make Your Own Propaganda Film (https://web.archive.org/web/20150
101064314/http://americanimage.unm.edu/propagandafilmmaker.html)
!"PropagandaCritic Video Gallery (https://web.archive.org/web/20170515225605/http://www.prop
agandacritic.com/gallery/)
!"Empire-Hollywood: Chronicler of War (http://www.therealnews.com/t2/index.php?option=com_c
ontent&task=view&id=33&Itemid=74&jumival=657), a look at the Pentagon's influence on the
film industry (2 videos 15:53 from The Real News)
40 / 41 13.06.2022 20:22
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H! story of propaganda - W! k! ped! a https://en.w! k! ped! a.org/w! k! /H!

Contents American cartoon, published in 1898: "Remember

During the U.S.'s Colonial period, religious writers and trading

programs favored by many prominent politicians. Activists

First World War away and show you our rears.")[4]

The first large-scale and organised propagation of government

Germany How Britain Prepared, 1915 film.

At the start of the war, Germany expanded its unofficial

A variety of propaganda methods were used by the British during the

Soviet propaganda meant dissemination of revolutionary ideas, teachings of Marxism, and

Meeting Germans in Meeting before the Bolshevik ANT-20 "Maxim

France in the 1930s

Second World War

Within the US, the British

Your Ally: Britain (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2SOvr9fLHUM&t=1539s) and Our Greek

Cold War propaganda

All sides used film, television, and radio programming to influence

U.S. home front

In the years following the October Revolution of 1917, the

considered a highlight of the propaganda film genre. Other

Animation became popular, especially for winning over

Food, health, and beyond

favour of its policies.[115][116] Domestically, this includes

Every year, a state-owned publishing house releases several

the 'Truth' anti-smoking campaign started to show up on

In early 2002, the U.S. Department of Defense launched an

Journalism expert Julia Ioffe argues, RT became an:

extension of former President Vladimir Putin's confrontational foreign policy....It featured

Posters hanging everywhere often describe unity of the working

To achieve their aim of a moderate, pro-western Iraq, US authorities

The US implemented black propaganda by creating false radio

Propaganda aimed at US citizens

24. Sanders 1975, pp. 134–135

86. "Casablanca" (http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/learning_history/casablanca/bmp_report_casabl

103. Good Eating Habits (https://archive.org/details/GoodEati1951), Prelinger Archives at

1917 (Harvard University Press, 1935)

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This page was last edited on 26 May 2022, at 13:52.

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