MODULE 3: UNPACKING THE SELF
PHYSICAL SELF
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, people are so conscious with their
physical features. While some people become
contented of who they are and how they look like,
most people are busy making themselves prettier,
sexier, more handsome and therefore, more
acceptable.
Relationships are built or destroyed because of
transformation of one’s physical characteristics.
Some people are willing to exert much effort and
financial resources just to improve their bodies.
Beauty is sometimes correlated to physical
attractiveness.
THE BIOLOGICAL BLUEPRINT
• A crucial aspect of the self is one’s physical
features including the face, bodily structure, height
and weight. However, people should also consider
their physical competencies, valuation of physical
worth, and perception of beauty.
• Am I beautiful?
• Do people find me attractive?
• What can I do to enhance my features?
However, the physical self is not only limited to
what can be seen by the naked eye; underneath
the skin is a dynamic system of biological and
chemical processes that contribute to one’s
physical features. Body structure, weight, height,
skin color, hair color, and other physical
characteristics do not just develop at random.
These are triggered by genetic transformations and
biological development through heredity.
HEREDITY
• Is defined as the transmission of traits from
parents to offspring. The traits are made up of
specific information embedded within one’s gene,
the basic unit of heredity.
Each individual carries 23 pairs of chromosomes.
The 23rd pair is the sex chromosomes, determines
the sex of an individual.
• Maturation is known as the completion of
growth of a genetic character within an organism. It
enables man to walk, run and talk which are
evident in the adolescent stage.
WHAT IS ATTRACTIVE?
High attractiveness ratings were associated with:
Michael Cunningham (1986)
FEMALES: large eyes, a small nose, a small chin,
prominent cheekbones and narrow cheeks, high
eyebrows, large pupils, a big smile
MALES: large eyes, large chin, prominent
cheekbones a big smile
OVERLAP: large eyes
Babyface features - are thought to be attractive
because they elicit feelings of warmth and
nurturance in perceivers (Berry, 1995; McArthur &
Berry, 1987; Zebrowitz, 1997; Zebrowitz &
Montepare, 1992)
GENDER DIFFERENCE: beauty in the female is
associated more with childlike qualities than male
beauty is (Berry, 1995; McArthur & Berry, 1987;
Zebrowitz, 1997; Zebrowitz & Montepare, 1992)
We share a set of criteria for defining beauty (Fink
& Penton-Voak, 2002; Tseëlon, 1995).
CULTURAL STANDARDS OF BEAUTY
Are people’s perceptions of what is beautiful or
handsome similar across cultures?
people from a wide range of cultures agree on what
is physically attractive in the human face
SYMMETRY where the placement and size of the
features on one side of the face match those on the
other
BEAUTY BY NUMBERS
● Our attraction to another person’s body
increases if that body is symmetrical and in
proportion
● If a face is in proportion, we are more likely
to notice it and find it beautiful.
● We perceive proportional bodies to be more
healthy
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS
After puberty, what were the major changes you
encountered?
Focusing on the physical changes, which ones
were the most difficult to deal with?
SELF-IMAGE
● A self image problem happens when your
looks doesn't match your beauty standards.
For example if you believed that attractive
 people are slim ones and if you were not
slim (but not obese) then you might believe
that you are unattractive even though others
might believe that you are attractive.
● The problem here is with your own beauty
standards and not with your looks. In order
to like your looks, you must fix your false
beliefs about physical attractiveness.
BODY IMAGE, SELF-ESTEEM AND THE
INFLUENCE OF SOCIETY
● Society shapes us in many ways, possibly
more than we realize – from our
interactions, to our personal development
through to others’ perception of our bodies
as a reflection of self worth.
● We are social beings. Genetically, we rely
on one another for the survival of humanity.
That primal connection makes our
interactions physiologically and
psychologically important. So it’s not
surprising that how society perceives us
affect us on many levels.
BODY IMAGE IS BOTH INTERNAL (PERSONAL)
AND EXTERNAL (SOCIETY)
This includes:
● How we perceive our bodies visually
● How we feel about our physical appearance
● How we think and talk to ourselves about
our bodies
● Our sense of how other people view our
bodies
How we look has possibly never held as much
societal importance or reflected so significantly on
our perceived self worth.
The media in particular, has increasingly become a
platform that reinforces cultural beliefs and projects
strong views on how we should look, that we as
individuals often unknowingly or knowingly validate
and perpetuate.
The more we look at perfect images of others and
then look to find those same idealized
characteristics in ourselves and don’t find them, the
worse we feel about ourselves. It’s a cycle that
breeds discontent. With such strong societal
scrutiny it’s easy to see how the focus on how we
look can slide into the dark side – negative body
image.
The greater our discontent with how we measure
up when compared to the societal or media
supported norms, the more negative our body
image, and the greater the risk for extreme weight
or body control behaviours occurs. We’re taking…
● Extreme dieting
● Extreme exercise compulsion
● Eating disorders
● Extreme or unnecessary plastic surgery
● Using steroids for muscle building
PREJUDICE - SIZE
Intolerance of body diversity has a lot to do with
prejudice of size and shape in our culture. Being
thin, toned and muscular has become associated
with the hard-working, successful, popular,
beautiful, strong, and the disciplined.
● Being fat is associated with the lazy, ugly,
weak, and lacking in will-power.
● With this prejudice, fat isn’t a description like
tall or redhead – it’s an indication of moral
character and we are conditioned to think
that fat is bad.
THOSE CLOSEST TO US - FAMILY AND
FRIENDS
We learn from other people, particularly those
closest to us about the things that are considered
important.
● Friendships are particularly important in
body image development because we place
high value on them, spend lots of time with
our friends and develop shared
experiences, values and beliefs.
THEORY OF DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS
R. Havighurst
1. achieve emotional independence
2. prepare for career and/or marriage
3. accept body image
After puberty, your body has gone through a lot of
changes. What are its psychological effects on the
boys? What about the girls?
SO HOW CAN WE BUILD A STRONG AND
POSITIVE BODY IMAGE?
Positive body image involves understanding that
healthy attractive bodies come in many shapes and
sizes, and that physical appearance says very little
about our character or value as a person.
How we get to this point of acceptance often
depends on our individual development and self
acceptance. To get to that all important point of
balance there are a few steps we can take:
● Talk back to the media. All media and
messages are developed or constructed
and are not reflections of reality. So shout
back. Speak our dissatisfaction with the
focus on appearance and lack of size
acceptance
● De-emphasize numbers. Kilograms on a
scale don’t tell us anything meaningful
about the body as a whole or our health.
Eating habits and activity patterns are much
more important
● Realize that we cannot change our body
type: thin, large, short or tall, we need to
appreciate the uniqueness of what we have
– and work with it
● Stop comparing ourselves to others. We are
unique and we can’t get a sense of our own
body’s needs and abilities by comparing it to
someone else
● We need to move and enjoy our bodies not
because we have to, but because it makes
us feel good. Walking, swimming, biking,
dancing – there is something for everyone
● Spend time with people who have a healthy
relationship with food, activity, and their
bodies
● Question the degree to which self-esteem
depends on our appearance. If we base our
happiness on how we look it is likely to lead
to failure and frustration, and may prevent
us from finding true happiness
● Broaden our perspective about health
and beauty by reading about body
image, cultural variances, or media
influence. Check out a local art gallery
paying particular attention to fine art
collections that show a variety of body types
throughout the ages and in different cultures
● Recognize that size prejudice is a form
of discrimination similar to other forms
of discrimination. Shape and size are not
indicators of character, morality,
intelligence, or success
● Each of us will have a positive body image
when we have a realistic perception of our
bodies, when we enjoy, accept and
celebrate how we are and let go of negative
societal or media perpetuated conditioning.
But the media and society in general, are not all
bad. As with most things, with the bad comes the
potential for good and increasingly, people the
world over are waking up to the negativity and
conditioning that we are bombarded with daily.
The most beautiful thing you can wear is
confidence - Blake Lively
Beauty isn’t about having a pretty face. It’s about
having a pretty mind, pretty heart and pretty soul.
The happier you are the more beautiful you
become.
SEXUAL SELF
DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY SEX
CHARACTERISTICS
PRIMARY sexual characteristics are the organs
that make reproduction possible; are present during
birth
SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS
Sexual organs and traits that develop at puberty
and are indirectly involved in human reproduction.
FEMALE SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS
● Growth spurt
● Onset of the menstrual cycle
○ monthly shedding of the blood and
tissue that line the uterus in
preparation for pregnancy when
conception does not occur
● Breast development
● Widening hips
 ● Pubic hair
● Fat deposits
● Further growth and development of the
uterus, vagina, and ovaries

MALE SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS

● Enlarged larynx (Adam’s apple)
● Deepening voice
● Facial and chest hair
● Pubic hair
● Coarser skin texture
● large height increase

THE EROGENOUS ZONES

HOT SPOTS - Erogenous zones are parts of the
body that are particularly responsive to stimulation,
resulting often in sexual excitement. These are arousal, time, excitement, plateau, orgasm,
popular hot spots on men and women. resolution
● Eyelids
● Forehead
● Ears
● Neck
● Scalp
● Lips
● Abs
● Back of the knees
● Feet

THE HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE

The Basic Biology of Sexual Behavior

BASIC BIOLOGY
● the testes begins to secrete androgen
● become capable of and interested in sexual
activities, without any regard to biological
cycles
● the two ovaries begin to produce estrogen
and progesterone
● follows a cyclic pattern
● greatest secretion occurs during ovulation
Desire phase - sexual urges occur in response to
sexual cues or fantasies
Arousal stage - a subjective sense of sexual
pleasure and physiological signs of sexual arousal:
in males, penile tumescence (increased flow of
blood into the penis); in females, vasocongestion
(blood pools in the pelvic area) leading to vaginal
lubrication and breast tumescence (erect nipples)
Plateau phase - brief period of time before orgasm
Orgasm phase - in males, feelings of the
inevitability of ejaculation, followed by ejaculation;
in females, contractions of the walls of the lower
third of the vagina
Resolution phase - decrease in arousal occurs
after orgasm (particularly in men)

SEXUAL RESPONSE CYCLE GENDER AND SEXUALITY

Biological Sex - assigned at birth
←------------------------------------------------------→ Gender expression - How we express our gender
Male Intersex Female to the world. This could include the clothes we
Anatomy, Chromosomes, Hormones wear, the way we style our hair, the way we talk,
and the pronouns we choose to use.
Gender
Gender Roles - societal expectation of gender - MALE STEREOTYPES
racialized ● Controlling
←------------------------------------------------------→ ● Dominant
Male Female ● Independent
● Manipulating the environment
Gender Expression - communication of gender ● Assertive
←------------------------------------------------------→ ● Competitive
Masculine Androgynous
FEMALE STEREOTYPES
Gender Identity - psychological sense of self, ● Relatively passive
“brain gender” ● Nurturing
←------------------------------------------------------→ ● Loving
Man genderqueer woman ● Sensitive
● Supportive in social relationships
Sexuality ● Active family roles as wife and mother
Sexual Orientation - romantic attraction
←------------------------------------------------------→ TRADITIONAL GENDER STEREOTYPES
Same sex or gender Opposite/other sex or gender
Or Asexual - the lack of sexual attraction to others
Feminine Masculine
Sexual Expression - sexual behavior Not aggressive Aggressive
←------------------------------------------------------→
Same sex/gender Opposite/other sex or gender Dependent Independent

Easily influenced Not easily influenced

Sexual Identity - self-identification
←------------------------------------------------------→ Submissive Dominant
Gay/lesbian bisexual/pansexual heterosexual
Or Asexual - the lack of sexual attraction to others Passive Active

Home-oriented Worldly
Gender identity - a person’s innermost concept of
self as being male, female, neither, or both. Gender Easily hurt emotionally Not easily hurt
identity may or may not align with one’s assigned emotionally
biological sex.
Indecisive Decisive
Sexual orientation - a person’s experience of Talkative Not at all talkative
being romantically, physically, and emotionally
attracted to men, women, both, or neither. Gentle Tough

Sensitive to other’s Less sensitive to

Biological sex - the combination of anatomy, feelings other’s feelings
chromosomes, and hormones that are typically
classified as male, female or intersex. Sex is Very desirous of Not very desirous of
usually assigned at birth based solely upon a security security
person’s visible external anatomy.
Cries a lot Rarely cries

Emotional Logical
Verbal Analytical
Kind Cruel
Tactful Blunt
Nurturing Not nurturing
GENDER DIFFERENCES
● warmth in personal relationships
● display of anxiety under pressure
● suppression of overt aggression
● expression of sexuality
Men are more likely to have traditional gender
stereotypes than women, especially if they are the
sole wage earner in the family
Fathers are more concerned that their children
maintain behaviors appropriate to their gender; they
play a more important role than mothers in
children's gender stereotyping
Girls are more advanced physically throughout
childhood; they mature earlier and their
development stops sooner.
Boys have larger lungs and heart, and are superior
at activities involving gross motor activities and
strength; are more likely to suffer a wide range of
developmental disorders (speech defects, ADHD,
mental retardation), genetic defects, and are more
susceptible to malnutrition and disease
Girls tend to have a few intimate friends. Boys have
a larger number of "pals" - guys they hang out with
but have really few close, intimate, confiding
relationships.
COGNITIVE GENDER DIFFERENCES
Girls: superior at verbal abilities (vocabulary,
reading comprehension, verbal creativity) during
early to middle childhood
Boys: have greater visual-spatial ability beginning
around age 10, also excel at mathematics
beginning around age 12
Some studies indicate that boys have a higher IQ
on average than girls by late adolescence (~4 IQ
points)
Theory: Girls' development ends sooner than boys,
and boys continue to develop. This is controversial.
Girls: Superior in Conscientiousness: Focused
attention, responsibility, dependability, delay of
gratification; strongly correlated with school
success
SOCIAL GENDER DIFFERENCES
Boys: more aggressive, especially physical
aggression and direct verbal assault (Girls use
indirect forms of aggression such as exclusion,
negative gossip.)
Boys: more into risk-taking and sensation seeking;
curiosity and exploratory behavior; attracted to
physically dangerous occupations
Girls: more compliant with demands of parents and
teachers; more nurturant and dependent; more
fearful of possible personal threats and dangers
GENDER PREJUDICE
Attitudes about gay marriage have not come as far
as attitudes about gay behaviour. Women are still
judged and treated unfairly
● People may prefer a feminine face, but this
preference doesn’t counteract gender
prejudice:
● Preference for male babies, even abortion
or infanticide of females
● Blaming women for adultery
● Seeing assertiveness or ambition as
attractive in men, abrasive in women
GENDER STANDARDS & STEREOTYPES
Gender socialization begins at birth: Parents
have a role in socializing gender:
Dress boys and girls differently,
Select toys based on gender,
often react negatively if they behave in ways they
think are gender inappropriate
THE CHEMISTRY OF LOVE
WHY LOVE IS A NEUROCHEMICAL
ROLLERCOASTER
Love is a cocktail of neurochemicals: Dopamine,
Serotonin, Oxytocin, Endorphin
DOPAMINE is the great feeling that a reward is at
hand. releases energy for “the chase”. New “love”
stimulates the brain to produce a lot of dopamine. It
drops once you get the “reward.”
OXYTOCIN is the “love and attachment” chemical;
stimulated by touch, trust, birth and sex. When a
dog sees its owner, their brain releases oxytocin -
the same chemical found in humans who are in
love or bonding with friends.
SEROTONIN is the pleasure of social dominance;
is not aggression, but a calm sense that “I will get
the reward”. When you enjoy the attention of
someone important, it boosts your Serotonin.
ENDORPHINS mask pain so you can do what it
takes to survive. are “endogenous morphine”
sources, but it’s meant for EMERGENCIES (not
partying). are stimulated by pain, exercise, crying
and laughing. When lovers make each other laugh,
it’s a valuable chance to enjoy Endorphins
Natural selection built a brain that makes you feel
good when you do things that promote your genes.
Dopamine, Endorphin, Oxytocin, Serotonin
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT OF SEXUALITY
SEXUAL MOTIVATION
SEX: a physiologically based motive, like hunger,
but it is more affected by learning and values
SEXUAL MOTIVATION: nature’s way of making
people procreate, enabling our species to survive
GENETICS AND SEXUAL MOTIVATION
Egg with X chromosome → Sperm with X chromosome
→ Male instructions
Egg with X chromosome → Sperm with Y chromosome
→ Female instructions
HORMONES AND SEXUAL MOTIVATION
During ovulation, women show a rise in estrogen
and also in testosterone. As this happens, sexual
desire rises in women and also in the men around
them (whose testosterone level rises). Low levels
of testosterone can reduce sexual motivation.
THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SEX
SEXUAL MOTIVATION
Biological influences:
● Sexual maturity
● Sex hormones, especially testosterone
● Sexual orientation
Psychological influences:
● Exposure to stimulating conditions
● Sexual fantasies
Social-cultural influences:
● Family and society values
● Religious and personal values
● Cultural expectations
● Media
THE EFFECT OF EXTERNAL STIMULI
● All effects of external stimuli on sexual
behavior are more common in men than in
women.
● The short-term effect of exposure to
images of nudity and sexuality increases
sexual arousal and desire.
● it distorts our ideas of what is appropriate
and effective for mutual sexual satisfaction
● the habit of finding sexual response through
idealized images may lead to decreased
sexual response to real-life sexual partners
(expectation vs. reality)
Imagined Stimuli
▪ The brain is involved in sexuality; people with no
genital sensation (e.g. spinal cord injuries) can feel
sexual desire.
▪ The brain also contains dreams, memories, and
fantasies that stimulate sexual desire.
▪ Fantasies are not just a replacement for sexual
activity; they often accompany sex.
ADOLESCENT SEXUAL ACTIVITY
Adolescents often begin to engage in sexual
activity, including intercourse. This may be related
to basic drives but is mostly a function of social
environment.
How can we tell it isn’t just a function of biology?
Sexual intercourse rates, age of first intercourse,
vary widely among cultures, families, and historical
periods.
Sexual activity includes risks that may be magnified
in adolescence such as: pregnancy while still in
school, sexually transmitted infections
FACTORS RELATED TO SEXUAL RESTRAINT
High Intelligence: Teens with higher intelligence
are likely to delay sex, thinking of the
consequences
Religiosity: Religious teens and adults often
reserve sex for a marital commitment.
Father Presence: A father’s absence from home
can contribute to higher teen sexual activity.
Learning Programs: Teens who volunteer and
tutor in programs dedicated to reducing teen
pregnancy are less likely to engage in unsafe sex.
Altruistic Activities: Acts that are focused on
helping others lessen self-centredness and sexual
preoccupation
SEXUAL ORIENTATION
Sexual orientation refers to one’s preferences as
an object of sexual attraction.
may exist in the form of desires, interests,
infatuations, and fantasies
“Identity” as either heterosexual, bisexual, or
exclusively homosexual, emerges in puberty
ORIGINS OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION
Theories suggesting that sexual preference is
related to parenting behaviors or childhood abuse
are not supported by evidence.
Differences appear to begin at birth. This could be
genetic, or it could be caused by exposure to
hormones or antigens in the womb.
The fraternal birth order effect: being born after a
brother increases the likelihood of being gay.
GENDER IDENTITY - the sense of whether we
“feel” like a male or a female
GENDER ROLE - what our culture and
environment imposes on us
HUMAN VALUES AND SEX RESEARCH
As psychologists write about sexual activity, most
attempt to be non-judgmental and valuefree in
discussing various sexual behaviors.
Some suggest that people should be reminded of
the consequences of their actions.
Others note that sex should be associated with love
(this is not just a romantic ideal; sex in a love
relationship has been found to be more
emotionally and sexually satisfying).
MATERIAL SELF
THEORY OF MEANING OF MATERIAL
POSSESSIONS (Dittmar, 1992, 2004)
- suggests that material goods can fulfill a range of
instrumental, social, symbolic and affective
functions
1. Instrumental functions relate to the
functional properties of a product.
Ex: A person bought a pick-up style of car for family
and business functions.
2. Social symbolic functions signify personal
qualities, social standing, group affiliation
and gender roles.
Ex: Buying an Iphone instead of other mobile
phones
3. Categorical Functions refer to the extent
to which material possessions may be used
to communicate group membership and
status.
Ex: Buying or renting a condo unit in Makati City
4. Self-expressive functions reflect a
person’s unique qualities, values or
attitudes.
Ex: People collecting Hello Kitty brand or buying
stuff in their favorite color
ECONOMIC SELF PRESENTATION AND
IDENTITY
Economics
- defined as “the study of things that a person
is lacking, of how people make use of the
things that they have, and of making the
right decisions”
- the condition of the person, group or region
as regards to material prosperity

ECONOMIC SELF-SUFFICIENCY
- the ability of individuals and families to
consistently meet their needs with minimal or no
financial assistance or subsidies from private or
public organizations.
- the said needs include food, housing, utilities,
health care, transportation, taxes, dependent care
and clothing
DETERMINANTS OF ECONOMIC SELF-
SUFFICIENCY
● Job Stability – Individuals have sustained
employment
● Educational Attainment – Individuals reach
their employment goal through academic or
vocational achievement
● English Literacy – Individuals have the
ability to speak, read and write the English
language
● Family Structure – The stability of families
and attributes of parents influence
development of positive behaviors and
healthy relationships
● Health/Disability Status – Individuals with
physical, cognitive, mental, sensory,
emotional or development capacity
concerns participate to the fullest extent
possible at school, at work, or through
meaningful daily activities
● Community Connections – Individuals have
community relationships to people or
organizations that bolster self-sufficiency, or
in the case of youth, future self-sufficiency
ECONOMIC IDENTITY
- a psychological phenomenon that results from
social categorization (identification and
differentiation)
- For instance, a category of economic status is
whether a person belongs to the rich, sustainable
or poor sectors of society.
- the structure of economic identity includes basic
components (cognitive, affective and behavioral)
FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE ECONOMIC
IDENTITY
● Professional development
● Self-determination
● Motivational and value sphere of his
personality
SYMBOLIC MOTIVES
1. Status Motives
- The extent to which the people believe they can
derive a sense of recognition or achievement from
owning and using the right kind of product, can be
an important motivator of behavior.
- Materialism is the importance ascribed to the
ownership and acquisition of material goods in
achieving major life goals.
- In some cultures, a lady should wear expensive
jewelry to attract a wealthy man into marrying her.
- Status may increase consumption and can
motivate behavior.
- For instance, one will buy a flat screen TV of a
known brand, with latest features merely because it
is more expensive than other models.
2. Affective Motives
- Affect (emotions) serves as a motivator of pro-
environmental behavior.
- In relation to the economic self, affective motive:
people buy the goods not only because they think
they need it but more so because of the
joy/happiness (affect) buying the goods provide
through the mere acquisition of it.
Anticipated affect
- is when a person is expecting to feel good
or guilty when doing something
- Anticipated positive affect (excitement,
pride, happiness) and negative affect
(anger, sadness, and frustration) are
important predicates of whether to buy or
not to buy the product.
- This can be a strong motivator or barrier for
the buying behavior.
THE THEORY OF SELF William James (1890)
THE SELF
William James (1890)
"a man’s self is the sum total of all that he CAN call
his, not only his body and psychic powers, but his
clothes and his house, his wife and children, his
ancestors and friends, his reputation and works, his
lands and horses, and yacht and bank account.”
(James, 1890, p. 291)
All these things give him the same emotions. If they
wax and prosper, he feels triumphant; if they
dwindle and die away, he feels cast down, - not
necessarily in the same degree for each thing, but
in much the same way for all.
In Understanding the Self, we may begin by
dividing it into three parts:
1. Its constituents;
2. The feelings and emotions they arouse
(Self-feelings)
3. The actions to which they prompt (Self-
seeking and Self-preservation)
The Constituents of the Self:
(a) The Material Self
(b) The Social Self
(c) The Spiritual Self
(d) The Pure Ego
THE MATERIAL SELF William James (1890)
It is it to these things that we are the most deeply
affected by because of our investments of self
within these things. The more we invest of
ourselves in these objects, the more we get
attached to them.
2 Categories:
THE BODILY SELF - Parts of the Body
EXTRACORPOREAL SELF - any material
possession which extends our body
It is our PSYCHOLOGICAL OWNERSHIP of these
materials which constitute the material self.
What makes something part of the extended self?
Do we respond to it in an emotional way?
Do we invest effort in enhancing or maintaining its
possession?
The extended self has a positive valence not by
virtue of possessing material per se; these
possessions become a part of us.
They serve symbolic functions
Express who we are and how we want to be
regarded (ex: tattoos)
Extend ourselves in time (Immortality) (ex: arts;
music)
CONSTITUENTS OF THE MATERIAL SELF
OUR BODIES
CLOTHES
“The old saying that the human person is
composed of three parts—soul, body, and clothes
—is more than a joke. We so appropriate our
clothes and identify ourselves with them that there
are few of us who, if asked to choose between
having a beautiful body clad in raiment perpetually
shabby and unclean, and having an ugly and
blemished form always spotlessly attired, would not
hesitate a moment before making a decisive reply.”
IMMEDIATE FAMILY
“Next, our immediate family is a part of ourselves.
Our father and mother, our wife and babes, are
bone of our bone and flesh of our flesh. When they
die, a part of our very selves is gone. If they do
anything wrong, it is our shame. If they are insulted,
our anger flashes forth as readily as if we stood in
their place.”
OUR HOME
“Its scenes are part of our life; its aspects awaken
the tenderest feelings of affection; and we do not
easily forgive the stranger who, in visiting it, finds
fault with its arrangements or treats it with
contempt”
THE MATERIAL SELF William James (1890)
All these different things are the objects of
instinctive preferences coupled with the most
important practical interests of life
We all have a blind impulse to watch over our body,
to deck it with clothing of an ornamental sort, to
cherish parents, wife and babies, and to find for
ourselves a home of our own which we may live in
and 'improve'
An equally instinctive impulse drives us to collect
property; and the collections thus made become,
with different degrees of intimacy, parts of our
empirical selves. The parts of our wealth most
intimately ours are those which are saturated with
our labor.
THE MATERIAL SELF William James (1890)
our bodies, clothes, immediate family, home
SPIRITUAL SELF
 ● The spiritual self is the most intimate, inner
subjective part of self. It is the most intimate
version of the self because of the
satisfaction experience when one thinks of
one’s ability to argue and discriminate, of
one’s moral sensibility and conscience, of
our unconquerable will is more pure than all
other sentiments of satisfaction (Green,
1997).
● The ability to use moral sensibility and
conscience may be seen through the
expressions of religion, its beliefs, and
practices. In the same manner, cultural
rituals and ceremonies are some
manifestations what people believe in.
moreover, seeking the meaning of life is a
journey that the Spiritual Self is on.
WHAT IS RELIGION
RELIGION
Rebecca Stein (Stein, 2011) works on the definition
of religion “as a set of cultural beliefs and practices
that usually includes basic characteristics. These
characteristics are:
1. A belief in anthropomorphic supernatural
being, such as spirit and gods;
2. A focus sacred supernatural, where sacred
refers to a feeling or reverence and awe;
3. The presence of supernatural power or
energy that is found on supernatural beings
as well as physical beings and objects;
4. The performance of ritual activities that
involves the manipulation of sacred object
to communicate to supernatural being
and/or to influence or control events;
5. The articulation of worldview and moral
codes through narratives and other means;
and
6. Provide the creation and maintenance of
social bonds and mechanism of social
control within a community; provides
explanation for unknown and a sense of
control for individuals.
MAJOR WORLD’S RELIGION
1. Buddhism
2. Christianity
3. Hinduism
4. Islam
5. Judaism
BUDDHISM: BASIC BELIEFS
Four Noble Truths:
1. existence is suffering ( dukhka );
2. suffering has a cause, namely craving and
attachment ( trishna );
3. there is a cessation of suffering, which is
nirvana ;
4. and there is a path to the cessation of
suffering, the eightfold path of right views,
right resolve, right speech, right action, right
livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and
right concentration.
Experience is analyzed into five aggregates
( skandhas ).
1. form ( rupa ), refers to material existence
2. sensations ( vedana )
3. perceptions ( samjna )
4. psychic constructs ( samskara )
5. consciousness ( vijnana ), refer to
psychological processes.
CHRISTIANITY: BASIC BELIEFS
Christians believe that Jesus Christ was the Son of
God – fully human and fully divine – and that
through believing in him and following his teachings
they can inherit eternal life.
Christians believe that Jesus died for humanity, that
God raised him from the dead, and that Jesus will
come again at the end of time.
Christians believe in the Trinity, or the three parts
of God:
1. God the Father or Creator,
2. God the Son (Jesus) or Redeemer, and
3. God the Holy Spirit or Sanctifier.
The Holy Spirit is God's presence in the world
HINDUISM: BASIC BELIEFS
Hindus acknowledge that, at the most fundamental
level, God is the One without a second — the
absolute, formless, and only Reality known as
Brahman, the Supreme, Universal Soul. Brahman
is the universe and everything in it. Brahman has
no form and no limits; it is Reality and Truth.
Thus Hinduism is a pantheistic religion: It equates
God with the universe. Yet Hindu religion is also
polytheistic: populated with myriad gods and
goddesses who personify aspects of the one true
God, allowing individuals an infinite number of ways
to worship based on family tradition, community
and regional practices, and other considerations.
Here are just some of the many Hindu gods and
goddesses:
Brahma, the Creator
Vishnu, the Preserver
Shiva, the Destroyer
Ganapati, the Remover of Obstacles
Saraswati, the Goddess of Learning
Lakshmi, Goddess of good fortune, wealth, and
well-being
Indra, the King of Heaven and lord of the gods
Surya, the sun
Agni, the fire god
Hanuman, the monkey king and devoted servant
ISLAM: BASIC BELIEFS
Islam is an Arabic word which means "surrender,
submission, commitment and peace." Thus,
Islam can be defined as a path to attain complete
peace through voluntary submission to the divine
will.
Muslims have six major beliefs:
1. Belief in one God (Allah)
2. Belief in the Angels
3. Belief in the holy books including Torah,
Bible, and Qur'an (Koran)
4. Belief in all the prophets sent by God
including Noah, Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac,
Jacob, Moses, Jesus and Muhammad
5. Belief in the Day of Judgment and life after
death. The best reward for performing good
deeds is getting closer to God.
6. Belief in divine decree. This means that God
is all-powerful and nothing can happen
without His permission, however, he has
given human beings freedom to choose
whether to be good or bad. In the end,
everyone will be questioned about how they
lived in this life.
JUDAISM: BASIC BELIEFS
Judaism, monotheistic religion developed among
the ancient Hebrews. Judaism is characterized by
a belief in one transcendent God who revealed
himself to Abraham, Moses, and the Hebrew
prophets and by a religious life in accordance with
Scriptures and rabbinic traditions. Judaism is the
complex phenomenon of a total way of life for the
Jewish people, comprising theology, law, and
innumerable cultural traditions.
The Ten Commandments, as written in the Torah,
are:
1. Worship no other God but me.
2. Do not make images to worship.
3. Do not misuse the name of God.
4. Observe the Sabbath Day (Saturday). Keep
it Holy.
5. Honor and respect your father and mother.
6. Do not murder.
7. Do not commit adultery.
8. Do not steal.
9. Do not accuse anyone falsely. Do not tell
lies about other people.
10. Do not envy other's possessions.
RELIGIOUS GROUPS IN THE PHILIPPINES
1. Roman Catholic - 80% of the pop. (1998)
2. Other Christian Denominations Combined -
8.7% of the pop. (1990)
3. Muslim/Islamic - 7% of the pop. (2001)
4. Indigenous Religions - 1.2% of the pop.
(1990)
5. Buddhists - 0.1 % of the pop (1990)
6. Atheists (did not identify religion) - 0.3 % of
the pop. (1990)
7. Protestants - 8% of the pop. (1990)
8. El Shaddai - 5 million (2001)
9. Church of the Nazarene - 14,081 (1998)
10. Church of Jesus Christ and the Latter Day
Saints - 389,000 (1999)
11. Seventh-Day Adventists (Central Phil. Union
Conf.) - 181,241 (2000)
12. Chinese - 1% of the pop (1996)
13. Hindu - unknown
14. Mennonites - 1,365 (1998)
15. Philippine Episcopal Church - unknown
16. United Church of Christ in the Philippines -
unknown
17. Evangelical - 5.1% (1995)
18. Baptist World Alliance - 212,643 (1998)
19. Methodist - unknown
20. Judaism - 250 (1998)
21. Ang Dating Daan - unknown
22. Worldwide Church of God - 25,000 (2002)
23. Jehovah's Witnesses - 128,134 (1999)
 24. Unitarian - 1,000 (1998)
25. Assemblies of God (Ilocos Norte) - 277
(1990)
26. God World Missions Church - unknown
27. Presbyterian - unknown
28. Lutheran Church in the Philippines -
unknown
29. Mount Banahaw Holy Confederation -
unknown
30. Rizalistas - unknown
31. Aglipayan (Philippine Independence
Church) - 13% of the pop (1918); 2,574,000
(1998)
32. Iglesia ni Cristo (Church of Christ) -
3,000,000 (1999); at least 2 million in Metro
Manila (2000)
33. Philippine Benevolent Missionary
Association (PBMA) - 60,000 (2002)
BUT SPIRITUALITY IS MORE THAN JUST
RELIGION
WHAT IS SPIRITUALITY?
● Spirituality is that which gives meaning to
one's life and draws one to transcend
oneself. Spirituality is a broader concept
than religion, although that is one
expression of spirituality. Other expressions
include prayer, meditation, interactions
with others or nature, and relationship
with God or a higher power.
● a set of PERSONAL and PRIVATE
BELIEFS that TRANSCEND the material
aspects of life and give a deep sense of
WHOLENESS,CONNECTEDNESS, and
OPENNESS to infinite possibilities (Myers
et al. 2000)
● any experience that feels meaningful
(Beauregard and O’Leary 2007).
● … the connectedness of an individual with
the Higher power which is Manifested in
their daily experiences.
3 MAIN THEMES OF SPIRITUALITY
Yabut (2016) as viewed by Filipinos
● CONNECTEDNESS WITH THE SACRED
● SENSE OF MEANING OR PURPOSE
● PASSION OR EXPRESSION IN LIFE
“My religion is simple. My religion is kindness.”
- HH The Dalai Lama
“The least of things with a meaning is worth more in
life than the greatest of things without it.”
- Carl Jung
“Faith is a universal human phenomenon. All
people live by some faith.”
- Fr. Roger Haight
"Think of the most wonderful experience of your
life: the happiest moments, ecstatic moments,
moments of rapture, perhaps from being in love, or
from listening to music or suddenly 'being hit' by a
book or painting, or from some creative moment."
(Maslow, Toward a Psychology of Being, 1962)
BENEFITS OF MEDITATION SUGGESTED BY
STUDIES TO DATE:
● Improved healing time and decreased
frequency of illness
● Improved blood pressure
● Improved cognitive function and attention
span
● Increased activity in the parts of the brain
BELIEFS THAT MAY CAUSE DISTRESS
● “God is angry at me.”
● “God will heal me if I have enough faith.”
● “The devil is making me sick.”
● “I shouldn’t feel anger at God/doubt in my
faith/disconnection from my pastor, etc.”
BELIEFS THAT MAY BRING COMFORT
● “God loves everyone, and does not want
anyone to suffer.”
● “God is with people who suffer.”
● “I have a choice about my response to
suffering.”
● “No matter how sick I am, I can still do some
things that are worthwhile.”
● “It is okay for me to feel doubt about my
faith sometimes.”
COMMON UNHELPFUL COMMENTS
● “God doesn’t give you more than you can
handle.”
● “Don’t question God/your beliefs.”
 ● “If you pray hard enough, your cancer will
go away.”
● “Everything happens for a reason.”
● “What doesn’t kill you makes you stronger.”
● “Maybe this is karma/God’s punishment.”
SPIRITUAL INVENTORY: TRUE OR FALSE?
1. “I feel a sense of purpose and meaning.”
2. “My current spiritual practice supports me in
the challenges I am facing.”
3. “My spiritual community makes me feel
stronger and more connected.”
4. “When I suffer for no good reason I can
understand, I still feel connected to my
spirituality.”
5. “My spiritual life helps me face hard realities
of life, such as old age, sickness and
death.”
POLITICAL SELF
FILIPINO VALUES
VALUES
- the accepted principles or standards of a
person or a group
FILIPINO VALUES
"Life experiences dictate the philosophy of the
Filipino, augmented by other sources like proverbs,
folk sayings, folk tales, and the like.” - Leonardo
Mercado
LIST OF DIFFERENT FILIPINO VALUES
● Pakikipagkapwa-tao - Treating others with
respect and dignity as an equal, not
someone below the individual
● Family Orientation - Filipinos value family
over all. We always center our lives around
our family compared to western countries.
● Joy and Humor - This famous trait is the
ability of Filipinos to find humour in
everything. “Masama ang trespassing. Buti
pa sa college, pag tres, passing!” -
Unknown Witty Student
● Flexibility, adaptability, creativity - Filipinos
often have an aversion to a set of
standardised rules or procedures, present
oriented, and we have an “organic” clock,
which could be a bad trait.
● Faithful and religious - Filipinos are
generally religious people. We even have
holidays and celebrations based solely only
on our religious beliefs
● Ability to survive - Filipinos developed a
sense of resourcefulness or the ability to
survive with whatever they have
● Hard working and industrious - Filipinos do
whatever it takes to succeed once they
decide to accomplish something.
● Hospitality - The most famous trait. We
Filipinos are known to be one of the
friendliest and most helpful people you will
ever meet.
“NEGATIVE” FILIPINO VALUES
● “Bahala na” - Passive and dependent
attitudes accompanied with unaffected
feeling of risk towards the attainment of
good
● Utang na loob - a feeling of obligation to
repay someone who extend assistance to
another which may take place in
undetermined time and in whatever way
● Pakikisama (Acquiesce/cooperate) - Giving
in or yielding to the wish of the leader or the
majority, even when at times it contradicts
one’s ideas or the common good
● Tsismis (Gossip) - Conversation about the
personal details of other people's lives,
whether rumor or fact, especially when
malicious
● “Wala kang pakialam” (None of your
business) - To assert to others that they
have no right or are not in the position to
meddle with your affairs
● Sip-sip (suck up) - To try to please or win
the favor of somebody important by being
extremely flattering or helpful
● Hiya - Can mean the following: shame;
disgrace; embarrassment; humiliation;
sense of honor; modesty or propriety; loss
of face; sense of modesty.
● Maramdamin (taking personally) - To be
easily affected, especially by the comments
of others
● Palabas (for show) - To be image-oriented;
acting with the goal to be socially
recognized
 ● Ningas-cogon / ningas-kugon - leaving our
work either half-baked or unfinished
● Manana habit - delaying or setting aside a
certain task assigned on the next day
although it can be done today.
RELATIONSHIP OF VALUES AND POLITICS
Politics in the Philippines has traditionally been
dominated by clans and political bosses and
patronage and is characterized by law makers that
make decisions based on fiscal incentives rather
that beliefs and voters that make choices based on
personality rather than reasoned policies. Under
the traditional utang na loob system of patronage,
or obligation earned through favors, voters expect
money or jobs in return for their political support.
Movie stars and other celebrities have enjoyed
considerable success. In addition, several
prominent families play a disproportionate role in
politics. The support of the military and the Catholic
church are key to political survival and success in
the Philippines.
● Political Family Dynasties in the Philippines
● Filipino Clans, Celebrities Dominate
Midterm Polls in 2013
● Palakasan System" in the Philippine
Government
HOW TO BE A GOOD FILIPINO?
1. Be an active Filipino Citizen
2. Study Philippine History
3. Support local products
4. Speak the Filipino language
5. Do not spread fake news and be democratic
in engaging with dissent
DIGITAL SELF
INTRODUCTION
The present digital era has ushered a slew of
technological creations that have had a substantial
and continually evolving effect on our conceptions
of self, identity and social relations.
In digital life the swarm is the sum of digital selves,
fashioned by the yearning to re-present a version of
their true self via image and textual performances,
often an enhanced copy that serves in managing
other’s impressions in a self-aggrandizing cycle to
reap the neurological rewards fulfilled by attention
gratification. The swift and ravenous actions of the
swarm, and all it consumes constitute the spectacle
of collective social media behavior.
DIGITAL SELF
The very idea of a digital self, the collection of
views we interpret that others have of us combined
with how we manage and attempt to influence, alter
or reinforce them may constitute an attempt to
transfer identity and self to the digital realm.
● World wide web
● Email
● Chat rooms
● Mobile phones
● Online shopping
● Social Media
● Online dating
● Youtube
EXTENDED SELF (DIGITAL)
In 1988 Russell Belk observed that our material
possessions constitute an extension of our inner
selves. We project emotions onto material objects
that affect our state of being, often in an effort to
enhance our self-construction, “…knowingly or
unknowingly, intentionally or unintentionally, we
regard our possessions as parts of ourselves.”
As with everything gobbled and regurgitated by
digital life, those material possessions take on a
different form – one that according to Belk involves
de-materialization: “…dematerialization of many of
our possessions. Today our information,
communications, photos, videos, music,
calculations, messages, ‘written’ words, and data
are now largely invisible and immaterial until we
choose to call them forth. They are composed of
electronic streams of ones and zeroes that may be
stored locally or in some hard to imagine cloud.”
UNDERSTANDING YOURSELF THROUGH THE
LOOKING GLASS
THE LOOKING GLASS SELF
 verb evolved to also mean communicating through
memes. The act of saying something completely
inane and dumb but in a way that makes it sound
as if you're quite serious about it whether you are
or are not.

Humble bragging - Make an ostensibly modest or

self-deprecating statement with the actual intention
of drawing attention to something of which one is
proud. Example: “She humblebragged about how
“awful” she looks without any makeup"

Smart shaming - Smart shaming or anti-

THE DIGITAL SELF
intellectualism is the act of mocking someone who
constructed solely through online interaction
is smarter than others. Smart shaming is,
without the intervention of nonverbal feedback and
unfortunately, the result of the pro-ignorance stance
the influence of traditional environmental factors
that a lot of populations take, and something that a
FOUR CHARACTERISTICS: Inwardly oriented,
lot of smart people regularly have to deal with
Narrative in nature, Retractable, Multiplied
Common Filipino lines used in smart shaming
1. Dami mong alam
CRITICAL REFLECTION
2. Edi wow
TRUE SELF - instinctive core of our personality
3. Ikaw na magaling
FALSE SELF - created to protect the true self from
4. Nosebleed
insult and danger
5. Deep
EXTENDED SELF - knowingly or unknowingly,
6. Ako nang di marunong
intentionally or unintentionally, we regard our
7. Bida-bida
possessions as parts of ourselves
Oversharing - Oversharing is when people share
Foodstagramming - Posting aesthetic snapshots of
too much personal information to the public or a
gourmet dishes is also a part of our visual
stranger. It can happen both on and offline.
selfpresentation: polished photos show us in a
However, it is a big problem on social media sites,
positive light to others. Approval and validation
which make "putting yourself online" easy.
seeking are other strong motives: 22% of food
Examples of Oversharing
photos show self-cooked meals, of which their
Though the result is the same, people overshare on
creators are particularly proud.
social media in various ways. Here are a few
examples:
The Psychology of Foodstagramming
● Posting intimate details about your
● #yummy #foodporn #instafood #food are top
relationships, friendships, family matters, or
hashtags
personal drama.
● 23% of Instagram users keep a photoblog
● Using social media as a soapbox or a way
with daily meal photos
to vent your emotions.
● The 10 most popular foods aren’t that
● Posting photos or videos of things meant to
healthy. Pizza is number 1.
be private.
● 22% of food photos are of self-cooked
● Posting embarrassing photos or videos of
meals to show off talent
yourself or others.
● Taking a photo before meal can make us
● Regularly posting your meals.
enjoy it more. Foodstagramming is a ritual.
● "Checking In" to everywhere you go.
● Posting about whatever you are doing at a
Memeing - Memeing is an internet slang verb that
given moment, multiple times a day.
means to create or spread a meme. In 2013, the
 ● Sharing too much info about and photos of
your children.
Dirty Jokes
- A joke with a morally objectionable or obscene
punchline.
- A joke that can be seen two ways, innocent or
dirty
Things “NOT” to post on Social Media
Things to post on Social Media
PRIVACY VS. PUBLIC
Individual vs. social identity online
Gender vs. Sexuality on line
Presentation of Self: Online
• Erving Goffman (1959)
Presentation of Self in Everyday Life
• Roles based on social expectations
• Presentation of self online requires strict
boundaries between personal/private and
public/professional identities
Misuse of Information:
● Inappropriate sharing
● Embarrassment
● Professional damage
● Disciplinary procedures
● Suspension
● Job loss
Digital Identities
● What goes online stays online
● Permanent digital footprints
Setting Boundaries to Your Online Self
● Is this post/story necessary?
● Is there a real benefit to this post - is it
funny, warm-hearted, teachable - or am I
just making noise online without purpose?
● Is it appropriate? Does it stay within the
boundaries of our family values?
● Will this seem funny in 5, 10, or 15 years?
Or is this post better suited for sharing with
a small group of family members? Or
maybe not at all?
How Our Sexual Self-Image Influences
Attachments
New research looks at relationship patterns and
sexual identity.
Dec 20, 2017
What is "sexual self-concept"?
Sexual self-concept refers to the totality of oneself
as a sexual being, including positive and negative
concepts and feelings. Sexual self-concept is
described well along three dimensions, according
to theorists (Snell & Papini, 1989) sexual self-
esteem, sexual depression, and sexual
preoccupation. Because attachment style
moderates sense-of-self in general, and one's
expectations about and strategies for approaching
relationships, sexual self-concept may be a good
indicator of what kinds of relationships we tend to
get into, and how we tend to behave within
relationships, with an emphasis on sexual
satisfaction.
In their recent research paper, "Sexual self-
concept, sexual satisfaction, and attachment
among single and coupled individuals," authors
Anticevic and colleagues (2017) examine the less-
well studied intersection of partnering status,
attachment style, and sexual self-concept (Pujols,
Meston & Seal, 2010).
The authors look at a sample of single and coupled
adults averaging 35 years of age, ranging from 25
to 45 years of age. They surveyed 630 men and
women, an equal number of each. Interestingly, the
level of education in this sample was higher than in
the general population, limiting the results in some
ways but making them possibly more specific for
more highly educated people. Study subjects
completed the following measures:
● Demographics
● Sexuality Scale, a 30-item scale with 10
items in each area of sexual self-esteem,
sexual depression, and sexual
preoccupation, to measure sexual self-
concept.
 ● New Sexual Satisfaction Scale, to measure
sexual satisfaction.
● Modified Inventory of Close Relationships, a
version of the Experiences in Close
Relationships Scale, a measure of
attachment. The terms they use for
attachment style included: secure, avoidant,
anxious and fearful. People with fearful
attachment both yearn for closeness and
are also afraid of intimacy; anxiously
attached people tend to want intimacy but
be anxious about being rejected; avoidantly
attached people tend to shy away from
intimacy without feeling as strong a need for
closeness.
Study findings
Overall, the researchers found that single people
had lower sexual self-esteem, lower sexual
satisfaction, and higher sexual depression. The
finding is in keeping with earlier data on the overall
satisfaction of the "average" single person, though
there are of course both exceptions as well as
important cultural attitudes regarding being
partnered or single that may contribute to lower
self-esteem for singles as a result of stigma. On
average, couples enjoyed greater sexual
satisfaction and a better sexual self-concept.
For single participants, sexual self-esteem
predicted sexual satisfaction for all attachment
styles except anxious attachment. Sexual
depression predicted lower sexual satisfaction in
anxiously attached singles. Sexual preoccupation,
for avoidantly attached individuals only, predicted
sexual satisfaction, presumably because higher
preoccupation pushed them toward more sex than
their avoidantly attached peers who didn't
overcome their tendency to distance themselves
from intimacy. Single participants, overall, were
more likely to have an avoidant attachment style.
For coupled and single participants, higher sexual
self-esteem and lower sexualdepression were
associated with higher sexual satisfaction. Among
coupled participants, anxiety and avoidant
attachment both predicted higher sexual
depression and lower sexual self-esteem. Coupled
participants, on average, had a more positive
sexual self-concept and higher levels of sexual
satisfaction.
For coupled participants, sexual self-esteem
predicted higher sexual satisfaction except for
those with fearful attachment. Couples with higher
levels of sexual depression had lower sexual
satisfaction. For couples, sexual preoccupation was
not associated with sexual satisfaction, perhaps
because of availability of a partner as well as
unavailability (short of infidelity) of alternatives.
Table 3, which shows all the positive and negative
correlations with measures as a function of couples
status and attachment style, is included at the end
of this post for interested readers.
Further considerations
This is an interesting study which requires further
investigation but provides insight regarding sexual-
self concept and sexual satisfaction for singles and
couples with differing attachment styles.
For people who remain single and wish to have
greater sexual satisfaction, these results suggest
looking at one's attachment style and
understanding how that may affect engagement
with sexual partners as well as sexual self-esteem.
Maintaining sexual self-esteem in the absence of
long-term partnering presents different challenges.
This is very different for those who are single as a
lifestyle choice as compared with those who are
single but wish to find long-term partners.
For couples with less sexual satisfaction than they
desire, looking to individual attachment style, and
how that plays out in the relationship, may shed
light on ways to address issues and achieve
greater satisfaction. For example, if one partner is
avoidant and the other anxious, there may be a
vicious cycle in which one partner attends to his or
her own needs, driving the other's anxiety even
higher. Sitting down together and talking through
such issues and coming up with constructive ways
to approach intimacy could be helpful. If both
people are avoidant, the challenges will be greater,
but there may not be a pressing need to address
sexual intimacy unless they are sexually
dissatisfied and/or suffering from low sexual self-
concept. Other combinations of attachment styles
would tend to play out in different ways. Digital self is not part of the extended self - False
(part of)
In general, the concept of sexual self-concept is a
useful and intuitively satisfying perspective to add Torah - Islam, Judaism
to self-understanding, highlighting the importance
of individual sexuality as a component of overall There are still a lot of political dynasties in the
personality. Just as with relationships, where Philippines - True
relationship satisfaction and sexual satisfaction are
related but distinct, sexual self-concept and overall
self-concept, and therefore satisfaction with
oneself, are likely to be connected but different
from one another. Sexual self-concept and
attachment-based perspectives are also likely to be
useful for those who find non-traditional relationship
patterns to be most suitable. Additional research is
required to explore sexual self-concept in relation to
other important areas of self-relatedness and
relationships with others.

Physical characteristics are triggered by genetic

transformations and biological development
through heredity - True

High attractiveness ratings were associated with

small eyes. - False (large)

People share a set of criteria for defining beauty -

True

Professional development affects a person’s

economic identity - True

According to Stein (2011), religion is a set of

cultural beliefs and practices that usually includes
some or all of basic characteristics that she
proposed - True

Judaists believe that Brahman is the universe and

everything in it. Brahman has no form and no limits.
- False (Hinduists)

There must be no performance of ritual activities

that involves the manipulation of sacred object to
communicate to supernatural being and/or to
influence or control events - False (must be
performance)

Pakitang-tao - Negative