BIODIVERSITY Sal OF EAST KOLKATA -x WETLANDS * coors KAILASH CHANDRA C. RAGHUNATHAN A.A. MAO Zoological Survey of India & Botanical Survey of India Ministry of environment, Forest and Climate Change Government of India East Kolkata Wetlands Management Authority Department of Environment Government of West Benga° Citation Chandra, K , Raghunathan, C. and Mao, AA, 2020. Biodiversity Profile of East Kolkata Wetlands, 1-326, Jointly published by the Director, Zool Surv India, Kolkata and East Kolkata Wetlands Management Authority, Department of Environment, Govt. of West Bengal ‘Septernber 2020 SBN: 978-81-8171-547-0 © Government of India and Government of West Bengal Disclaimer Any views or opinions presented in the articies published inthis book are solely those ofthe authors, The editors or Zoological Survey of India (ZS!) or Fast Kolkata Wetlands, Management Authority (EKWMA) have not independently verified the information contained in this book regarding its accuracy. The 251 and EKWMA will not accept any llabiity in respect of articles contained herein, and the authors responsible will be personally lable for any damages or other liability arising Contact The Director, Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata ~ 700 063, West Bengal, India Email: director@zsigouin | Website www.zsigovin ‘The Member Secretary East Kolkata Wetlands Management Authority, Pranisampad Bhaban, Sth Floor, LB 2, Sector - SaltLake, Kolkata ~ 700106, Website: www ekwma.ineae ABSTRACT Macro-fungi of Kolkata and suburbs are much less known, though highly diversified and form a very significant Cue ence eet) Kolkata. Organisms depend on wet land habitats are always eke et ait fungi due to developmental activities. As a result of survey undertaken in and around of East Kolkata Wetland, 50 species of macro-fungi belonging to 25 families and 40 genera were recorded. This preliminary information will be Dem ee ee ie aaa aed ecosystem in east Kolkata Keywords Cee cee ju ishion fi reoid fu i ally, economically and aest ly integral part of this centur a mber i health products and ‘ k ‘i jorkitr Banerj 43, Roy (194 Det Survey & Collection: in 2019 (May to June), extensive and intensive macro-funi been peatedly in the wetland and surrounding areas. Randomly macro-fung samp reas. Di vey and collection, field photographs of fruiting bodies and its habitat ith the aid of Sony Cyber shot DSC-RX100. Each collection were given a field 4 formation like name of locality along with GPS data, habitat, substratum /host morphology of fruiting bodies were noted, then spe ere placed in brown paper Macroscopic characterization: Fresh specimens w ized macroscopicall ame fter return to the Central National Herbarium Then specime in le size and placed for drying, an important step towards preservation Drying & preservation: Fruiting bodies were dried after tion € y spreading them ir ng day time a ie fan during night or keeping them in field drier in which i du . Once the specimens are dried they were Microscopic characterization: In the b materials with th >-z00m dissecting micro th the help ined in re also mounted in roscopic es like arrangement of hyphae, bserved under 40x ations were made under 100X obj s. of name‘macnoFUNal tenon Macro FUNG! Identification: Books (De, 1996; Pande, 2008; Sharma, 2012; Das et al,, 2019) were consulted for identification. Preservation: After the completion of collection trip the specimens were air dried again (50-55°C) at the institute properly and provided repeated exposure to -20°C for two days to kill most of the insects and pests and other larvae by wrapping them in a heavy duty plastic air tight bag in order to avoid the condensation of moisture on a specimens during the procedure. Once the specimens are. {freeze dried they were left as such in plastic bag until they attain the room temperature. Then, the specimens were placed in brown packets/ envelops with standard size (15.0 « 93 cm), which are Family Species Leiotrametes lactinea (Berk.) Welti & Courtec. Leiotrametes menziesii (Berk.) Welti & Courtec, Pycnoporus sanguineus 2 gS a made by folding of 21.6 « 2.9 cm (8.5) » 11). Finally, identified and duly labeled specimens were: (L) Murr accessioned and placed in air tight plastic bag containing packets of silica gel and kept in the oO ~Truncospora tephropora almirah of CAL herbairum, (Mont,) Zmitr RESULTS Macro-fungi specimens mostly belonging to two well known fungal phyla of "Ascomycota' and Pseudogilled Macrofungi Schizophyllaceae Serpulaceae Schizophyllum commune Fr. Serpula similis (Berk. & Broome) "Basidiomycota' were collected. Detail field observations followed by macro- and microscopic. Sinn ‘observations reveals 50 species belonging to 25 families and 40 genera (Table 1). Giled Macrofungi __Agaricaceae Agaricus sp. Hymenogastraceae Gymnopilus Table t: Aquatic and Semi-Aquatic (Heteroptera) of East Kolkata Wetlands Bracket Macrofungi Bondarzewiaceae “Amylosporus campbell (Berk.) Ryvarden Lyophyllaceae Pluteaceae purpureosquamulosus Heil. Termitomyces striatus (Beeti) R. Heim Piuteus chrysaeais (Berk. & Broome) Petch Volvarietta volvacea (Bull.) Singer Ganodermataceae Ganoderma australe (Fr) Pat. Polyporaceae Leneinus pobenods ui Ganoderma curtisii ~ sajorecau (Fed Lentinus sajor-caju (Fr) Fr (Berk.) Murritl — in a oe — Tricholomataceae lacrocybe gigantea Ganoderma colossus Pegler & Lod (Fr) CE Baker _ ai aler & Lodge - i Psathyrellac rinopsis sp. Ganoderma mediosinense Psathyrellaceae Conrinopa sp ym 7 i Soytinostroma duriusculum aaa Crust Macrofungi Tachnocladiaceae Roenegion A Fuscoporia senex Meripilaceae Rigidoporus vinctus — 8 (Pers.) Rwarden Inonotus pachyphloeus —— anor | i eae Duportella tristicula - (Pat.) 7. Wagner & M. Fisch. Peniophorac Teale ee Plies clan (res.) Phanerochaetaceae Porostereum spadiceum - 5. Ahma (Pers.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden _ Pheltinus oils (Sete Polyporaceae Grammothele fuligo Meripilaceae Rigidoporus lineatus (Pers.) (Berk. & Broome) Ryvarden ee Ryvarden) Stereoid Macrofungi Merullaceae Podoscypha petalodes Polyporaceae Cellularielta acuta (Berk.) (Berk.) Boidin 2mitr. & Malysheva Stereopsidaceae Stereopsis dimiticum Coriolopsis occidentalis (Rehill & B.K. Bakshi) - (Klotesch) murril Toothed Macrofungi _Coniophoraceae Gyrodontium sacchari Earlielia scabrosa (Pers.) (Spreng) Hjortstam a Sb:s aa Meruliaceae Flavodon flavus (Kiotzsch) Favolus grammocephalus Ryarden (Berk.) Imazeki Funalia caperata (Berk.) Zmitr, & Malyshevai. | | Family Species N., 197, Fungus flora of 4 Jelly Macrofunsi Aarculariace Turiculara auriculaudae H t ) | z 8 (S e 00s in and 2 3 y & Sancher-Garcia : i s emellaceae (a fuciformis Berk i" Stink horn Phallaceae Phallus atrovolvatus kreisel fs Pes arbon and Cushio ‘ypoxylaceae Daldinia bambusicola Y.M. Ju urce Part y Macrofungi D. Rogers & F. San Ma ja, Mi jaldinia con a A.8., 1996. Polyporaceae of India. international (Bolton) ces, & Dale x Distributors, Dehradun, 309 pp. Hypoxylon haematostroma anal S, Taraftiay & RS es an ya, K., 2017. Trogia benghalensi riaceae Xyla Kunze) Fr ‘ina, Phy 2): 73280. Xylaria polymorpha (Pers.) Grev. 1008. Ascomycetes of Peninsular Indic Publishers, Jodhpur, 584 1948, Fungi of Bengal. Bull. Bot. S rijecy may He DISCUSSION arma, J. Aphyllophorales of Himalaya: jority of the specimens i.e. 45 species were may expand many folds if extensive and iaceae-Tremellodendropsis. Botanical hered from wood and are responsible for intensive surve cen in future. . —— jecaying of wood either by parasit hus, there is lot of scope to survey, collect and saprophytic mode. Many of them appear entity the mac from these beautiful throughout the year as their fruiting bodies and ecoloy sensitive areas, ins intact even in drought period. On Agaricu Psathyrella sp., Phallus atrovolvatus an Termitomyces striatus were recorde \g leaf litters and grasses f rain. Ganoderma australe, ( lla d 4 living and dead tre ularia spathularia and Tremelta are totally after U Serpula only 0 Ds anc Grammothele fuligo prefers monocot wood lik bamboos and palms Due to limited time frame of the project th wutcome in pre ure and it des SL oe Peete ronan ete net ata * malt eed ABSTRACT See Ghe AG Loe ee the eastern part of Kolkata city. It is also one of the eh ceo ne ea ee Dac OC eee Cen cme aed Ciera Om EN Renn Rena acre a) families) and 19 taxa of Bacillariophyceae (11 genera, 10 Oe eh het ees aa ecological status of the water bodies is discussed here SUR gate ed INTRODUCTION MATERIAL AND METHODS les were collected from different kinds of habita rary pools, waterlogged im. The atta Scrape specimen ti ike ponds, drains, canals, lakes, fields and ditches for sampling of both planktonic and attached algal ril-June 2019. Plankton samples were collected using plankton forms from rocks, stones, aquatic weeds and various of sing tooth brush and scalpel. The algal specimens were coll bes and preserved with 4% formaldehyde solution, which were deposited in Central ational Herbarium, Botanical Survey of India, Howrah (CAL). Light Microscopy for morphological vations was carried out with Nikon microscope Ni-11 fitted and Nikon Digital Camera DS-RII-U3 fated by Nikon Imaging Software NIS-D+EDF. The algal taxa were identified with the help of eratures, The botanical names of the ecies were updated following AlgaeBase (Guiry RESULTS al taxa (Table 1, Figs. 1-8) were recorded from the freshwaters of East Kolkata included 34 taxa of Cyanophyceae (21 genera, 11 families), 46 taxa of Chlorophyceae era, 13 families), 1 taxon of Xanthophyceae, 30 taxa of Eugienophyceae (10 genera, 3 families) acillariophyceae (1! genera, 10 familiesFRESHWATER ALGAE | Table +: List of algal taxa in different habitats of East Kolkata Wetlands SLNo. Algal taxa Family Mode of Cyanophyceae i i Limnococcus limneticus Merismopediaceae Planktonic a (Lemmerm.) Komark. & al. 2 ‘Merismopedia minima Beck Merismopediaceae Planktonic 3 ‘Merismopedia tenuissima Merismopediaceae Planktonic Lemmerm, 4 ‘Merismopedia tranquilta Merismopediaceae Planktonic (Enrenb.) Trevis. ‘Synechocystis aquatilis Sauv. Microcystis aeruginosa Merismopediaceae Microcystaceae Planktonic Planktonic. (Kiitz,) Kitz. 7 Lemmermannielta pallida Synechococcaceae Planktonic (Lemmerm.) Geitler 8 Rhabdoderma irregulare Synechococcaceae Planktonic (Naumann) Geitler i 9 Synechococcus elongatus ‘Synechococcaceae Planktonic (Nageti) Nageti 0 Chroococcus dispersus Chroococcaceae Planktonic; {keisll.) Lemmerm Attached v Chroococcus turgidus Chroococcaceae Planktonic (Kitz,) Nageli = 2 Pseudanabaena catenata Pseudanabaenaceae Planktonic: Lauter. Leptoiynabya subtilis Leptolyngbyaceae Attached (West) Anagn, Planktolyngbya limnetica (Lemmerm.) Komark,-Legn, & Comberg, Spirulina major Kutz. ex Gomont ‘Spirulina subsaisa Oerst. ex Gomont Leptolyngbyaceae Spirulinaceae Spirulinaceae Planktonie Planktonic Planktonic Spirulina gigantea Schmidle ‘Microcoleus autumnalis (Gomont) Strunecky & al Planktothrix isothrix (Skuja) Komarek & Komark. Planktothrix rubescens (OC. ex Gomont) Anagn. & Komark Kamptonema chlorinum (Katz, ex Gomont) Strunecky & al. Kamptonema formosum (Bory ex Gomont) Strunecky & a. Spirulinaceae Microcoleaceae Microcoleaceae Microcoleaceae Oscillatoriaceae Oscillatoriaceae Oscillatoriaceae Oscillatoriaceae Lyngbya hieronymusii Lemmerm, Oscillatoria timosa C.Agardh ex Gomont Planktonic ‘Attached | Planktonic Planktonic ‘Attached ‘Attached attached Planktonic; Attached _ SLNo, Algal taxa Mode of I sn _ 3B Oscillatoria ornata Kitz. exGomont _Oscillatoriaceae Attached 26 Oscillatoria crassa (C.B.Rao) Anagn. _Oscillatoriaceae ‘Attached a Oscillatoria subbrevis Schmidle Oscillatoriaceae Planktonic; Attached 8 Oscillatoria princeps Vaucher Oscillatoriaceae attached ex Gomont 2B Phormidivm tergestinum Oscilatoriaceae Planktonic (Rabenh. ex Gomont) Anagn. & Komarek 30 Phormidium chalybeum Oscillatoriaceae Planktonic (Martens ex Gomont) Anagn & Komarek 3 Scytonema pseudohofmanni ‘Scytonemataceae Attached Bharadwaja 2 ‘Anabaena iyengarii Bharadwaja Nostocaceae Planktonic 3 ‘Anabaena catenula Kutz Nostocaceae Planktonic ex Bornet & Flahault % Gylindrospermum stagnale Nostocaceae tlached Bornet & Flahault Chlorophyceae 7 Chlamydomonas mucicola Chlamydomonadaceae —__Planktonic Schmidle 2 Edaphochiamys debaryana Chiamydomonadaceae ——Planktonic (Gorozh,) Proschold & Darienko Eudorina elegans Ehrenb. Volvocaceae Planktonic 4 Pandorina morum (OF Mull.) Volvocaceae Planktonic Bory Oocystis borge’ j.Snow Oocystaceae Attached CChiorococcuniinfusionum Chiorococcaceae Attached (Schrank) Menegh, 7 Lacunastrum gracilimum Hydrodictyaceae Planktonic (West & G.S West) McManus a Goniochloris mutica Hydrodictyaceae Attached (A.Braun) Fott 9 Pediastrum boryanum var. Hydrodictyaceae Planktonic; cornutum (Racib,) Sulek Attached 0 Pediastrum duplex Meyen Hydrodictyaceae Planktonic u Pediastrum sarmae Keshri Hydrodictyaceae Planktonic & Mullick 2 Pediastrum subgranulatum Hydrodictyaceae ‘Attached {Racib.) Komarek & Jankovska B Pseudopediastrum boryanum Hydrodictyaceae Attached (Turpin) €.Hegew w ‘Stauridium privam (Printz) Hydrodictyaceae Planktonic; E.Hegew. Attached 2 s asaw ett [FRESHWATER ALGAE SLNo. — Algaltaxa Family Mode of _ ‘Stauridium tetras (Enrenb.) Hydrodictyaceae 8 ‘Monoraphidium pusillum Selenastraceae Planktonic = EHegew. (Printz) Komark.-Legn. _ 8 6 Tetraedron caudatum Hydrodictyaceae 9 Ulothrix sp. Ulotrichaceae Attached a (Corda) Hansg, 40 Trentepohlia aurea ‘Trentepohliaceae Attached v Tetraedron gracile Hydrodictyaceae Planktonic (Ly cMart. (Reinsch) Hansg. a Trentepohiia willei Trentepohliaceae attached 8 Tetraedron minimum Hydrodictyaceae Planktonic (Tiffany) Printz (ABraun) Hansg. a Cladophora glomerata (L.) Kutz. Cladophoraceae attached 9 Tetraedron trigonum Hydrodictyaceae Planktonic a Oedogonium varians Witr. ‘edogoniaceae attached (Nagel) Hansg & PLundell ex Hien 20 Coelastropsis costata Scenedesmaceae Attached my Closterium costatum Closteriaceae Planktonic (Korshikov) Fott & Kalina Corda ex Ralfs 2 Coelastrum microporum Nageti Scenedesmaceae Attached 45 Closterium littorale FGay Closteriaceae Planktonic; Desmodesmus brasiliensis Scenedesmaceae Attached (Bohlin) E.Hegew. 46 Spirogyra sp. 2ygnemataceae Attached Desmodesmus pannonicus ‘Scenedesmaceae Xanthophyceae ioagsh eeey. i ‘Characium angustum A.Braun Characiaceae Attached Desmodesmus hystrix ‘Scenedesmaceae (Lagerh.) E.Hegew. Euglenophyceae 1 Cryptoglena skujae Marin Euglenaceae attached Scenedesmus armatus Scenedesmaceae ae moleoian (Chodat) Chodat 2 Euglena deses Ehrenb. Euglenaceae Planktonic Scenedesmus ecornis Scenedesmaceae (Ehrenb,) Chodat 3 Euglena gracilis GAKlebs Euglenaceae Planktonic ‘Scunecdeshiia Iefel Var Smaleaeee 4 Euglena granulata (G.A.Klebs) Euglenaceae Planktonic ‘manguinii M.Lafévre & Bourr, FSchmitz Tanadesia anor Spalneae Pankonle 5 Euglena sanguinea Ehrenb. Euglenaceae Planktonic (Turpin) MJ. wynne 6 Euglena tuberculata Swirenko Euglenaceae Planktonic Tetradesmus incrassatulus ‘Scenedesmaceae 7 Euglena viridis (O.F Mall.) Ehrenb. Euglenaceae Planktonic (Bohtin) MJ.Wynne 8 Euglenaria anabaena (Mainx) Euglenaceae Planktonic Tetradesmus lagerheimil ‘Scenedesmaceae Karnkowska & EW.Linton MJ. Wynne & Guiry 9 Euglenaria clavata (Skuja) Euglenaceae Planktonic 3 Tetradesmus obliquus Scenedesmaceae Karnkowska & EW.Linton (Turpin) MWynne 10 Euglenaformis proxima Euglenaceae Pianktonic 2 Kirchneriella lunaris Selenastraceae (PA.Dang.) M.S.Benn. & Triemer (kirchn,) K Mobius 7 ‘Monomorphina pyrum Euglenaceae Attached 3 Kirchneriella obesa Selenastraceae (Ehrenb.) Mereschk. (West) West & G.S.West 2 ‘Strombomonas triquetra Euglenaceae Planktonic; 4 ‘Monoraphidium convolutum Selenastraceae (Playfair) Deflandre attached (Corda) Komark.-Legn. B Trachelomonas abrupta Euglenaceae Planktonic 35 Monoraphidium contortum Selenastraceae var. minor Deflandre (Thur.) Komark -Legn. % Trachelomonas intermedia Euglenaceae Pianktonie 36 Monoraphidium grifithii Selenastraceae PA.Dang. (Berk.) Komark.-Legn, 5 Trachelomonas volzit var. Euglenaceae Planktonic a ‘Monoraphidium pseudobraunii Selenastraceae intermedia Playfair ().H.Belcher & Swale) Heynig 6 Peranemopsis trichophora Peranemidae Planktonic (Ehrenb.) LS.PéterfiSl.No, Algal taxa Family Mode of occurrence 7 Lepocinctis acus (O.FMull.) Phacaceae Pianktonic Marin & Melkonian 8 Lepocinclis fusca (Klebs) Phacaceae Planktonic Kosmala & Zakry? 9 Lepocinciis fusiformis Phacaceae Planktonic (HJ.Carter) Lemmerm. 20 Lepocinclis ovum Phacaceae Planktonic (Ehrenb.) Lemmerm 2 Lepocinctis salina Phacaceae Planktonic FE Fritsch 2 Phacus acuminatus Phacaceae Planktonic AStokes B Phacus caudatus Phacaceae Planktonic KHubner % Phacus curvicauda Phacaceae Planktonic Wvirenko 2 Phacus glaber Pochm. Phacaceae Planktonic 6 Phacus hamatus Pochm. Phacaceae Planktonic z Phacus heliktoides Pochm. Phacaceae Planktonic 2B Phacus longicouda Phacaceae Planktonic (Ehren) Dujard 2 Phacus tortus (Lemmerm.) Phacaceae Planktonic _ Skvortzov 30 Phacus triqueter Phacaceae Planktonic (Ehrenb.) Perty Bacillariophyceae i Aulacoseira sp Rulacosieraceae Pianktonic 2 Gyclotella meneghiniana Stephanodiscaceae Planktonic Kutz, 3 Diadesmis confervacea Diadesmidiaceae Pianktonic; Kutz Attached 4 Achnanthidium minutissimum Achnanthidiaceae Attached (Kutz.) Cearneck! 5 ‘Anomoeoneis sphaerophora ‘Anomoeoneidaceae Attached Pfitzer 6 Gymbella lanceolata Cymbellaceae Planktonic (CAgardh) C.agardh 7 Cymbella tumida (Breb.) Cymbellaceae Planktonic; Van Heurek attached 8 Gyrosigma acuminatum Naviculaceae ‘Attached (kutz,) Rabenh, 9 Navicula cryptocephala Naviculaceae attached = kites __ 10 Navicula peregrina Naviculaceae Attached (Ehrenb.) Kutz, FRESHWATER ALGAE mil Mode of SLWo. Algal taxa Family eet 1 Navicula phyllepta Kutz Naviculaceae Attached 2 “Navicula tripunctata Naviculaceae Planktoni¢; (O.FMall.) Bory Attached 8 Craticula cuspidata Stauroneidaceae ‘attached (Kitz) DG Mann _ = Craticula hatophila Stauroneidaceae attached (Grunow) D.G.Mann _ _ 6 Halamphora coffaeformis “Amphipleuraceae Planktonic (C.Agardh) Mereschk 6 Nitzschia acicularis Bacillariaceae Pianktonic (Katz.) W:Sm. v Nitzschia frustulum Bacillariaceae ‘tached (kiitz,) Grunow 8 Nitzschia fruticosa Bacillariaceae Attached Hust _ 9 Niteschia palea Bacillariaceae Attached (katz) wm Fig: Freshwater algal diversity in East Kolkata Wetlands. a. Floating ‘mass of Oedogonium, '.Epiphytic algal biofilms fon submerged plants, «Floating green algae (Spirogyra), 4. Brown caloured diatom scum, «Collection of attached (epiphytic) algae, f. Green coloured bloom of euglenoids 273Fig. 2: Freshwater algal diversity in East Kolkata Wetlands. Fig. 3: Freshwater algal diversity in East Kolkata a. Phacus helikoides Pochm., b. Phacus tongicauda (Enrenb.) Wetlands. a. Cylindrospermum stagnale Bornet & Dujard., ¢. Phacus tiqueter (Ehrents.) Perty, d. Strombomonas. Flahault, b Microcoleus autumnalis (Gomont) triquetra (Playfair) Defiandre, e. lomonas abrupta var. Strunecky & al.,c. Scytonema pseudohofmanni minor Deflandre, f.Trachi termedia PA.Dang. Bharadwaj, d. kamptonema formosum (Bory ex redia Playfair, h. Euglena Gomont) Strunecky & al., e. Kamptonema chlorinum ids (O.F Mill.) Enrenb., (kite, ex Gomont) Strunecly & al, Limnacoccus ) Karnkowska & EW.Linton, limneticus (Lemmerm.) Komark. & al, g. Oscilatoria tus Pochm., | Euglenaria clavata (Skuja) prin ex Gomont, h. Leptolyngbya Karnkowska & EW.Linton, m. Lepocincis acus (O.FMall) Subtilis (West) Anago,,j, Phormidium tergestinum Marin & Melkonian, n. Lepoci fusca (klebs) Kosmala & (Rabenh, ex Gomont) Anagn. & Komarek p.) Lemmerm. \ Zakr, 0. Lepocincis ovum (= Fig. 4 Freshwater algal diversity in East Kolkata Wetlands. a. Spirulina subsalsa erst. ex Gomont, b. Spirulina gigantea ‘Schmidle, ¢ Spirulina major Kutz. ex Gomont, d. Planktothrix rubescens (DC. ‘ex Gomont) Anagn. & Komark, €@, Oscilatoria subbrevis Schmidle., £ Oscillator crassa (C.B.Rao) Anagn.. {8 Phormidium chalybeum (Martens ex. Gomont) Anagn. & Komarek & Darienko _ Fig. 5: Freshwater algal diversity in East Kolkata Wetlands. a. Oscillatoria ornata Kutz. ex Gomont, b. Oscilatorialimasa C. Agardh ex Gamont, ‘c.Merismopedia minima Beck, d. Merismopedia tenuissima Lemmerm., e. Anabaena iyengari Bharadwaja,f. Planktothrix isothrx (Skuja) Komarek & Komrk., g.Anaboenacatenula KOU. ex Bornet & FlahaultFRESHWATER ALGAE sass ett, Fig. 6: Freshwater algal diversity in East Kolkata Wetlands. a. Eudorina elegans Ehrenb,, b. Lacunastrum gracillimum (West & G.SWest) McManus, . Tetraedron Gracite (Reinsch) Hansg., d. rentepohlia aurea (L.) CMart.,e, Trentepohlia wile (Tiffany) Printz f.Ulothrix sp... Closterium littorale FGay, h. Characium angstum A.Braun, i, Cladophora glomerata (L.) Kotz. }- Coelastrum microporum Nageli, k. Desmodesmus pannonicus (Hortob.) € Hegew., |. Closterium costatum Corda ex Ralfs, m. Desmodesmus hystrix (Lagerh.) EHegew,n. Edaphochlamys debaryana (Gorazh,) Proschold & Darienko FRESKWATERALGAE Fig. 7: Freshwater algal diversity in East Kolkata Wetlands. a Closterium littoral F. Gay , b. Spirogyra sp. €. Scenedesmus armatus (Chodat) Chodat, ‘Mororaphidium pseudobraunil ().H.Belcher & Swale) Heynig, e. Monoraphidium griffith (Berk,) Komark. Legn.. f. Monoraphidium contortum (Thur.) Komrk Legn., g. Oedogonium varians Wittr. & PLundell ex Hien, h, Pediastrum boryanum var. comnutum (Racib.) Sulek, i Scenedesmus lofevni var. manguinil M..afévre 2 Bourr, j. Pandorina morum (O.FMUll.) Bory, . Coelastropsis costata (Korshikov) Fott & KalinaFig. &: Freshwater algal diversity in East Kolkata Wetlands, a. Navicula cryptacephala Katz, '. Cyclotella meneghiniana Katz,,c. Ntzchia ppalea (Kutz) WSm., d. Cymbella tumida (Bréb.) Van Heurck, e. Diadesmis confervaceae Kit, f. Aulacoseira sp., g Anomoeonels spaerophora ritzer, h. Gyrasigma acuminatum (Kutz.) Rabenh., i Navicula cryptocephala Kitz, ichnanthidium minutissimum (kutz.) Czameck DISCUSSION FRESHWATER ALGAE LCS ‘Most of the algae (78 taxa) belonging to Chlorophyceae and Bacillariophyceae were found growing as phytoplankton in different pisciculture and community ponds. The euglenoids found forming blooms in the ponds, showing their nutrient-enriched conditions. These blooms also cause a poor periphyton composition in the ponds by obstructing sun light. The benthos in these water bodies were mostly colonized by diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) and few members of Cyanophyceae. The overall diversity of algae in East Kolkata Wetlands showed the water health as eutrophic, which can be understood inferring the periphyton assemblages, which were dominated by members of Oscillatoria, Planktothrix and Nitzschia. Desmids (members of Chlorophyceae) are potential bio-indicators, which prefer slightly alkaline and oligotrophic waters. Their absence in the freshwaters of EKW was may be due to the increased acidity following high nutrient availability. Coccal Cyanophyceae and Chlorophyceae were mostly recorded from the fish-ponds as phytoplankton. REFERENCES Chakraborty, N., Talukdar, P, Mukherjee, M. and Pal, R., 2006, Phytoplanktons as natural feed: Source and waste-water stabilizing agent in sewage-fed fish pond - case study, Pollution Research, 25: 633-638. Guiry, MD. and Gulty, G.M., 2019. AigaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. hittp:/ /wwwalgaebase.org ndu, N., Pal, M. and Saha, S., 2008, East Kolkata Wetlands: A Resource Recovery System through productive activities. In: Sengupta, M. and Dalwani, R. (Eds.), Proceedings of Taal 2007: The 12 World Lake Conference, p. 868-881 Pradhan, A., Bhaumik, P., Das, S., Mishra, M., Khanam, S., Hoque, B.A., Mukherjee, |, Thakur, AR. and Ray Chaudhuri, S., 2008, Phytoplankton diversity as indicator of water quality for fish cultivation. American Journal of Environmental Science, 4; 406-41 Ray Chaudhuri S., Mishra, M., Nandy, P. and Thakur, AR., 2008. Waste management: A case study of ongoing traditional practices at Calcutta Wetlands. American Journal of Agricultural er Biological Sciences, 3: 315-320, Ray Chaudhuri, S., Salodkar, S., Sudarshan, M. and Thakur, A., 2007, Integrated Resource Recovery at East Calcutta Wetlands: How safe is these? American Journal of Agricultural e Biological Sciences, 2(2): 75-80. Roy, AS. and Pal, R., 2015. An investigation on morphotaxonomy and diversity of planktonic CChlorophytes from freshwater eutrophic wetland of Indian Ramsar site. Phyttos, 45(2): 29-42. Roy, AS. and Pal, R., 20150, Planktonic Cyanoprokaryota and Bacilariophyta of East Kolkata Wetlands ecosystem, a Ramsar site of India with reference to diversity and taxonomic study. journal of Algal Biomass Utilization, 6(3): 47- 59, Roy, AS. and Pal, R., 2016. Freshwater Euglenophytes from East Kolkata Wetlands - A Ramsar Site, Phytomorphology, 66: 113121 eeey Botanical Survey of India, enn Perc esa on singhdrds@reditfmaitcom ABSTRACT Ret Read Pep eROR eeu eee} Wetlands. Of, these seven species belonging to restraints) Marchantiophyta (liverworts) and nine species Prieur ee ek) Capa) METHODOLOGY Various types of habitat and ecological niche have been surveyed during the month of April ~ june 2019. The collected specimens were preserved in the form of um packets as well as in pickled conditions (70% alcohol), especially ir of thallose forms, for anatomical studies. Field notes of collected specimens like colour of the plants, habit, habitat and associated species were noted and all the properly annotated specimens have been deposited in the Cryptogamic section of the Central National Herbarium, Botanical Survey of India, Howrah (CAL), The external morphology were studied under Stereo-zoom Dissection Microscope model Leica S8APO, anatomical details and microstructures were studied with the help of Biological Research Microscope model Nikon Eclipse Nil284 a Fig. 1. Habitat A.A general vie pa; B.A view ear to Captain bery; C-E. Tericolous (bryophytes growi Hy, F,G. Saxicolous (platns gro ‘orticolous (plants growing on of trees) nd a" RESULTS AND DISCUSSION tal of sixtes nd nine mosses) ight families and 10 genera were recorded from different localities of East Kolkata Wetlands in the month of April to june 2019, t the growth of bryophytes in this period is not suitable, However, edges of several water bodies and trees in the Wetlands supports the growth of bryophytes. During the study bryophytes. ‘observed as growing on thick soil in shady condition, on the bark of trees just opposite side of the sunlight or an rack and brick wall surfaces. The members of the lejeuneoid population of liverworts and family Pottiaceae of mosses are dominantly growing in the Wetland. The present findings provides the base line information of bryophytes East Kolkata Wetlands and it ip in future for other biological studies including plant-microbe and vertebral interaction. They play importa not only to maintain 1em like soil conservation, habitat modification, nutrient cycling and pollution detection and monitoring, but also help and provide the shelter and security to various microorganism like cyanobacteria, diatoms and invertebrates. The ‘majority of the bryophytes having flavonoids and terpenoids show many biological activities with ‘hemical and pharmaceutical significance. 1 ecosy (Key to the families, genera and species of East Kolkata Wetlands Plants thalloid, arranged nonspirally in 2-3 rows, rhizoids unicellular, aseptate, 2 Liverworts . Plants always leafy usually with distinct midrib, leaves arranged spirally in 3 rows, ehizoids, septate absence oil-bodies. 8, Mosses Plants leaf) th leaves and stem. 3 3a.__Underleaves bilobed. 4, Lejeunea 3b, _Underleaves entire, not bilobed. vod 4a._ First tooth of leaf lobule 2-4-celled. iL. devendrae First tooth of leaf lobule unicellular. L alata 5a,_ Plants blackish brown Lopholejeunea sikkimensis sb ts yellowish green “Spruceanthus minutilobulus 6a._Thallus thin, translucent. Gyathodium cavernarum 6b._Thallus thick, opaque. 7. Ricela fa, Plants monoicous billardien 7b. _ Plants dioicous. R. discolor midrib reduced or absent 9 nct midrib, 70 Leaf with dist f midrib always absent Erpodium mangiferae 9b. Leaf midrib reduced at basal portion only. Entodontopsis tavoyensis Fissidens jes ditichous (arranged alternately in two opposite vertical row). simple, not ditichous 2 Apical portion of leaf margin margin crenul Apical portion of leaf margin F crenulatus margin entire F sylvaticus Leaf cells smooth, usually rhomboidal Leaf cells pap 1Ba,_Leaves ligulate to lanceolate, Bryum plumosum ose, usually rounded-quadrate. 13, Pottiaceae 4. Hydrogonium 13b._Leaves spathulate Téa. Leaves with acute apices. 14b,_ Leaves with obtuse apices ‘Sb. Leaf margin distinctly serrulate in . involuta 15, Leaf margin smooth throughout He 285286288 Table of the species of Bryophyte S.No. Name of the species Marchantiophyta (Liverworts) i yathodium cavernarum Kunze ex Lehm 2 Lejeunea alata Gottsche 3, Lejeunea devendrae (Sushil K. Singh) P&Verma & KKR 4 Lopholejeunea sihkimensis Steph 5 Riccia billardierei Mont & Nees 6 Riccia discolor Lehm, & Lindenb, 7 Spruceanthus minutilobulus (Udar & U.S.Awasthi) Sushil K. Singh Bryophyta (Mosses) 8. Bryum plumosum Dozy & Molk. 9 " Entodontopsis tavoyensis (Hook.) W.R. Buck & Ireland 10. Erpodium mangiferae Mull. Hal 1, Fissidens crenulatus itt 12 Fissidens sylvaticus Griff 13. __Hydrogonium arcuatum (Griff) Wijk & Margad ¥. Hydrogonium (Thwaites & Mitt.) Hilp 15. Hyophila involuta (Hook.) A. Jaeger 16. Hyophila nymaniana (M, Fleisch.) M. Menzel Family Cyathodiaceae Lejeuneaceae Lejeuneaceae Ricciaceae Ricciaceae Lejeuneaceae Bryaceae Habitat ‘Saxicolous| Corticolous Corticolous Corticolous Terricolous Terricolous Corticolous Saxicolous Stereophyllaceae Corticolous Erpodiaceae Fissidentaceae Pottiaceae Pottiaceae Pottiaceae Pottiaceae Corticolous Terricolous Terricolous Terricolous Terricolous Terricolous Locations Nalban, N22°56'09.24" €,12m 088°58'97.91"E, 25 m Borali Village, N *50'00.09" pB8°58'9791"E, 25 m Borali Village, N 22°30'19.90 088°35'4710"E, 30 m Near Nalban, N 22574291 088°45'13.38"E, 11 m Near Nalban, N 22°57°42.91 (088°45'13.38"E, 7 Borali Village, N 22°30'19.90 (088°35'4710"E, 30 m Hatgacha N 22°54'99,99' (088°4675.44"E, 5 Borali Village, N 2°30'19.90 (088°35'4710"E, 30 m Borali Village, N 22°30'19.90 (088°35'4710"E, 30 m Borali Vilage, N 22°30'19.90' (088°35'4710"E, 30 m Hatgacha N 22°54'9999 088°46'75.44"E, 5 m Hatgacha N 22°54'99.99 088°46'75.44""E, 5 m Hatgacha N 22°54'99,99 088°46'75.44"E, Sm Hatgacha N "5499.99" 088°46'75.44"E, S m Kouragawa, N 2°29'59.99' 088°38'10,05"E, 14 m aziz, N. and Vohra, J.N. 2008, Pottiaceae (Musci) of India. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun, India, Chopra, R.S. 1975. Taxonomy of India mosses New Delhi Gangulee, H.C. 1969-76. Mosses of Eastern India and adjacent regions, Fasc. 1-5. Culcutta, India. Lal, |. 2007, Mosses of Gangetic plains ~ A neglected Biogeographic zone of India. In. Nath, V, and Asthana, AXK. (Eds), Current Trends in Bryology, Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun, India. pp. 131~ 147 Mao, AA. and Dash, S.S...2018, Plant discoveries 2018. Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata Singh, D.K., Singh, S.K. and Singh, D. 2016. Liverworts and hornworts of India: an annotated checklist. Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata Singh, S.K. 2013, A checklist of liverworts, hornworts and mosses of Uttar Pradesh, India. Geophytology 42 (2): 163-166. 289Basant Kumar Singh’, K Karthigeyan’*, Onkar Nath Dae Peng Pentre ees Poe Pet ry ‘contal National Herbarium, Poe ne Pre Nee en eee ry Pei coker ng tas Poermaeet get oe Ret ere crt Pa aoa ABSTRACT The East Kolkata Wetlands (EKW) Broce Ce eC agriculture for their livelihood. About 4,718.56 ha of land are used by the Per Me a study resulted in the documentation of a total of 60 plants cultivated using traditional methods supporting the livelihood of the local people. Come ee PRODUCTION Around 29.9 tonnes of fish and 150 tonnes of vegetables are produced almost every day from EKW area, Most of the vegetables produced here are harvested from small-scale horticultural plots irrigated with wastewater, Vegetable production here is a household activity with many people cultivating in small plots for their own household sustenance and income. The paddy fields produce ‘around 16,000 tonnes of winter paddy varieties grown during post monsoon period (Bhattacharya et a, 202). Individually, the average annual yield of the boro paddy variety is highest (5 tonnes ha-t), followed by amon (3 tonnes ha-1). Waste recycling in the EKW involves three major resource recovery practices, namely sewage fed fisheries, paddy-cultivation by utilizing fish pond effluents and tivation of vegetables using organic waste as fertilizer (Banerjee & Dey, 2017). Pal (2016) recorded a total of 24 crops and vegetables which are commonly cultivated in the EKW during the post- monsoon season. RESULTS The present study on the diversity of the agriculture crops cultivated in EKW has resulted in the documentation of 60 plants cultivated (Table 1, Plates 182) using traditional methods or harvested from the natural regeneration and become the part of livelihood for the local people. a a ration Ol Amorphophailus paeoniifolius Araceae (Dennst.) Nicolson 8 Supari Areca catechu ArecaceaeAGHOFLORA X \CStNe._ Local name Scientific Name fami 9. Kathal “Artocarpus heterophylius Lam Moraceae 10. Bramhi Bacopa monnieri(L.) Wettst. - Scrophulariaceae i Pui Basellaalbal. Basellaceae ‘Taal Borassus flabellifer Arecaceae 13. Phul Kophi Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L Brassicaceae 4 Lanka Capsicum annuum Solanaceae 15 Pepe Carica papaya L — Caricaceae 16.___Karamcha Carissa carandas L ‘Apocynaceae Bethy Chenopodium album L Chenopodiaceae 18, _Lebu Citrus aurantifolia (Cheistm.) Swingle Rutaceae 19. Pati Lebu Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck Rutaceae 20. BatabiLebu Citrus maxima (Burm.) Mert Rutaceae zm. Kundri Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt Cucurbitaceae 2 _Narkel Cocos nucifera L. Arecaceae 23 Kochu Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott Araceae 24, Pat __Corchorus olitorius L Tliaceae 25.___Kumro Cucurbita maxima Duchesne Cucurbitaceae 2%. Hold —————Curcuma longa L Zingiberaceae z__hans Dimocarpus longan our. Sapindaceae 28._Lombu Dysoxylum alliaceum (Blume) Blume Meliaceae Surjamukhi Helianthus annuus Asteraceae Kulekhara Hygrophila schulli MR. Almeida & ‘Acanthaceae SM. Almeida 3am ipomoea aquatica Forssk. Convolwulaceae 2 Sim Lablab purpureus (L) Sweet Fabaceae 4 Blau Lagenavia siceraria (Molina) Standl Cucurbitaceae 34 Katbel Limania accidissima U Rutaceae 35, Tometo Lycopersicon esculentum Mill Solanaceae 36. Aam ‘Mangifera indica L - Anacardiaceae H___ Safeda Manilkara zapota (L) P. Royen Sapotaceae 38 Susni Marsilea minuta L. Marsileaceae 39 Uchhe ~~ Momordica charantia L Cucurbitaceae 40, Sojne ‘Moringa oleifera Lam - Moringaceae a Kari Pata ‘Murraya koenigil(L.) Spreng, “Rutaceae @_kola ‘Musa paradisiaca L Musaceae 3 Shaluk ~_ Nymphaea pubescens Wil Nymphaeaceae Tut Ocimum tenuifiorum L lamiaceae Dhan Oryza sativa L _ Poaceae 46, Khejur_ Phoenix sylvestris (L) Rox. ‘Arecaceae 47 Harifal____Phyllanthus acidus (L) Skeels Euphorbiaceae 4 Pa Psidlum guajava L Myrtaceae Fl ‘cal Nam Scientific Name family 49. Bedana unica granatum L Punicaceae 50. Rophanus sativus L. Brassicaceae aT Sesamum indicum L Pedaliacese 52. Begun Solanum melongena L Solanaceae 53. Palak Spinacia oleracea | Amaranthaceae 54. Aamra Spondias pinnata (Lf) Kure ‘Anacardiaceae 55. lam Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeets Myrtaceae 56. Golap jam ‘Syzygium samarangense Myrtaceae (Blume) Mert. & LM. Perry Tetul Tamarindus indica Caesalpiniaceae 58. Pani fal Trapa natans L Trapaceae 59. Ghatkanchu Typhonium flageliiforme Araceae (lodd,) lume 60. Bhutta Zea mays Poaceae) | Plate +: (agriculture) Plate 2:( 5 294 Plate Plate 2: isi) - a medicinally important plant: um (Blume) Blume (Lamu); « Begun D. Cultivation of oysoxylu e F 295K.Karthigeyan*, Cae Ce Pc eee tt Peters ra a igor Peony eet is Noa Eocene Ceo roeer ary Ree ain ete Poet Peary a tarthigeyansnurthy@ gmail.com ABSTRACT A OL MUe etaed man-made and natural wetlands and the largest waste water wetland among the 37 RAMSAR sites OR ee eens Fe eC ae aC Rake al Ue ec cu sie rey d Oe au ee ae kee ee 77% of the taxa were dicots and 23% taxa were monocots. The rich floristic diversity amidst a eet h) Pee ices nc INTRODUCTIONFlonaL owensity ‘anita | Fig. te map of East Kolkata Wetlands East Kolkata Wetlands Area SALTLAKE PATH ARGHATA GANGAPUR RADHANAGAR, fois LITERATURE REVIEW The studies on the Flora of the East Kolkata Wetlands was first carried out by Biswas (1927), who recorded 70 species from various zones distributed within embankments of east Calcutta. Majumder (1965), while studying the aquatic plants from Kolkata and adjacent localities, recorded 38 species of dicots from 19 families, 62 species of monocots from 12 families and 3 species of ferns from 3 famities. Dasgupta (1973) recorded 97 species among which, 34 species were restricted to saline water habitat. He also made remarks on the existence of mangrove plants in these regions. This study clearly indicated the presence of saline condition in the wetlands which has changed over time. Recently, Chaudhuri et al. (2012) mentioned the existence of about 104 plant species from the EKW. However, a comprehensive study was lacking to document the floristic diversity of the East Kolkata Wetland, MATERIAL AND METHODS The present study has been carried out with an objective to provide a comprehensive account of the flora of East Kolkata Wetlands (EKW). Prior to field studies, specimens deposited in CAL were studied and literatures pertaining to the flora of the study area were surveyed. The area was explored periodically from April-December, 2019 covering different parts of the study area and voucher specimens were collected following conventional herbarium methodology (Jain and Rao, 1977). Data on habit, habitat, locality, elevation, associated plants, distribution pattern, abundance, phenology and local uses were recorded in the field notebook. Digital photographs were taken to record the flora, vegetation and different microhabitats along with GPS location for all the plants collected. The specimens were carefully studied for morphological characters for their accurate identification Identification and nomenclature of the plants were determined based on recent monographs, revisionary studies and relevant floras. The specimens were also compared with authenticated specimens deposited in CAL. The present study covers the aquatic, semiaquatic, marshy angiosperms as well as plants occurring in drier boundaries along the wetlands. Ss 8 RESULTS Most of the wetlands of East Kolkata are segmented to several plots called bheries to facilitate fish culture. These bheries are generally less in hydrophyte diversity with few patches of Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes, Lemna perpusilla etc. Natural wetlands and those which are without fish culture are comparatively rich in aquatic vegetation, The major aquatic herbs occurring in these wetlands are submerged aquatic herbs like Ceratophyllum demersum, Hydrila verticillata, Najas graminea, Nechamandra alternifolia, Ottella alismoides, Potamogeton crispus, Vallisneria spiralis, etc. The common free floating hydrophytes are Azolla pinnata, Eichhornia crassipes, Lemna perpusilla, Lemna minor, Pistia stratiotes, Wolffia globosa etc. Hydrophytes that are rooted at the bottom and with floating leaves include Aponogeton natans, Nelumbo nucifera, Nymphaea nouchali, Nymphaea pubescens, Nymphoides cristata, Nymphoides indica etc. Along the edges of the waterbodies, where the habitat is marshy, many varieties of flora are encountered which adapts to both aquatic and moist/wet substratum. Large, dense patches of ‘Aeschynomene aspera, Alternanthera philoxeroides, Bacopa monnieri, Colocasia esculenta, Commelina benghalensis, Dentella repens, Eclipta prostrata, Enydra fluctuans, Glinus oppositifolius, Grangea maderaspatana, Hygrophila schulli, jpomoea aquatica, Limnophila heterophylla, Ludwigia adscendens, Sagittaria montevidensis, Schoenoplectielia articulata, Monochoria vaginalis, Oxalis corniculata, Persicaria barbata, Persicaria hydropiper, Phyla nodifiora, Polygonum plebeium are commonly found. Dense patches of Typha domingensis and Cyperus spp. are also found frequently. The edges of the water bodies, on the elevated places which remain drier during most of the year also possess rich and diverse flora. Several herbs, shrubs and trees preferring moist habitat are seen here, Herbs like Cleome gynandra, Cleome rutidosperma, Datura metel, Nicotiana plumbaginifolia, Physalis minima, Portulaca oleracea, Rorippa indica, Scoparia dulcis, Solanum sisymbriffolium, Synedrella nodifiora etc., undershrubs like Abutilon indicum, Giycosmis pentaphylla, Sida acuta, Senna occidentalis etc., shrubs like Cestrum diurnum, Jatropha curcas, Jatropha gossypifolia, Ricinus communis, Senna alata and climbers like Cardiospermum halicacabum, Cayratia trifolia, Coccinia grandis, Cuscuta campestris and Passifiora foetida are very commly found here. Trees like Acacia nilotica ssp. indica, Borassus flabellife, Ficus hispida, Phoenix sylvestris, Streblus asper are also common. Several weeds of agricultural fields, invasive species, garden escapes are also noticed here. ‘The roads and pathways inside the wetland areas are also rich in floral diversity. Several invasive species are frequently encountered along these roads, Several planted trees and garden escapes are also noticed, Shrubs like Calotropis gigantea, Lantana camara and climbers like Ipomoea ‘marginata, Mikania scandens and Tinospora cordifolia are common. Trees tike Albizia saman, Areca catechu, Ficus benghalensis, Ficus racemosa, Putranjiva roxburghil, Trewia nudifiora, Trema orientalis are frequently found here. The present study on the Floristic diversity of East Kolkata Wetlands, West Bengal has resulted in the collection of 381 taxa of plants belonging to 371 taxa of angiosperms 1 gymnosperm and 9 taxa ofarmy eta sanigejan et pteridophytes from 282 genera and 92 families. Among the angiosperms, dicots dominate the flora with 284 taxa (775) belonging to 220 genera under 69 families and monocots are represented by 87 taxa (23%) belonging to 62 genera under 18 families (Tables 1 & 2, Plates 1-4). Re \CStNo. Name Family Habit 34 Corchorus aestuans L. Tillaceae Undershrub 35 Oxalis cornicutata L Oxalidaceae Herb _ | ‘Table Fovstc diversity of East Kolkata Wetlands a sreruteeee aes 3 ™ peaenilanniti lies 37__Aegle marmelos (L.) Coréa Rutaceae Tree — = = — Sa oy = = a sce ieee Swingle bho i itrus limon (L.) Osbech utaceae ree 2 Magnolia champaca (L.) Baill. ex Pierre Magnoliaceae Tree a soos —— Te cet emina are Keowee 4 Polyaithia longifolia (Sonn.) Thwaites ‘Annonaceae Tree o = ae = = ae . a Tas 5 Cissampelos pareira t. Menispermaceae Climber 43 Murraya hoenigi(L.) Spreng. Rutaceae shrub &Tinospore cordifolia Wi.) Miers Menispermaceae Climber 5 rsamgockalanii Linch Soacme a oleae We bea a SL 45 Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Meliaceae Tree Nymphaea nouchali Burm. Nymphaeaceae Herb i __ ainiarearoot alien Tv: Teiracinecimneseee a Wronancear he 47 Swietenia mahogani \. Meliaceae Tree 1 walinometaeicaert oR Ea 48 Ziziphus oenopotia(L.) Mil Rhamnaceae Shrub) i AEE ENE Rane 5 49 Cayratia tifolia (L) Domin Vitaceae Climber 2 Se TT eae ae 50 Cardiospermum halicacabum t. Sapindaceae Climber 13 Rorippa indica (L.) Hiern Brassicaceae Herb Stance Sant earn nee = ik cabpard myanieeL econ zeande eae 52___Anacardium occidentale L. ‘Anacardiaceae Tree — oT Pavano a9 53___Mangifera indica L. ‘Anacardiaceae Tree 5 cima eee Fapmaracoee ab 54 Spondias pinnata (Lf) Kure Anacardiaceae Tree 7 tne ier — mg 35 Moringa oleifera Lam. Moringaceae Tree a Beduloee claws nr fia 56 Bauhinia acuminata L. Caesalpiniaceae ‘Tree 4 Tbelnoschasesculeriea itm ingen 57 Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. Caesaipiniaceae Shrub (L) Moench 58 Cassia fistula L Caesalpiniaceae ‘tree 20 Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet Malvaceae Undershrub 39 Cassia javanica subsp. nodosa Caesalpiniaceae Tree 2 Hibiscus mutabils L. Malvaceae Shrub Hae) Ee Gas Bites meatal aMNGRIA aa 60___Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf. Caesalpiniaceae Tree B_ Hibiscus vitifolus Malvaceae Undershrub 8 elnahoran gtemcormum {DC Sense es 2% Malachra capitata (L)L. Malvaceae Undershrub a seardahs on Gaiies San Se eevee Undershub 63 Senna obtusifolia (L) Irwin & Barneby Caesalpiniaceae _Undershrub esuees Gaara mie oT 64 _ Senna occidentalis (L.) Link Caesalpiniaceae _Undershrub on ISRO ET aaa aS St Sema samen (lam,) HS. Inwin Caesaipiniaceae ‘Tree Borss. Waalk 3 ae ee ey aaa 66 Senna tora (L.) Roxb, Caesalpiniaceae __Undershrub San eas re 67 Tamarindus indica L. Caesalpiniaceae ‘Tree a ae ——— sed 68 Acacia auriculiformis &.cunn. Mimosaceae Tree ex Benth, 31__.Celbn penadini (Ls Gaertn. Bombocaceae cies 69 Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile ssp. ‘Mimosaceae Tree 32 Abroma augusta (L.) Lf Sterculiaceae Shrub indica (Benth.) Brenan 33 Melochia corchorifolia . Sterculiaceae Undershrub 70 Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. Mimosaceae TreeSL.No,_Name Family Habit 7i___ Albizia saman (Jaca.) Mert. Mimosaceae Tree 72___ysiloma latisiliquum (L.) Benth. Mimosaceae Tree 73____ Neptunia oleracea Lour. Mimosaceae Herb 74 ___ Pitheceliobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. Mimosaceae Tree 75 ___Aeschynomene aspera L Fabaceae Herb 76____Aeschynomene indica L. Fabaceae Herb 77 Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) OC. Fabaceae Herb 78 Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. Fabaceae Tree 73 Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. Fabaceae Tree 80 Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC. Fabaceae Herb &1___ Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC. Fabaceae Herb 82 Erythrina variegata L. Fabaceae Tree 83 Sesbania sesban (L) Mert. Fabaceae Shrub) 84 ___Smithia sensitiva Aiton Fabaceae Herb 85 Teramnus labialis (L.£) Spreng. Fabaceae Climber 86 ___Myriophyllum tetrandrum Roxb. Haloragaceae Herb 87 Combretum indicum (L.) DeFilipps Combretaceae Climber 88 ——_Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex OC.) Combretaceae Tree ‘Wight & Arn 89 __Terminalia catappa L. Combretaceae Tree 90 Corymbia cltriodora (Hook) Myrtaceae Tree KD. Hill & LAS. Johnson 1 Callistemon lanceolatus (Sm.) Sweet Myrtaceae Tree 92 Psidium guajava L. Myrtaceae Tree 93 Syzygium cumini (L) Skeels Myrtaceae Tree 3% Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Myrtaceae Tee Merr. & LM. Perry 95 Ammannia baccifera L. Uythraceae Herb 96 Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. \ythraceae Tree 97 ___Lawsonia inermis L. (ythraceae Shrub 98 Punica granatum L. Punicaceae Shrub 99 Ludwigia adscendens (L,) H. Hara Onagraceae Herb 100 Ludwigia hyssopifolia (G. Don) Exell Onagraceae Herb 101 Ludwigia perennis L Onagraceae Herb 302___Trapa natans L Trapaceae Herb 103 Passifiora foetida L. Passifloraceae Climber 04 __Passiftora suberosa |. Passifloraceae Climber 105 Carica papaya L. Caricaceae Tree 106 __Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt Cucurbitaceae Climber 107 ___Cucurbita coccinea 6.00n Cucurbitaceae Climber 108 Momordica charantia L Cucurbitaceae Climber 109 Glinus fotoides L ‘Alzoaceae Herb S.No. Name Family no Glinus oppositifolius (L.) Aug. DC. Aizoaceae ii Tianthema portulacastrum L ‘izoaceae 712 Centella asiatica (L) Urb. Apiaceae Herb g 113 Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Apiaceae Herb Ls 4 Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC. Apiaceae Herb 115 Alangium salvifolium (Lf) Wangerin Alangiaceae Tee 16 Dentella repens (L.) |.R. Forst. & G. Forst. Rubiaceae Herb 7 __trora chinensis Lam. Rubiaceae ‘Shrub 118 Morinda angustifolia Roxb. Rubiaceae Shrub ng Mussaenda philippica A. Rich. Rubiaceae Shrub 720 Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser Rubiaceae Tree m1 Oldentandia biflora L. Rubiaceae Herb 72 Oldentandia corymbosa | Rubiaceae Herb 123 Paederia foetida L. Rubiaceae Climber 1% Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L. Asteraceae Herb 725 Blumea lacera (Burm.f) OC. Asteraceae Herb 26 Caesulia axiltaris Roxb. Asteraceae Herb ww Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H. Rob. Asteraceae Herb 128 Eclipta prostrata(L)L Asteraceae Herb 29 Eleutheranthera ruderalis (Sw.) Sch. Bip. Asteraceae Herb 130 Enydra fluctuans OC. Asteraceae Herb 13 Grangea maderaspatana (L) Port. Asteraceae Herb 12__ Helianthus annuus Asteraceae Undershrub 183 Laphangium luteoalbum (L) Tevelev Asteraceae Herb 13% __Mikania micrantha Kunth Asteraceae Climber 135 Parthenium hysterophorus L. Asteraceae Herb 136 Pluchea indica (L.) Less. Asteraceae Herb 1% Pseudelephantopus spicatus Asteraceae Herb (B. Juss. ex Aubl,) Rohr ex C.F. Baker 138 Sonchus arvensis Asteraceae Herb 139 Tridax procumbens (L.) L. Asteraceae Herb 140 Xanthium strumarium L. Asteraceae Undershrub 14__Synedrelia nodifiora (L.) Gaertn Asteraceae Herb M2 Sphagneticola calenduiacea (L.) Pruski Asteraceae Herb 143 Sphenoclea zeytanica Gaertn. Sphenocleaceae Herb 44 ___Manitkara zapota (L.)P. Royen Sapotaceae ree 45 Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. Oleaceae Tree 146 _Allamanda cathartica .. Anocynaceae Climber wr Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br. Apocynaceae Tree 148 __Cascabeta thevetia (.)Lippold Apocynaceae Tree 19 Carissa carandas \. Apocynaceae TreeFLORAL VERSITY annsnan to rannanan ero FLORAL ovensiTy _ \ SLNo. Name Family Habit (© sto. Name Family Habit 150 Catharanthus roseus (L.) 6. Don Apocynaceae Herb 789 Scoparia dulcis Scrophulariaceae Herb 151___Kopsia fruticosa (Roxb.) A. DC. Apocynaceae Tree 390 Utricularia aurea Lour. Lentibulariaceae Herb 3 152_Nerium oleander t. Apocynaceae Shrub 391___Utricularia stellaris Lf. Lentibulariaceae Herb 8 153___Rauvolfia tetraphylia Apocynaceae Undershrub 192 Tabebuia aurea (Silva Manso) Bignoniaceae Tree 187___ Mazus pumilus (Burm.f) Steenis Scrophulariaceae Herb 24 Mirabilis jalopa L. Lamiaceae Herb) 188 Mecardonia procumbens (Mill.) Small Scrophulariaceae Herb 25 Achyranthes aspera L. ‘Amaranthaceae Herb 5 8 14 Tabernaemontana divaricata (L) ‘Apocynaceae shrub) Beith i Honk wk 5 dnt R.Br, ex Roem. & Schult. 193 Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv. Bignonlaceae Tree 195 Calotropis gigantea (L)R. Br. Asclepiadaceae Shrub 394 Sesamum indicum L Pedaliaceae Herb 156 __Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Chiov. Asclepiadaceae Climber 395 Acanthus iicifolus L ‘Acanthaceae Undershrub 187 Dregea volubilis (Lf) Benth. ex HookF. Asclepiadaceae Climber 196 Andrographis paniculata ‘Acanthaceae Herb 158 __Nymphoides cristata (Roxb.) Kuntze Menyanthaceae Herb Sunnie Mee ERNE 199 Nymphoides indica (L.) Kuntze Menyanthaceae Herb Po ee set Doe Acanthaceae ui 160 Heliotropium curassavicum L Boraginaceae Herb we __ Bate pnohas Seana abo el TIGRE contac ety 398 Hemigraphis hirta (Vahl) TAnderson ‘Acanthaceae Herb 162___ Heliotropium ovalifollum Forssk Boraginaceae Herb 0 dgepilascullanAmelsa aaNet Here 163 Cuscuta campestris Yunck Convolvulaceae Climber i WgRena enor Wah: et Nase] Aihara Hew 164 __Evolvulus alsinoides (LL Convolvulaceae Herb Fosberg & Sachet 365 ___Evolvuius nummultarius (L.)L Convolvulaceae Herb 202 Justicia adhatoda L. ‘Acanthaceae Undersheub 166 _Hewittia matabarica (L.) Suresh Convolvulaceae Climber 203__justicia gendarussa Burm.f Acanthaceae Undershrub 167 Ipomoea aquatica Forssk Convolvulaceae Herb 204 Justicia simplex 0. Don ‘Acanthaceae Herb 368 Ipomoea carnea Jacq, subsp. fistulosa Convolwulaceae—_-Undershrub 205___Ruellia prostrata Poir. Acanthaceae Herb esi Cotey) BE ASstln 206 __Ruellia tuberosa \. ‘Acanthaceae Herb oe Porreet Cara Seat es 207___Clerodendrum indicum (L.) Kuntze Verbenaceae Undershrub TOL rorinen arolnata (Desert Convolvulicens_Cilniber 208 Clerodendrum infortunatur \. Verbenaceae Undershrub 7__ Ipomoea trloba L. Convolwulaceae Climber b05 dures eet. Wetlenetae ‘Shu 72 Operculina turpethum (L.) Silva Manso Convolvulaceae Climber 20 Gmeliweriorea Beal Sebanacera Tee 2. Epsom enna. zolonacene: Het 2 Lantana camara L. Verbenaceae shrub Be __ Cain. arora. Solanaceae. Shrub 22 Lippia alba (Mill) NE Verbenaceae Undershrub 5 Datura metel L. Solanaceae Herb Br. ex Britton & P Wilson 76___ Lycopersicon esculentum Mill Solanaceae Herb 213 Phyla nodifiora (L.) Greene Verbenaceae Herb 17___ Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viv. Solanaceae Herb 24 _Tectona grandis Lf. Verbenaceae Tree 78 Physatis minima L. Solanaceae Herb 25 Vitexnegundo L. Verbenaceae shrub 79 Solanum americanum Mill. Solanaceae Hetb 216 ___Volkameria inermis L. Verbenaceae shrub 480 Solanum indicum L Solanaceae Herb 217 ___Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze Lamiaceae Undershrub 1Bi__ Solanum melongena L. Solanaceae Herb 218 _Leonurus sibiricus L. Lamiaceae Undershrub 382 __ Solanum sisymbrifolium Lam Solanaceae Het 219___Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link Lamiaceae Herb 483 Solanum torvum Sw. Solanaceae Herb 220___Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit Lamiaceae Herb ¥B4___Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. Scrophulariaceae Herb 2i_ Ocimum tenuiforum L lamiaceae Herb 485 __Limnophila heterophylla (Roxb.) Benth Scrophulariaceae Herb 22 Boerhavia diffusa lamiaceae Herb 186 __Undernia oppositifolia (Retz.) Mukherjee Scrophulariaceae Herb 23 Boerhavia repens L. Lamiaceae HerbFLORAL DWERSITY rartigyan to artigo et a FLORAL OVERSITY X ‘SLNo. Name Family Habit Sl.No, Name Family 26 _Aerva lanata (L.)Juss. amaranthaceae Herb 264 Jatropha gossypifolia \. Euphorbiaceae Shrub 227 __Alternanthera ficoidea (L) Sm. Amaranthaceae Herb 265 __Trewia nudiflora Euphorbiaceae ‘Tree 2 28 __Alternanthera paronychioides ASt-Hil Amaranthaceae Herb 266 Putranjiva roxburghii Wall Euphorbiaceae Tree g 7 29 Alternanthera philoxeroides ‘Amaranthacese Herb 267 Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels Euphorbiaceae Tree ° (mart. Griseb. 268 Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn. Euphorbiaceae Herb 230 __Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. ex DC. Amaranthaceae Herb er PRI I udiufhiacear nes 23__ Nnaitinthusicnientos inarenttcte ——_ eds 20 Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. Euphorbiaceae Shrub 3a _Amiaitanthnis hybrids. Amaranthacese Herb 27 Phyllanthus urinaria L. Euphorbiaceae Herb 233 Amaranthus spinosus L Amaranthaceae Herb ee i NaS AO Amarentnacesg’ Hero 23 Pilea microphyita(L.) Liebm Urticaceae Herb y)__Rogantie wns: Weafanitigcees: Heit 2 Pouzolzia zeylanica (L) Benn, Urticaceae Herb 26___Celosia argentea L Amaranthaceae Herb Te Grnatlesatal Gane shub 2___Gomphrena globes Ameranthacme Harb 26 __Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Cannabaceae Tree 8___Chenopodium album | Chenopodiaceae Her 7 artocarpus heterophyus Lam ae = 29 Suaeda maritima (L) Dumort Chenopodiaceae Herb a Ficus benghatensis Moraceae Tree 240 Basella alba t. Basellaceae Climber 9 Ficus hispida Lt Toracese Tee 241 Persicaria barbata (L.) H. Hara Polygonaceae Herb csp Ficus vacemoso L Topcon Tree 242 Persicaria glabra (Willd.) M. Gémez Polygonaceae Herb 25) is ralgiosa L Moraceae Tree 2a Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre Polygonaceae Herb ia) Seen aepar oT Ere mann 344_Rersicavio orientalis (L.) Spach Palveanatitae Hatt 283 Casuarina equisetifolia L. Casuarinaceae Tree aes _fohygonlint plehaldin RBG Polygonaceae Lio) 284 —_Ceratophyllum demersum L Ceratophyllaceae Herb FU ES Polygonaceae Bete 225 __Hydrillaverticlata (Lf) Royle Hydrocharitaceae Herb 247___ Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth Piperaceae Herb 286 Nechamandra alternifolia Hydrocharitaceae Herb 248 ___Litsea glutinosa (Lour,) CB. Rob. Lauraceae Tree (Roxb. ex Wight) Thwaites 249 Acalypha indica Euphorbiaceae Herb 28)___Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers. iydrocharitaceae Herb 250 Chrozophora rottler (Geiseler) Euphorbiaceae Undershrub 288 Vallisneria spiralis L. ydrocharitaceae Herb A. Juss. ex Spreng, 289 Vanda tessellata (Roxb.) Orchidaceae Herb 25 Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Euphorbiaceae Shrub Hook. ex 6. Don Sungliers. juss 280 Curcuma longa L Zingiberaceae Herb 252___Croton bonplandianus Baill Euphorbiaceae __Undershrub 251 Musa poradisioca Wusaceee elt 253 Euphorbia antiquorum L. Euphorbiaceae Shrub nr Gennaro: fei 254 Euphorbia heterophylla L. Euphorbiaceae Undershrub 253, biascorea hubbifera faa Ainboer 25 _. Euphoria Hira L. Eiptiortiacane bets 294 __Eichhornia crassipes (Mart) Solms Pontederiaceae Herb 2 Biphaipia inca ann Euptrarbiacne Het 295 Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms Pontederiaceae Herb 227 _—_ Euphorbia niiuita. auchistant. cuphorbliceae, sneit 296 Monocharia vaginalis (Burm.f) Pontederiaceae ‘Herb 258 Euphorbia prostrata Aiton Euphorbiaceae Herb C. Prest 259 Euphorbia thymifolia Euphorbiaceae Herb 257 Commelina benghalensis Commelinaceae Herb 260 Euphorbia tithymaloides t. Euphorbiaceae Undershrub 238___ Commelina diffusa Barm<. Commelinaceae Herb 261___Excoecaria agallocha t. Euphorbiaceae ‘Tree 299 __Commeiina longifolia Lam Commelinaceae Herb 262 Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Wild.) Voigt Euphorbiaceae Shrub 300 Commelina paludosa Blume Commelinaceae Herb 263___ Jatropha curcas t. Euphorbiaceae Shrub 301 Murdannia vaginata (L.) G.Bruckn Commelinaceae Herb# es coe sown Mee CC .| u (iene ame iy 311 fr Sl.No. Name Family Habit SLNo. Name Family Habit 302 Cyanotis axillaris (L.)D, Don ex Sweet Commelinaceae Herb 339 Cyperus rotundus Cyperceae Herb 303 Areca catechu L. ‘Arecaceae Tree 340 Eleocharis spiralis (Rottb.) Cyperceae Herb a) 304 Bovassus flabellifer L. ‘Arecaceae Tree - Roem. & Schult. & 305 icoets aueferd L ay = 34 Fimbristylis eragrostis (Nees) Hance Cyperceae Herb 306 Dypsis lutescens (A. Wendl) a Strub 342__ Fimbristylis polytrichoides (Retz.) Vahl Cyperceae Herb Beentie & J. Dransf. 343 Fimbristylis schoenoides (Retz) Vahl Cyperceae Herb 307 Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb. ‘Arecaceae Tree 344 __Kyllinga brevifolia Row. Cyperceae Herb 308 Typha angustifolia \. Typhaceae Herb 345 Mariscus aristatus (Rottb.) Cyperceae Herb 303 Typha domingensis Pers, Typhaceae Herb J Tang & FT. Wang. 310___Alocasia macrormizos (L) G. bon ‘raceae Herb Hs. Boeewus noipstachoos (petit) B, Banu Ripatcead Ha i comtiaa caslents (Ud Schou TT Tat 347__Schoenoplectielia articulata (L.) tye Cyperceae Herb 312 Cryptocoryne spiralis (Retz) ‘araceae Herb | S48, Brochareeypennis fica. bla axe Foch er Wedlar ] Gardner & CE. Hubb. 313 Pistia stratiotes L. Araceae Herb 39 _Steos hacesta: Su. Be ag 314 __Typhonium flagelliforme (Lods.) Blume Araceae Herb 0 _ Srv yegon menses eee Lh =— ae ie nen aaa aE 351___Coix aquatica Roxb. Poaceae Herb 316___Lemna perpusilia Torrey Lemnaceae Herb a_i cen Tees Eee Be. 317__ Spirodela polyrrhiza (L.) Schieia, Lemnaceae Herb ne Ee fee ie 318___Wolffia globosa (Roxb.) Hartog & Plas Lemnaceae Herb 2h _Eehitocpiedt catenin, Eoarses a 36 Sag hai pa eaER RAN ay a 355 __Echinochfoa crus-galli (L.) PBeawv. Poaceae Herb 320 Sagittaria mantevidensis Cham alismataceae Herb See as Hare & Schitdl. 357 Eragrostis amabilis (.) wight & Arn. Poaceae Herb 32% Sagittaria sagittifolia ‘Alismataceae Herb 358 _-Hygroryza aristata (Retz.) Poaceae Herb ee a a SS ippoce seer Fane 1a 323 Aponogeton natans (L.) Engl Aponogetonaceae Herb 2 ~ BK. Krause | 360___Isachne globosa (Thunb) Kuntze Poaceae Herb 32) Potamogeton crispus L Potamogetonaceae Herb | 361__Leersia hexandra Sw. Poaceae Herb 325 Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. Cyperceae Herb 362__Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees Poaceae Herb affinis (Roth.) T. Koyama 363 Panicum paludosum Roxb. Poaceae Herb 326 Bulbostylis densa (Wall.) Hand.-Mazz. Cyperceae Herb 364 __Paspatidium flavidum (Retz.) A. Camus Poaceae Herb 327 Cyperus alopecuroides Rottb, Cyperceae Herb 365 Paspalidium punctatum Poaceae Herb 38__Cyperus articulatus L Cyperceae Herb | (Burm.) A. Camus 329 Cyperus compressus L. Cyperceae Herb j 366 Paspalum conjugatum P). Bergius Poaceae Herb 330___ Cyperus corymbosus Rottb, Cyperceae Herb | 367__Paspalum scrobiculatum L. Poaceae Herb 331 Cyperus difformis L. Cyperceae Herb a yeaa ee apie (Retz) Poaceae Herb! 332 Cyperus distans Lif Cyperceae Herb 369 Phyllostachys aurea Riviere Poaceae Herb 333 Cyperus byllingia Endl Cyperceae Herb &C Rivigre pe Cyperceae Hit 370___Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash Poaceae Herb 335 Cyperus pangorei Rottb. Cyperceae Herb 37 __Zoysia matrella (L.) Mer. Poaceae Herb 336 Cyperus pilosus Vahl Gyperceae Herb : | 32 Azolla imbricata SeNInaCES. Heb 337__ Cyperus polystachyos Rottb. Cyperceae Herb (Roxb. ex Griff.) Nakai 338 Cyperus pumilus L. Cyperceae Herb 373 Salvinia molesta DS, Mitch. Salviniaceae Herb312 Family Habit Herb Shrub ‘Table 2: Floristic analysis of East Kolkata Wetlanc a Plant Groups Plant Groups No. of Families No. of Genera No. of Taxa josperms Dicots a 720 84 Peridoph \\ Tota 2 21 31 The flora of East Kolkata Wetlands is dominated by the families Poaceae and Euphorbiacee with 24 taxa each. Cyperaceae ranks next with 23 taxa followed by Asteraceae (19) and Amaranthaceae (13). The families Acanthaceae, Caesalpiniaceae and Malvaceae are represented by 12 taxa each. The families Fabaceae (11 taxa), Solanaceae (11 taxa), Convolvulaceae (10 taxa) and Verbenaceae (10 taxa) are also well represented in the EKW. An analysis of the flora based on their life-forms categories such as herbs, shrubs, undershrub, trees and climbers reveals that the EKW is dominated by herbaceous flora (55%). A total of 209 herbaceous taxa were recorded from the study area. Trees form 19% of the total taxa recorded from the study area (73 taxa). Shrubs and under shrubs together constitute 17 % (64 taxa). A total of 25 climbers (7%) including lianas were also recorded from the East Kolkata Wetland. 313 of hydrophytic flora; gitaria montevidensis,314a _ DISCUSSION etiands a for the human requiremey pr activities, 316 ropolitan B the REFERENCES Bhattacharyya, A, Sen, S., Roy, PK. and Mazumdar, A, 2008. A Critical Study on Status of East Kolkata Wetlands with Special Emphasis on Water Birds as Bio-Indicator. Proceedings of Taal2007: The 12 World Lake Conference: 1561-1570. Bhattacharya, S., Ganguli, A. Bose, S. and Mukhopadhyay, A., 2012. Biodiversity, traditional practices and sustainability issues of EastKolkata Wetlands: A significance Ramsar site of West Bengal, (India). Research and Reviews in Bio Sciences Review, 6 (11): 340 ~ 347 Biswas, K.P, 1927. Flora of the Salt Lakes, Calcutta, Journal of Department of Science, 8:1-48, Chaudhuri, SR, Mukherjee, |, Ghosh, D. & Thakur, AR,, 2012. East Kolkata Wetland: a Multifunctional Niche of International importance. Online journal of Biological Sciences, 12(2): 80 - 88. Dasgupta, R., 1973. Contribution of botany of a portion of Salt Lakes, West Bengal, Bulletin of the Indian Museum, 1:36-43, Jain, S.X. and Rao, RAR. 1977. A Handbook of Field ‘and Herbarium Methods. Today & Tomorrow's Printers and Publishers, New Delhi Kundu, N., Pal, M. and Saha, S., 2008. East Kolkata Wetlands: A Resource Recovery System through Productive Activities. Proceedings of Taal2007: The 12° World Lake Conference: 868 - 881 Majumder, N.C., 1965. Aquatic and Semi-aquatic Flora of Calcutta and Adjacent Localities. Bull. Bot 8, a philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb Soc. Beng., 19:10-17 ‘ €. Commelina benghalensis D. Cyanotis axillaris (L.) D. Don ex EE z &.pomor Fors 4H. Phyla n kata cit 4 promoters leading to threat of habitat destruct in the world, since it can be easily converted ture, aquaculture, real estate, or any othe jed due to the fringes of Kolkata has led to the development of Salt Lake City rn neighbourhood of Kolkata y and the expanding pressure of the urbanization fhanges in the pattern of land use. If here will be simultaneous threat on the existing ity of Kolkata and the livelihood options available to rich floral and faunal diversity of this wetland is on which will lead to species extinction. 31736 ey Pe oes Pes Coane rear rane Me ore Pelt fe ABSTRACT eae The present study is carried out for the Ca ENS ue UC? Pees a eto) Pee Ose species under 50 genera and 29 families were recorded. The study is based on field Ceram ee ect’ Bete ee Ss Keywords Invasive Alien Species, Vascular Plants, E e biodi th steady $ P hum al ce ned by IUCN (2020) "An i q natural natural ecosyst nen i h : sity. These invasive species are rapidl fi Hl ng the world's f\ fauna ognised l q hat of habitat destruction a e m wa e, compare nat Dy th d growth and propagation, the flora by occupying the habitat and exploiting the nutritional Nn it 1 the region, including specie h ich ar fed by ecosystems (Raghubanshi et a aten lopme their impact on f hod rp i ng count a a b h uti ng the i ic impacts to develop : ia ( ., 2008), Th dy has been carried s Cn f Kolkata Wetlands (EKW), a RAMSAR sit nal sis que for its wise e ater for agriculture and @ field surveys w onducted during different seasons, covering different as water canals, agricultural fields, road sides, waste lands, dumping yards, water ponds, river banks etc in the East Kolkata Wetlands. The information available ature and in herbarium specimens hou the Central National Herbariun ‘onsulted. The native rang 2 of the invasive plants has bee om online databases (wesp.sc sbif; tropicos etc.) and a on their life forms abitat where the species occurs r plants occurring in East Kolkata h currently accepted scientific name, followed by standard ily ni 3, life form and nativity of the of the common invasive alien species lable ture (Reddy et al., 2008). Plants dershrub, shrub, climber and was also Netlands are The invasive species of vascu ated alphabeti abbreviation of authors nami pecies. Photographs are prov for somIvASIE ALIEN PLANTS ranma ec RESULTS A total of 61 taxa belonging to 50 genera and 29 families have been recorded as invasive alien in the flora of East Kolkata wetlands (Table 1, Plates 1-3). Among these, dicots are represented by 51 taxa from 49 genera and 23 families and monocots are represented by 9 taxa belonging to 8 genera and 5 c families. Pteridophiytes are represented by one species. Among the 61 Invasive alien plant taxa 8 recorded, 6 species namely, Mikania micrantha, Lysiloma atisiliquum, Lantana camara, Imperata cylindrica, Eichhornia crassipes and Salvinia molesta are included in the list of 100 of the word's worst invasive alien species (Lowe et. al, 2000), Herbs dominates the invasive flora with 41 taxa (67%) followed by undershrubs 12 taxa (20%), shrubs 4 taxa (6%), climbers 3 taxa (5%) and tree 1 taxon (2%). The families with highest number of Invasive alien taxa in EKW are Asteraceae (9 taxa) ‘which is followed by Euphorbiaceae (S taxa), Solanaceae (4 taxa), Malvaceae (4 taxa) and Poaceae (4 taxa). The families Amaranthaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Capparaceae and Convolvulaceae are represented by 3 taxa each, In terms of nativity of the species recorded, majority of the plants belong to tropical American origin, 37 taxa, (59%) followed by Tropical South American, 10 taxa (15%), Tropical African, 6 taxa (10%) and West indies, 3 taxa (5%). Temperate South America, Brazil and Europe are represented by ‘one taxon each, | Table t:mvasive Alien Species (vascular plants) of East Kolkata Wetlands SL Plant Name Family Common Habit Nativity no. Name 1. Ageratum conyzoides ‘steraceae —Goatweed ‘Herb Tropical We America 2. Alternanthera Amaranthaceae Smooth Herb Tropical paronychioides ASt-Hil joy weed America ‘Altemanthera Amaranthacese Alligator weed Herb Tropical philoxeroides (Mart) Grise. America 4 Argemone mexicana L Papaveraceae Prickly poppy Herb Tropical Central & South Am 5. Blumea lacera (Burm.f) BC. Asteraceae ——Letuce-leaf Herb Tropical Blumea America 6 Colotropis gigantea (L) R.Br. _Asclepiadaceae Crown flower Shrub Tropical africa 7_Gelosia argentea L. Amaranthaceae Woolflower Herb Topical Africa 8. Chloris barbata Sw. Poaceae Peacock plume Herb Tropical grass america 9. Chrozophora rotteri Euphorbiaceae Suryavarti____Undershrub Tropical Arica (Geiseler) A. juss. ex Spreng. 10. Cleome gynandra t Capparaceae Wild Spider Herd Tropical flower America 1. Cleome rutidosperma 0¢. Capparaceae Fringed spider Herb Tropical ower america 12 Cleome viscosa Capparaceae Dogmustard Herb Tropical America 13. Corchorus aestuans L Tilaceae fast indian _Undershrub Tropical mallow america 4 Croton bonpiandianus Euphorbiaceae Bonpland’'s __Undershrub Temperate Bail Croton South America 18. Cyperus difformis L. Cyperaceae —“Ricesedge Herb Tropical America SL Plant Name Family Common Habit Nativity Cina. name \ 16 Datura metal Solanaceae Thomnapple Herb Tropical Ameria Echinochloa colona Poaceae Shama millet Herb Tropical South g (L) Link America 8 Fchinochioa crus-gall Poaceae Barnyard millet Herb Tropical South (L.) P.Beauv. America ja Eclipta prostrata (L) L ‘Asteraceae False daisy Herb Tropical Amered 20. Eichhorn casspes Pontederiaceae Water hyacinth Herb Tropical (Mart.) Solms* America, ‘21. Euphorbia heterophylla L. Euphorbiaceae Wild Poinsettia Undershrub Tropical Areva 2 Euphorbia hire Euphorbiaceae Snakeweed Herb Tropical America 23, Euphorbia indica Lam. Euphorbiaceae Snake weed Herb Tropical South America 2 Bvohalus nommuaras Convolwlateae Round lea? ‘Her Tropical we bind weed America 35 Grangea maderaspatana Asteraceae Madras carpet Herb Tropical South (L.) Poir, ‘America 26. Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit Lamiaceae American mint Herb Tropical America Imperato ofindrica Poaceae Cogon grass werd Tropical (L.) Raeusch.* America 28. Ipomoea carnea jacq. subsp. Convolvulaceae Bush morning = Shrub_ Tropical fistulosa (Mart. ex Choisy) ‘glory America Dg. Austin 23. Ipomoea obscura (L.) Convolvulaceae Obscure Climber Tropical Africa Ker Gav, morning glory 30. Lantana camara > VWerbenaceae Wild sage Shrub —~—Tepical America 31 Ludwigia adscendens(L) Onagracease Water prose Verb Tropical kara America 32 ludighe pena Onagraceae Paddy clove Herb Tropical Aca 33. Lysiloma latisiliquum (L.) Mimosaceae Horse tamarind Tree Tropical Benth Ameria 34, Malachra capitate (L.) L. Malvaceae Brazil jute ‘Undershrub Tropical Ameria 35. Malvastrum coromandelianum Malvaceae False mallow Undershrub Tropical (L) Garcke America 36. Mecardonia procumbens Scrophulariaceae Baby jump-up — Herb Tropical North (oi) Smal Amefea 3 Melochiacorchonfolal. Stereullaceae Chocolate weed UndershruB Tropical Ameria 38. Mikonio micrantha Kunth®* Asteraceae Mile-a-minute Climber Tropical America 38. Wonoctoria vaginalis Pontederaceae Ovalleaf ‘Herb Tropical (Burm.f) C. Prest pond weed America322 SL Plant Name Family common Habit Nativity No, Name 40. Nicotiana Solanace mex Herb Tropical plumbaginifotia Viv. tobacco america 41, Oxalis corniculata | Ovalidaceae —indiansorrel Herb Europe 42. Parthenium hysterophorus L. Asteraceae Congress weed Herb Tropical North america ‘3. Passifiora foetida Passifloraceae Stinking passion Climber Tropical South hower America ‘44, Peperomia pellucida Pipera Rat's ear Hero Tropical South (L) Kunth America 45, Pilea micro} Urticaceae Gun powder ier Tropical South (L) ebm plant America 46. Pistia stratiotes L. Araceae Water lettuce Her Tropical america 47. Portulaca oleracea L Portulacaceae Pursiane Herb Tropical South America 48. Ruel tuberosa L Acanthaceae Menowweed Herb Tropical America 49, Salvinia molesta D.S. Mitch.* _Salviniaceae _—_Karibaweed Herb Brazil 50, Scoparia dulcis L Scrophulariaceae Sweet broom Herb Tropical weed America Si. Senna alata (L.) Roxb, Caesalpi Roman candle Shrub West Indies 52. Senna obtusifolia (L.) Caesalpiniaceae Sickle senna —_Undershrub Tropical lrwin & Barneby America Senna occidentalis Caesalpiniaceae Coffee weed (tink Sida acuta Burm. Malvaceae Morning mallow Solanum americanum Solanaceae mil Solanum torvum Sw. Synedrelta nodifiora Asteraceae (L) Gaertn Tridax procumbens (L.) Asteraceae Typha domingensis Pers. Typhaceae T.angustata Bor. & Choub,) Urena lobata L Malvaceas Xanthium strumarium Asteraceae Nightshade Turkey barry Node weed Mexican daisy Cat tail Bur mallow Cocklebur Undershrub Undershrub Herb Undershrud Herb Herb Herb Undershrub Tropical South America Tropical America Tropical A West indies fest indies Trapical Central America Tropical America Tropical africa Tropical America (Plate t:(imasive Alien Specie Plate + ‘A.Ageratum conyzoides (L) L B, Alternanthera philoxe ides (Mart) Grseb, C.Argemone mexicana L. Flower close up (inset D. Croton bonplandianus Ball E. Datura metel F.Eichhornia crassiges (Mart,) Salms 323324 Plate 3: A. Oxalis c 325326 Biological invasion has emerged as a new environmental threat across the world causing loss of biodiversity resulting in species extinction, change in native vegetation and hydrology, ecosystem services and economic development. These species are a serious challenge to conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity causing significant negative impact on the goods and services delivered by the ecosystem. Species inventory at regular intervals covering different seasons and mapping of the invasive species should be carried out to effectively monitor the extant of invasion. Management of these invasive species requires eradication, strict quarantine of further introduction of potentially invasive alien species and regular monitoring. Comprehensive awareness programmes should be held among the local people and the management strategies should be designed focussing on research to categorise the alien species according to the threat and rate of spread. Calder, |.and Dye, P, 2001. Hydrological impacts of invasive alien plants. Land use and Water Resources Research, 17)-8 UCN, 2020. https:/ ‘wan jucn.org/theme/species/our-work/invasive- species. (accessed on 09.04.2020). Kumar, A. and Prasad, S., 2014, Threats of Invasive alien plant species. International Research Journal of Management science e Technology, 4(2): 605: 624, Lave, S., Browne, M., Boudjelas, S, and De Porter, M,, 2000. 100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien species ~a selection from the Global Invasive Species Database. The Invasive species specialist Group (ISSG), Auckland. pp. 12 Mooney, H.A. and Hobbs, RiJ., 2000. invasive species in a changing world. island Press, Washington, D.C Raghubanshi, A., Ral, LC., Gaur, |. and Singh, J.S., 2005. Invasive alien species and biodiversity in india. Current Science, 88(4): 539-540, Reddy, C:S., Bagyanarayana, G., Reddy, K\N. and Raju, V.S., 2008. Invasive alien flora of india. National Biological Information infrastructure, US Geological Survey, USA. Pp. 130 Shreshta, B.B., 2016. Invasive Alien Plant species in Nepal. n: Jha, PK., Siwakoti, M and Rajbhandary, S. (Eds.), Frontiers of Botany. Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu. Pp. 269 - 284, Simberloff, 0, 2011. How common are invasion- included ecosystem impacts? Biological Invasions, 1365): 1255-68, Thapa, S., Chitale, V., Rijal, SJ, Bisht, N. and Shreshta, B.B., 2018. Understanding the dynamics in distribution of invasive alien plant species under predicted climate change in Western Himalaya. PLoS ONE, 13(4): e0195752.