Y é A pee [Pelzien | # | Puimerale >— A Jose 4s mache dhe Line | v b i im 1416 that) ater can release excer encgy a4 Aig hot ete | dpontaneatly, oe uhen stimulated ok Hight 1 | | In 1960 ALi Jovan , William Benett and Denald Howat at Bet? tabs bailt othe finch gas dose, urhich gon ctter Con a5 beasn econ tastes of, Helium: and news - He-Ne fares tamrck were the feet laserey tutth buead _commextial applications because =a could he acl{usted to genmate aq visible 58 beam _-tradead of an nba. ed beam Lae emisuion 13 shaped by the Maroy of: Quantum Mechanicn wolu'ch__says Shat atom _o% molecules caw only shave disowke ameunt of, dered enters « =| n* an _akewie mello ef ox solid system canned win wamocseve 7 Alem can make a _tnansitinn between those / hos tevels hig emisen 0% btoupsbion ob allen! of i teT Ee Ear eS PP] sds En7 Em 1 hove = Eawegay of nth evel > Gugy ob mith Level - Qua: || A He-Ne Jaren emi Droit. of, wavelength, 633.¢nm and has a panex output of. YmW. 4_|| How rnany phokery ars. emibted pee Aecond bye —! the Soren 2 Sal We knew that, Ewgy of emitted, photon six — bity = fe a shore fds Planck's constaut = 6626 x16 Ta cts spend cf Aight = 3x108 m/z A aty _urawelomth af tarex, — 632-4nm = 632-8 X15 Ty So E=he = 66RCKIo x 3x08 CB QR KIC E= 31392 x10 Accaucling As Suoatiaation, seachation — } E= nhy ‘ Aa, power (P) of cited ee canned win wamoc| P= Ymw = = = Yio = (we bnew, RE Peel ren fry wilt > : Dividung uO by shiny we fave, a — * 2% 40 =-N = 70° L : a Sf photon emibled Pu second . be P= NAS PENX 31342 x16 47 ZS N= Yxio3 = 127 X10 photon Tee 31342 xg Ta Aecond (fi 39 Seuouseu ‘Gidigine = Let us assume Shot a at excittod cunsgy evel nn. Stnee Ex? Ey, dhe atom will tend cto __ decay te Dowex Level m whan E = 6-6, =40 * he Coun pending fussy difheuance aoe by canned win wamocate: as | 8 Aven =p? ibe ef auch a Apenbanesia furwm fy ] Aevel_ nm de m 7 I is ale called seadiabive beanuttion sate oa kadiati, Aiamsition _ prol Area has a _unih of Viinng Ww, Be a te En? Gn, : Lt ys by } Let Ny ih the no cf atoms pte unit velume in fovel” m+ Then cy Apontaneous jump fuer, Level nto dn, min Na Anm pee seconal } The __seatte, ch spontaneous smirsion pucrn Devel tems. dNy = = Naf —&@ : Ad thu, -ve uh dhe pepulotion of level & decusasyy dur do 4pentanceus emistion 98 excched # wxcted Saunt akate Gy Sry case, the Sevek nm is nat. the _Juuk eccdad dale” ox Level , the em com jump cto mee than ont Aswour evel The total proba Hhat dhe > 27 will make a aperitaneous fump_de_ cu Aowd devel ah — + An = = An, =e \ ™ 5 Lovel n+ LSummation is vex UL ewer enor Levels Haw \ ny canned win wamocat \ Page flo: 46 | i ' I ane = = Ny An -@© i | eaaen en poth atcles — H Nm = = fy fat fi Nov x 2 ko Nn = -Ant + dnc Hy 5 Qn Ny = -A fH a ee in ‘, > Ny = ¢ exb.(-Ant) —® FH (Tgp ot t=0 and Nn = Na? Hun fl . Nn = © exb-(o) Ei | 2 c= Nn bE ae: equ" @ can be wodten as — il [Nn 2 Ni exp: (-A,t)| — © ti — f : I The population ot Towed decsenasey _exponkactrally vat ti ~The dime "in whieh populabion Lally ‘te Ye | Le ds winked value called mahal ile duine 1) a ee eee {i E + ae. Ny = Na + f e Hi LH k > Ny = Na exb. CAT) { e : | = exb-(-1)_ = exp: C~AnTtn) j > -[ = — fy tre A > Am = 1 - { Tm i I =) Dp fee. l i | Bow | Et i i canned win wamoci. Date Page fio: 47) Numeaicals bared en __ Spowtancaus Ewusten y if} a? Gus [Ln He- cA. Rasen, the arene 8D, =, and 2Da, => “Eien ee eal 3536 mm ond 335.0 mm raapecbively Ths +adiative y Pecobab itis stow tse, Aesntibions on E812 ond 73K 10> 47 \ saspectivedy Compute, Se tuppow Dosen Lovell “tnvelved ain these sbeamrition, 4 Aw i= Aa, SL 6xice 4 g a ja 1:3 x10% 47! = Ta t Re Ram 4 Rao = UebKIO°+7-8 XID = B= (etl Slo a! {Bae = Pam 7 and n= 1 = il A me = Pom t=) es G8 41-6) 10% 37! Aw. Gus: Sn Ndi AG Dose. the Lifetiine ob the uppes level" Jase Lune 1, 06U pm sv a30 ps Debooming Hho apewkanseus — tuansiion pasbabitcs » | av] Ay we know that 5 | Ans | 5 Uw } ond Tn is givew Tm = 30 4 = a30KIe% o aye) T S = W35xI8 4” 250% [08s 2 An = 435 %10% 87) hu, canned win wamoc| Wate: ‘Page i Lat tiv alem be siuially in tbs, = upp tavel "1" and. clic api ans | ~~ ty " N dendcchiow ot fuagueny | Esp 40 | ARS Fy 4 mident on it. I A q Swnce, the sediabion hea same _-fysquimesg as x te —paquaney of duamition betiveon Soyel:_n ond _m, eh thee — ts Pine probability thot she disci dost Hi a sadiation wilh fouce adhe ont de. undinge dxawiiien fun fave "nto. ‘mn 1 Fp n thin puseus, a nw photon of ALD Peston » a f dy _emited in Ae dots Aveection ef uincident __ YT piston which is thera ampli in dating 3h pun pertion ef _rwo phgton, axe conpldaly didudlaal g Pe i ede old photon, 3 FL Tek the ene ity of, exctienally applied em __ 4 di i squemey 9 he _¢C*) _( ening. pes AL pew unit faayponctp) Then tha ses of — A papulahian of tha —uppee veld do i evasimse pstepettlional Se de. ___. / [sn of aes Devel and —_eneeyy /— adiadion - Thexe4 ose ia = — Na Beg 867) ak oe “hn Bam is Einskein —_ cobftetent joe tinulated ney r tminton Bam has units ef megs canned win wamocDate: Page Na: # |[Stimuhated _Absotepbion, Gouden thet atonal i diel mahi is quound eve). Let_an em _suadiation of deeg, ! ‘y’ a> imerdomt en the _actom + Tw “safle puchability that the cco wail) be sarted tp Level nm. : Ey {The Sousa diftuence a fy sequined by the by potas atom stp _undeuge = He dranitiow as Em a cltained fem thy ean En7 Em] Abe inciclet em sadiatien + Me 34 ee ees a N. ob aa | anand te the ineidedt) iation clumsy £0?) | [ann = Nm Bmn PO) ie whese ty Eintter: coblictort te Adin: The _cefficibuts B aue ale ebenteed te as Gingts “ascblan NOTE!~|| “Toe phate aue cohment if, — hove ame tug tres daw “ . tame Phare Sanu mementum vectoe ase. moving. dn some diwction + = Some -pehasuidatrion 3 \ canned win wamocut Date: Page ti.: loo Pebaniscion of EM wave cto whieh, Phebe, belong. 4 photons. Palanisation oh EM wave 1s sulated to the ois edie, of cicillation of its ehicbule _Lisld _vechon « + Ermatesn, Colfictenita 1 He Adterxmines Une principle cendiliny © a material to be wed a adie Lemedium im Jason. Congidoe collection of almy which ui vnaide a caveby| ot dompencturme T - The eneay clumsy of sadiokion "I + within a, Cav. ty given by — { [CPanel FO) = se hs" pool _ @ | fodiatlon oud’) © [erp I i Atoms im auch a cavily, esses many Discuke, | enecgy tovely Conatdese duve- energy levels n and om with ssi En and Em and ene | Aibbeomce —_blw thon is HY | . Nww—g——— 7 — ©, & 1 Ban Non POP] Bm Nn ame na Kam Nw a al Nw Shs Sadi, Speen ‘Absouption — Enusaton — Enulss ow [Let Ny and Neg be the population dentity ef ot) and mth Devel. The seadiatron ob the cowusy may tides with thy com endo. banat J canned win wamocaves Non mn £2) = Nm 8mm P(2) +Na Anm-@ tohaeee 4 shimecdececl g Bm = Einstein Cob» tou Pabsonephion » so Bam = Eviutuw Col} fou atimulated emisulon - = Pnoy = Einidein col» four apertamenug eniliiien Fron eq. (2) — - Nee Bans 22) - Nay Brin 0) - Nn Anm = © E = 9) [Ny Brn — Na Bam] = Ni A. = 2 SOOT Nin bmn = Bm | = Bam LN» a > [om = — em | _® {N= Ban - Bam | (Ua a) ; Accorechi Bellzmann Dirtuibution Saw 4 — The pepulatien seni ch cay energy cove wait i Den —_ ® Wha, No = Teal population demic By. un "@ we un wule — Now = Gn Noe /kT Ney Gm Noe /RT canned win wamocPagelio.; joo _| Np = 9m exb- - & Nm am KT = | As, Em =m =? Se, N. Nn ta} Put Has value in equ" @ — fe ee Fe PE (2mm = 8m] nae eT mr Comparing equ © 4© — euhy [ft] fAnm, S&P CG) ‘Ta=yer: (32 \) Baa = Can] Ke J sho? (_) o = (Bev, | Fl eR()-! Go| [ganesh (@)\=1] | C = a Compasuna the teem 01 a aide t= “pmm = 81h»? Bam e =) Anm = 31h Bam AS: a) ce? = and Gm 8mm = | dn Bam Sop: > |Gm Bn = Fn _ Bam —® } Fee nen - Aegensriae devel = 4m= Gn = —_ ike Bann —= Pn ® Bum equ C1) $= a canned win wamoci ¢ ns Bem = Siths® —& , Sem - fo 7 PD Aim = Bam *% Ne-ef modes pee unit valume poe 4eequrre, wadneval (abet) x Hote ere {Qrivequ”"@® €@ 3 Pam, Som, Ban ans the Enuite’n % celle « hs qu” @_, the natie tebwesn She ne. # ch” apentauceus and Thus achieve dex action That's shy ik sy ven AMientt te consburet a vine high 4acctusney Las —fuepetion of Lovee Layee xadkiation ai chaxackeutsed Bae an_ecduimily nigh _desatg of _meneeh ssemattcity a cohtupnee __ dituctional and_balehines Nemachuem Menechwem: sk Lovey xadiation sarubhs ie ss afl te wth sami facquiney ete ene heros. i He __phsten, axe ewictted duc iy duaitien d/o tie dame tive atemis exe medicile euutasay Levels + Fite the Jorec cavity suuspaste uly teu Ha usrquineier of Aetna cout, bs He tecguiney ang, f 3 canned win wamocDate: Page No: joy However, the eungy Levels axe met ah, asp thee [is _abvays a small i] As, Ou facto ts the seadio- of, eenianivn a a “the Mine width. -— esta =) yo tc = A ee canned win wamoca [Baie Page Na: 105" || Hom 4p = -c . 4d A | Put the value ef AP im _equvO— d Q= 74 was acl {vimve sign dy not | rary) 4A LU conuidateed . A =%|-2 C oY Ga mea we Aegpuve of monechsomaticdy | whose vity comtual esque oh beam i-e: Laser bear => |Righoe © scopes ents Highest mene chsornekicrty.» NTA AN YN NN \ => |New , Degacte el nen - mene chxomaticibdy Ch) ob “oso es ee eee of quality facts - Foe \e\ \ \ \ z F = = — | Ss measusy the _dugteon of nen- menec' emeticibs. 7 i Netei-| [Fou audinany Lit; 6% = to He Cag. apeand) 1 Fox Aan bight dy = S00Hz Cheng. apazad) | | Baightous # | $k is defined as He pewene cottbed feom ah asia of But eitnibs cruhuasee ges unit sebid | | amafe a ae actuemely high because the pawts a be amalt but it 4 dishuibutel pyor solid angle which ss anal Go 7 | ner | "apy (C{pequeney ) canned win wamocWAN | t Page tian: toe Cofmnence i- . The ght source which emib tight waver vith [ sone peequoney, Bars wavellon ai ‘ nat same Phage oe ome polatsabion axe bnawn ay a oh Cohen | pewxce and tues phenomena is -knewn a4 coheuumees| basrere taht thas ugh c ui The ether. _propechies ae} sore CD ar i j _ monecheematicity ) are Avucthy ere wth L As we -he ‘ = e_discuued that tosen tipht si cohvwonk _becarue of coherent photo, emitted | Aung, atin bated enusgicn + lobe 7 i exdinguy souxce 0 Imchmment becaue t | ts__clus te apentaneaus emtsdton of Acaclsotbins: Nite Hi] Jo laser. bight us cohsnoict teesece became it dis stinwlated . he © Ordinary Lab ts imcohensut became it i apenc | : enuision — [ Types ef cohrrence he © Tempoual cohpvemn (cohownce wast shrine ) |! ie Spatial cohexence Ccchowence wised space) L Le OlTempexal cohawence '— Conuider dwe- poy P amd @ at a distance ‘UL apast in tHe duiuchion. sf posha= =qahion ef, Pose beam ili EO kb SFP i | iF T | fe Be foe Sempouah erhuonct ii Ly defini ond fixed phase sutlecbiowship¢ canned win wamocLa Pig. in Diagram foe Plame waveloom Eg | Tae CH Ti eet ae ii let us consider the points P and @ ew a plane Hy wavie}cont oh co berm di. fuom ayer (a ee of elucbie fields al Piand & suspeclvely Af thie 45% cordon hull dfferumce b/w Ey 4, even a store sikeev ad Hern 1 pets P and Q@ oe sath to pores spatial cohownce + Pont GQ must bre im finite ansa _| ed cohmence ua that auueonds peut P Ditance b/w P_and @ Ju fawn as Tuanwveue 1 Cohnence Sength : “pe $= lt Stimulated emission produces photon wtkh | almat pucisaly tdanbical _clisection thy puspagation 1 The wisueetes aobechiveby- cumpllify « dal bean. The 4 dose thus emily _ Natowd. paxablel loam ff Ldeorn sty sutput MURKe ; Ths extent of. beam 73 AL au PET EL canned win wamoc| re A = wavelen of Saree beam D= iene af lee beam B= properblenality Constanit Lasee Idea *~ spin ANNES Consider dase entngy evel m_and m given, otem . Let Now and Nm be th: peepubaw | danaities of vel amd 1m _suspectively E ibing- Ae Hus Hudtolye peecen Apodanten, endiiien, stinulated ebueutien and ewusii we _avumed that duusiing- tramitien bebovecn there to Revels a photon of Hequency YP is emitted o abated tndicatmg that eae seve ae genbectt how. Reg h ata “Level axe net inlinibel aD. | axa bucadend . Dillownt Jevels ove Aibbrort bupodening An otem. in an _entngy Ssvel caw acually, ove ar within, a 4ynike, Bea pails al tile, walled wo i absorbed sodighin ts ducubed by ah Sue shape function g (9) ast. gun) dv is She plesk Omisuton ore abstpbion oN a photew with Arg. betweom, > _ and Deady. us . Ui iy ne sed Ge wnitiga pgedde =I —O canned win wamoc2) be the dens exch oloctuemagn edie seadi ation wat feeegtec sn = AN == Ny Bary (2) 90) —© ie Fee absoupion 1 ANmy = Nm Bnn PO? 9) —®D 7 at | 5 The envegy density. of a xadiation tela SO) caw Aimply be xxelated to the wirtensity ef a plane | oh em wore Sf the antewsty of the wave as | Ly Cad pee unk wea pee unit ferqueney rca!) E -}—} tee 1 50) = Ip —®© { po) u Kp hee, Cas velocity of, ight tn the medium - WW $ |New, Cenatedee an incident beam ef, Light of, ticken — |, ty, "Ty passe Hurow gh a __meclium, ef iy — Hrickenens "Az" and _ cues sectional arwa ‘A', it pS En »Nn ——— —— 11 iy | ho | i: li P| ae i i Em 5 Non a ™ j canned win wamocJ . Data: Pago No: UY / : att : c Abe. een peo mechium_, the pul._o / inude added by -eadiatiy y pueceres ive sperthaneaus emusion sHimuded eminion and absouption these Processes , eee subbuack) a _pheteon Canny dy. fod. reget coxbuibution oft ~ vm! ] . ten 7 | Erexgy Uncxeased pe unit Qa! c [e-Gtdz) = Ty@]A = [tn Bam = Rm Bn | 9600 Le c Ao AZ 2 Aly — [N,8,,.- Nm Bmn] 92) I» Av — 6) - qa A < | S| aS [Nn = Nm Bin) 9) To.) Bam —© ae X Bam) | As, we knew thet _— | 9yo£my = dn Bam =© || tohene | 4, = degenmacy cf mith evel j I 4, = elegy ngxacy ck with evel 4 una equ © ay__equ" (5), we get — eng [| “aly = (Na = Noi Fn) Bam J) To. ie —@ az \ qm Ale we “knew that — j | nm = 3? Bmm Bam = Pn cf? | e eneh then equ” © become = j Ip = Pam 2°» 900). Jp [Nac Nim io} daz eT zh 2 = = a a 32 Ma = tn Be = | canned win wamocr a Bate: i AAT pt %)_= Pome ao Tne = Fe anv Bn | pen _equ™® becomes — HH aI ay = %O <6 Ber | az 1] eT ¥(») ¥. . . : = s ce ¢ As gain cbtctents (an me). 4 “ + | Hac, stimulated emisu'on -cxets ~ section (0) So i %t) = (Nm— Jn Na) GeO) = ANG TI non 7 7 fe | \ Gon = ae (>) 4 Where 4N = Nn— 3m Non ae dm ii and Ge = Pam ©? gtx) —aD i Sitov2 i => [eo = SN Tae) —_— ee {| On anteguating the equ (es < (tty = %I)fde J Ty | kn Ty|% = %oorl?ld TO D> 2 5 -In LO) = WE { jy _Ipl2). += wez Tye) > Tylz) = Fe) exb-[ ¥, (>) 2] oT ca Tye = Tyo) _exb- Nn- do_N. z yon [gee ste preg ht au agit sp } ay ape) Ge] —O)_ fength 2)” — a | [ 4 canned win wamoc™ hese (0) dy TE) 4 wnt @) LONE TSE TNS exponent exy A CEPI 4, Tie and 2 axe al catien will ace ah, = Ny > nN dn Ny >I tn Nm When Naz Nan 2 this case me 7 \ wnueion Pepubabion inversion is necestar ampliLication - mateual havin dren i called ackwe medium: New, de make an cscitlaten deem an am) ik ds necessares do se sntwoducetalable pouch back: PRawe murscex bose elemerdts a fan eillateo 1 boule. ted ob tne canned win wamocA a ath 9 ‘ aq axe Called lig. One e juegy —_is__parch’a bby tramspasent te chtaty cutput - beam» = [hee gan Nm > 9m Nn 4 ee Im eI we knaw that Abe Ty(2)_ = Ty (©) exp. [eo 7)- 2] and Go) & Gz exp. [%) +2] ii re | Power gan i Hon, Tate) = Tyo), Gp-| HW Hoe 22 Lf Clongh ef active matenial) Hun — Wl Ge exp [%() dL] -U =~ and. Ty(2)_ = D0) exh. [7% 2 - if ln_each pay thuewsh it, the witewity inoaases 4 uy iS: acter. exp. Croc) 2]. 7 Ab each salle ction C=) oe CI“ Re) 4, Cer wa Sou - Whom em wave —_csoss the on, Qa —fampbitied a. facox of; exp. [FL] » Afton 2 ope Lmbuwe Ry, a pauk of ut ~ Ls becaus f muvee — teyes 2 and 8, eh. ft) hi aufticted back! Tha diate again ampliid ye actor of exp» [7 0): 2], as ceostes i eh tl Ch sadialion — #0cing—feoa the mibsure Ry at Peiep. (Caro) 2] 4s sabtectedl back in eviacnal | al xb. j~dticechion + Fa canned win wamoc iDate: Page Na: 11S" The __dhusheld condition ts = CS Ri Ry exp: fam) L] Zh aI exp: [2%() 2] 71 RRs Takuig natal leg om beth bid = Qwmod > Inf IN (RiRay SHEN sclera enesc 2 [eo > 1 init _\ at (Rik: \ Altus, we knew that — x Fo) = AN Te ) -—@ - Fuom equ” GH) ¢@D — - [ange my. \I # Qn (RiRa7 7 4N=_t dnft_ -—@ 4 am Nz Nw Gn = 1 an{ = | Ym alTe a} 2 4, stevely ater non- Argennacto Qe = hy Gy = | =) [Na= Nm = 1 1 \|_ —@> fn [ WL Te (Rika 7] G Gaikicad inversion /dhuarhald comeitren Thus the phelens which ane pentane emubted Jina duction along. the axis et, Rosee Cavichy, Ae __emplibication proces. canned win wamoc[Page tio [96 a 5 sho, : Sry eal and Ri=eS: Caladels he Hon = 1S eS hold invousion i mere Length of the achive mateuial is 1-Sem & dhe toseanaltion acuers tection iy 8-8 Jo 'Vem?. iL As we knew that, thaoheld ose conti. er: Bee dave loved sol_dnetuion bf. E_| No=-N, = 1 nfl \ a ele (Rr Ro] it No-N, = in{i_) AXTS om X 88K 15 Fem \Ix 0.5) Ne-Ny = t g—in(2) = S.25 Kio on? |i ISxeasxie XBEKI guy Fox He-Ne lasee Sime 632-8 mm , abinuslated emission 4 : . = . i . ‘ uit tection sy 3-0 X10 | m? _and. Anvesiion denahy Ls oA S:oXjo'S m3, Debemine He small aigal. gain cobbicionts mm | A Smalh Aignal qain co- efhicrant — YO) = [Nn = 9m Noy | Tie ©) a Gm = a [%oiv) = ANG I we de: Hy FeO) = ayictim x Sxloom? = C1Sm! sw, ie Gull Debuemine what emission fyequency- width would be xequixed -~ ee thave a temporal Cobowence Dong, of loom aba + ewe wavelengty eds 488 nm. eS stu he oe knew that — a eS Av = 6 = &gaxlo®mjs = axioltz Aw, 4 te le lo™m Ly ful Bedium Ramp shar a cohweence bina 1098. Fund = aa cohment length. Pal LAs we new that, “) canned win wamocDate: [Pope Mo: 117 | / 4 ¢ Coherent fength_, be =e% Le = 3xto®x 1o7!°m ¢ Le = 3 xio’m = 3em__ Any 7 A Mase sated ot otOT can gonoale zadiation, im / gions _pubie» What ua _pewere eudput pox pubic 2 , The pewor output P 2 —# _? ‘ps —& = elo _ 33 xlo! S/4- ‘ * axles 1 DP =33xle Watt = 33MWall shu } What ws stempecal Coherence sdength ef He-Ne Sou opexading ot a. _wav 632-8 nm with om emission widty ef, too Hz ? Enusion width > Line caidlth = 49 = lor Hz le = eke = Ay Tes 3xe8™s = 3x1 {oe Hz Ve =3c0m| shu, Anetlwe method * y= ec = |e) =|C4A — [aA] > \ az! Daz ALY =( 632-3101) X 10° dom = (6 3k 108 Ade \-3351% lo om Now , Az Cg32-8%107) 4a 1-335 1x10 Le # 300m ins 4, ee canned win wamoc