DICREPANCIES OF EVIDENCE GIVEN BY THE WITNESS

Chean Siong Guat v Public Prosecutor [1969] 2 MLJ 63

ACRJ:
Discrepancies may, in my view, be found in any case for the simple reason that no
two persons can describe the same thing in exactly the same way. Sometimes what
may appear to be discrepancies are in reality different ways of describing the same
thing, or it may happen that the witnesses who are describing the same thing might
have seen it in different ways and at different times and that is
how discrepancies are likely to arise. These discrepancies may either be minor or
serious discrepancies. Absolute truth is I think beyond human perception and
conflicting versions of an incident, even by honest and disinterested witnesses, is a
common experience.

In weighing the testimony of witnesses, human fallibility in observation, retention

and recollection are often recognised by the court. Being a question of fact, what a
magistrate need do is to consider the discrepancies and say whether they are minor
or serious discrepancies. If, after conthem. On the other hand, if a magistrate finds
that the discrepancies do not detract from the value of the testimony of the witness
or witnesses, it would then be proper for him to regard the discrepancies as trivial
and ignore them. On the other hand, if a magistrate finds that
the discrepancies relate to a material point which would seriously affect the value
of the testimony of the witness or witnesses, then it would be his duty to weigh the
evidence carefully in arriving at the truth. In the present case, what the learned
magistrate in fact found was that the discrepancies were minor and he quite
properly ignored them.
Pie Bin Chin v Public Prosecutor [1985] 1 MLJ 234

ACRJ:
Discrepancies are no doubt present in this case, as they do ostensibly appear in
most cases in evidence of witnesses for the prosecution as well as the defence. The
transcripts of most evidence, when thoroughly tooth-combed by any able lawyer,
never failed to yield some form of inconsistencies, discrepancies or contradictions
but these do not necessarily render the witness's entire evidence incredible. It is
only when a witness's evidence on material and obvious matters in the case is so
irreconcilable, ambivalent or negational that his whole evidence is to be
disregarded.

Andy Bin Bagindah v Public Prosecutor [2000] 3 MLJ 44

Court of Appeal:
There is no dearth of authorities to say that in every case, there are bound to be
contradictions and discrepancies. The question to be decided by the trial judge is
whether those contradictions and/or discrepancies are material ones so as to strike
at the very root of the charge. It is for the trial judge to consider this since he was
the one who saw and heard the evidence.

Muthusamy v Public Prosecutor [1948] 1 MLJ 57

The proper way to apply the sections is this. On the request of either side, the
Court reads the former statement. If there is no serious discrepancy the Court so
rules and no time is wasted. The first necessity is to read it with the confident
expectation that it will be different from the evidence but looking judicially to see
whether the difference really is so serious as to suggest that the witness is
unreliable.

Differences may be divided into four classes:—

(a)Minor differences, not amounting to discrepancies;

(b)Apparent discrepancies;
(c)Serious discrepancies;
(d)Material contradictions.

Minor differences are attributable mainly to differences in interpretation and the

way in which the statement was taken and sometimes to differences in recollection.
A perfectly truthful witness may mention a detail on one occasion and not
remember it on another. A mere omission is hardly ever a discrepancy. The police
statement is usually much briefer than the evidence. Both the statement and the
evidence are usually narratives reduced from question and answer. The witness is
not responsible for the actual expressions used in either, and all the less so where
he does not speak English.

If the police statement gives an outline of substantially the same story there being
no apparently irreconcilable conflict between the two on any point material to the
issue, the Magistrate should say at once ‘The difference is not such as to affect his
credit’ and hand the statement back.

If, however, the difference is so material as probably to amount to a discrepancy

affecting the credit of the witness, the Court may permit the witness to be asked
whether he made the alleged statement. If he denies having made it, then either the
matter must be dropped or the document must be formally proved, by calling the
writer or, if he is not available, by proving in some other way that the witness did
make the statement.

If the witness admits making the former statement, or is proved to have made it,
then the two conflicting versions must be carefully explained to him, preferably by
the Court, and he must have a fair and full opportunity to explain the difference. If
he can, then his credit is saved, though there may still be doubt as to the accuracy
of his memory. This procedure is cumbersome and slow and therefore should not
be used unless the apparent discrepancy is material to the issue.