Section 1:

Question 1:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_psychology
http://www.jmdplmahilacollege.com/upload/paper_20201201045100_1254.pdf
https://www.careershodh.com/scope-of-social-psychology/
https://www.verywellmind.com/things-you-should-know-about-social-psychology-2795903

Question 2:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence
https://www.verywellmind.com/research-areas-in-social-psychology-2795913

Question 3:
https://www.ukessays.com/essays/psychology/social-psychology-theories-prosocial-
4303.php#:~:text=Research%20indicates%20that%20some%20situational,behaviour
%20intended%20to%20benefit%20another.

Section 2:

Question 1:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotype

Question 2:

https://www.iedunote.com/factors-influencing-attitude

Question 3:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approaches_to_prejudice_reduction#:~:text=Integrated
%20approaches%20to%20prejudice%20reduction,involve%20some%20form%20of
%20entertainment.

Question 4:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_resolution

Question 5:

https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/human-resources/group-dynamics-meaning-and-
importance-of-group-dynamism/32404

Section c:

Question 1:

https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-prejudice-2795476

Question 2:

https://www.businessmanagementideas.com/management/organisation-management/8-
important-features-of-a-group/4899
Question 3:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/interpersonal-
attraction#:~:text=Interpersonal%20attraction%20is%20traditionally%20defined,the
%20person)%2C%20and%20affective%20(

Question 4:

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325355#:~:text=Learned%20helplessness%20is
%20a%20state,opportunities%20for%20change%20become%20available.

Question 5:

https://study.com/academy/lesson/environmental-stressors-examples-definition-
types.html#:~:text=Environmental%20stressors%20are%20things%20or,noise%2C
%20crowding%2C%20and%20war.

Question 6:

https://online.hbs.edu/blog/post/the-fundamental-attribution-error#:~:text=The
%20fundamental%20attribution%20error%20refers,factors%20outside%20of%20their
%20control.&text=The%20fundamental%20attribution%20error%20exists%20because%20of
%20how%20people%20perceive%20the%20world.

Question 7:

https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-the-experimental-method-2795175#:~:text=The
%20experimental%20method%20involves%20manipulating,variables%20to%20test%20a
%20hypothesis.

Question 8:

https://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatments-and-side-effects/planning-managing/informed-
consent/what-is-informed-consent.html#:~:text=Informed%20consent%20is%20a
%20process,questions%20before%20procedures%20and%20treatments.&text=Risks
%20and%20benefits%20of%20the%20treatment%20or%20procedure

Question 9:

Active Crowds:

Active crowds

The active crowd identifies an object or group of objects outside itself and proceeds to
act directly upon it or them. It will brook no delay or interference, no discussion of
the desirability of acting, and no dissent from its course of action. Because of the high
pitch of crowd interaction, subtle and indirect courses of action cannot win crowd
support, though members are highly suggestible to all proposals and examples for
action in keeping with the mood and the object. The stage of transformation from
shared mood to shared action constitutes the beginning of the true crowd or mob.

The crucial feature of this stage is overcoming the barriers to such behaviour as the
destruction of property or violence toward persons—actions against which most
people have strongly ingrained inhibitions. At least four aspects of the way crowd
members feel about the situation make this possible. First, there is a sense of an
exceptional situation in which a special moral code applies. The crowd merely carries
further the justification for a special code of ethics incorporated in the slogan “You
have to fight fire with fire!” Second, there is a sense of power in the crowd, with its
apparent determination and uniform will, that overcomes the individual’s doubts
concerning his own ability to carry out a momentous task successfully. Third, there is
a sense of impunity, of safety from personal injury and punishment so long as the
individual is on the side of the crowd. And finally, there is a sense of inevitability—
that the crowd aim will be accomplished regardless of the doubts and opposition of
individuals.

Once the crowd breaks through the barrier of conventional restraints there is
typically a “Roman holiday” period during which all restraint appears to be dropped.
To the outsider, people seem to have gone mad. Rage is entirely uninhibited. But at
the same time an atmosphere of intense enjoyment and release is evident. There is
laughing and cheering as the violence and destruction become part of a tremendous
carnival.

Under cover of the Roman holiday, people pursue many different interests. Looting
for personal gain is infrequent in the early stages of rioting. The leading agents in
bringing the mob into being are too preoccupied with their indignation for this. But
once the general attack is under way, looting for gain, vandalism for fun, and attacks
on specific objects to pay off old grudges become prevalent. In Russian and Polish
pogroms of the 19th and early 20th centuries, peasants came with their carts to loot
Jewish property after they heard that the pogrom was under way. Lynchings in the
southern United States in the early part of the 20th century were frequently followed
by general forays on Black neighbourhoods.

The active crowd normally ends with a tapering-off period, which is sometimes
preceded by a stage of siege. In riots of limited scale in which no massive police or
military forces are used, the peak day is followed by a few more days of successively
smaller numbers of widely scattered encounters. Often the last incidents are in areas
not previously hit by rioting. There seems to be some internal mechanism limiting the
duration of crowd behaviour, though whether it is fatigue, catharsis, or reassertion of
ingrained standards of behaviour is uncertain. In serious riots, however, the police
and other armed forces are brought into action long before the riot declines on its
own. When police power is applied with only enough force to ensure a standoff
between rioters and authorities, there is a period—usually ranging from one to three
or four days—of siege. The mood of buoyancy gives way to a mood of dogged
persistence. Rioters are more cautious and deliberate in what they do. The desire to
have the riot over grows among the participants and in the community, but there is
reluctance to give up the fight until concessions have been won.

A crowd develops only when a necessary sequence of events occurs and when
conditions conducive to crowd development are present. There are at least six such
conditions of importance. The first is a deep frustration that is shared by an
important segment of the population and that has been festering for a considerable
period of time. The frustration is especially poignant when widening intergroup
contacts make the frustrated segment more vitally aware of its disadvantages, when
its members have been encouraged by education or a public policy statement to
aspire to relatively unattainable objectives, and when a period of steadily improving
conditions is suddenly interrupted. Second is the presence of deep intergroup
cleavages in society. A crowd must have not only a grievance but also an oppressor
whom it can blame for its condition. Third is some contradiction in the value system
of society, so that there is support both for the social arrangements that the group
finds frustrating and for its demands for change. Fourth is a failure
of communication, so that grievances can no longer be presented to the appropriate
authorities with confidence that they will be given some consideration. Fifth is some
failure in the system of control. Mobs often catch police unprepared. In many
instances the police, by virtue of their class or ethnic identity, are in sympathy with
mobs and unwilling to enforce order. Sixth are experiences leading people to hope
that conditions will be improved as a result of violent or disruptive action. Many riots
have the support of a well-developed ideology, or they follow occasions when
demonstrations and other less extreme tactics have won gains. Among the reasons
that mob actions do not soon recur in a given location are that the forces of order are
usually strengthened, the hope of great gain is dampened, and channels of
communication are often improved after a mob action.

Question 10:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)