Teaching

Teaching is a process of sharing and transferring knowledge, skills, attitude, and information, to
students to enhance learning.

Learning:

The permanent change in behavior is called learning.

Teaching Method

A teaching method comprises the principles and methods used by teachers to enable student
learning.

Differences based on Andragogy Pedagogy

origin Andragogy= Andras(man) + ago Pedagogy= Paidi (child) + ago

Both are originated from Greek (guide) (guide)
verb “ago” but

Definition The techniques and practices The techniques and practices

used in teaching, especially for
adults.
Focus The focus of andragogical
approach is on self-directed,
cooperative and two-way
learning process.
used in teaching, especially for
children.
The focus of pedagogical
approach is on one-way learning
method where only the teacher
shares his/her knowledge to the
learners.

Audio Lingual Method/Army Method

It is a style of teaching used in teaching foreign languages. It is based on behaviorist theory,

which professes that certain traits of living things, and in this case humans, could be trained
through a system of reinforcement – correct use of a trait would receive positive feedback while
incorrect use o that trait would receive negative feedback.

Salient Features

 Army specialized Training program (ASTP)

 This method was developed by Charles Fries
 Following the principles of behaviorism (B.F Skinner)
 Language is taught through conditioning, stimuli, response to form new habits of the
second language.
 More focus on spoken language and oral communication.
 Doesn’t focus on teaching vocabulary.

Behaviorist psychology:

The learning theory of Audio-lingualism is behavioral psychology which is an

empirically based approach to the study of human behavior. Behaviorism tries to explain how an
external event (a stimulus) caused a change in the behavior of an individual (a response) without
using concepts like “mind” or “ideas” or any kind of mental behavior. Behaviorist psychology
states that people are conditioned to learn many forms of behavior, including language, through
the process of training or conditioning.
 Oral Drills
Drills and pattern practices are typical of the Audio-lingual method. These include
 Repetition:
The students repeat what the teacher says,
Example: I walk to school.
 Inflection:
The teacher says a word; the students say another form of one of the words
back to the teacher.
Example: I walk to school.
I walked to school.
 Replacement:

The teacher says a sentence and the students replace on the words for a
difficult word.

Example: I walk to school.

I run to school.

 Restatement
The teacher says a sentence and the students rephrase the sentence.
Example: Tell me to walk to school.
Walk to school.

Activities used in Audio-Lingual Method

Repetition Inflection Replacement Restatement

Completion Transposition Expansion

Contraction

Transformation Integration Rejoinder Restoration

Dialogues Backward build-up Chain drill Single- slot

memorization drill substitution

Multiple slot Question and answer Use of minimal pairs Complete the
substitution dialogues

Grammar games

Dialogue

Ahmed: Good morning, Raza

Raza: Good Morning, Ahmed

Ahmed: How are you?

Raza: Fine, Thanks, And You?

Ahmed: Fine, Where are you going?

Raza: I’m going to the Post Office.

Ahmed: I’m too. Shall we go together?

Raza: sure, let’s go