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R R
- -
A1 vs1 vs2 A2
+ telephone line +
R’ T1 T2 R’
+ +
v2
duplexer 1 duplexer 2
Figure I-1
In telecommunications systems, data are most often exchanged in a bi-directional way (emission and reception). When the
transmission support is a telephone line (double conductor wire), both signals are then superimposed. Transmitter task is to
distinguish the signals what itself emits from those it receives from another transmitter. This operation is achieved by a duplexer. An
example of circuit, from a modem data book, including operational amplifiers, is given on Figure I-1. All characteristics of these
operational amplifiers are supposed to be perfect.
Coupling signals on the line is insured by transformers, unavoidable because both transmitter 1 and 2 are not bound to have the
same ground potential. Signals to be emitted are voltages v1 and v2, and the received signals are transduced by vs1 and vs2.
1) Ideal transformers 3) Load resistance « emission »
Using the conventions of Figure I-2, it is With a matched line, resistance Rer of R’’
reminded that for a transformation ratio the second duplexer loads the
n, we have v’ = nv, and i’ = i/n. Show that transformer T1 of the first duplexer R
the equivalent resistance seen on the (Figure I-4). -
primary coil is Reqp = Rs/n . For our
2 Calculate Rle, equivalent resistance of A1
+
application, the transformation ratio is the transformer seen by the first
R’
n = 1. duplexer. +
v1 Rle vs
n vE
R’’
i i'
Figure I-5
R
v v' - 3- Reception
A1
Figure I-2 + Study will be carried out on the basis of
R’ T1 the reduced circuit of Figure I-6, where
2) Input resistance « reception » + T1 is considered as a voltage generator
Study will be carried out on duplexer 2, v1 Rle Rer delivering vR (from the second duplexer),
without emission signal (eg v2 = 0), as with an internal resistance Rle. (let have
shown on Figure I-3. R = R’’).
Give REE’, resistance seen by T2 Figure I-4
between nodes E and E’, and then Rer ?
2- Emission R
R’’ Study will be carried out on the basis of -
A1
the reduced circuit of Figure I-5, vE is the +
R voltage injected on the line by the R’
- transformer. Rle
A2 vs
1) Emitted signal : calculate vE. +
+ vR
2) Output signal : calculate vs.
T2 E R' 3) Anti-feedback : give the relation
Rle REE ’ between R et R’’ allowing the duplexer Figure I-6
not to receive its own signal.
E' 1) Output signal : calculate vs.
Figure I-3
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37 - AOP
2) Mixed mode : for normal use, emission mode and reception mode are superimposed. Express vs1 et vs2, when two similar
duplexers (Figure I-1 are talking, as a function of v1 and v2.
3) Conclusion.
4- Transformers imperfections
In fact, for lower frequencies, transformers behave not only as the equivalent resistance Rle of I.1-, but as an impedance Zle including
a self-inductance L in parallel with resistance Rle.
1) Parasitic feed-back : re-calculate Vs (from Figure I-5 with Zle. (and still R = R’’).
R 2) Bode diagram : draw (schematically) the de Bode diagram of the transfer
function H = Vs/V1.
C R 3) Rejection ratio : we need a minimal rejection of 40 dB above f = 400 Hz,
- lower normal operation frequency (ie HdB(400 Hz) ≤ -40 dB). We have
A1 R’ = 600 Ω ; give a minimal value for L.
+ 5- Emitter compensation
+ R’ vs The transformer self L is too low to obtain the required rejection (L = 2 H). A
v1 R’ L Zle solution is a compensation introduced by a capacitor C, as shown on Figure I-7.
1) Compensation capacitor
Figure I-7 Re-calculate H = Vs/V1, using τ = RC et τ’ = L/R’.
2) Fair compensation
R Which value of C leads to vs = 0, for any frequencies ? (Numerical value for R is
R = 2.2 kΩ).
C R 6- Reception
-
The self-signal is now avoided at the output. Let’s check that the compensation
A1
+ does not prevent the reception of external signals. We will suppose that the
transformer can be replaced by the electrical model of Figure I-8. (To be
R’ vs compared to Figure I-6)
+ 1) Transfer function
R’
L vR
Calculate T = Vs/VR, in the case of a fair compensation (τ = τ’, cf question 4).
2) Cut-off frequency
Which is the lower cut-off frequency of the resulting high-pass filter ? Is this
Figure I-8 result satisfactory in regard to the normal operating conditions ?
sujets TD Electronique
39 - AOP
2) Quels sont les gains aux variations ∆Vs/∆Ve dans les trois zones de fonctionnement.
3) Tracer la tension Vs(t) lorsque Ve(t) est sinusoïdale d’amplitude 5 V.
4- Réalisation du DNL
Proposer une réalisation du DNL en assemblant des composants piochés dans la liste ci dessous :
- Diodes Zener (caractéristique en Figure II-4) avec VZ dans la série E6 et supérieur à 3.3 V, et VD = 0.6 V.
- Diodes (caractéristique en Figure II-5) rouges (VD ≈ 1.2 V) ou vertes (VD ≈ 1.8 V)
- Résistances de la série E12
Rappel : série E12 (en gras E6) : 10 12 15 18 22 27 33 39 47 56 68 82
5- Distorsion réciproque
1)Reprendre la démarche avec le circuit de la Figure II-2.
R1 IAK
DNL
- -VZ
+
R2
Ve + Vs VD VAK
Figure II-2
I(mA)
Zone II ’ Zone I Figure II-4 : DIODES ZENER
0.4 IAK
0 2 4 6
-5.3 V(V) VD VAK
5.3
Zone II
sujets TD Electronique
39 - AOP
Figure III-3
Figure IV-1
2- Etude fréquentielle
La bande passante de l’amplificateur utilisé est malheureusement limitée, et il se comporte comme un système passe-bas du
A0
premier ordre : VS = ε . (f0 sera sa fréquence de coupure à –3 dB).
1 + jωτ0
( )
1) Calculer la fonction de transfert H(jω) = Vs/Ve, à mettre sous la forme : H jω =
A v0
1 + jωτ c
(fréquence de coupure : fc).
2) On définit le produit « gain x bande passante », PGB = IA0f0I. Calculer le produit IAv0fcI. Que constate-t-on de remarquable ?
Rem : ceci est connu sous le nom de « conservation du produit gain-bande des circuits du premier ordre »
3) Superposer les diagrammes de Bode de la fonction de transfert VS/ε, et de H(jω). Comment la conservation du PGB se
manifeste-t-elle sur le diagramme de Bode ?
(AN : A0 = 105, f0 = 10 Hz, R2 = 100R1).
3- Application pratique
On désire réaliser un amplificateur audiofréquences, de bande passante supérieure à 20 kHz, de gain minimal 50, à l’aide d’un
amplificateur opérationnel parmi ceux du tableau, qui regroupe les PGB donnés par les constructeurs :
référence µA741 TL071 HA5741 CA3078 OP27/37 3528CM
PGB (MHz) 0.35 2 1.8 0.06 9 0.021
1) Lequel (ou lesquels) peut-on choisir ?
2) Si on nous impose le µA741, quel est le gain maximal à ne pas dépasser pour conserver la bande passante de 20 kHz ? ®
sujets TD Electronique