Assignment # 1

Submitted to : Hafiz Rizwan Ahmed

Submitted by : Shahzaib Hassan
Class : English literature
Roll Number : S21BENLT1M01014
Subject : International Relations
Book : Introduction to IR
Topic : Causes Of War
Chapter no : 13
Writer : Hidemi Suganami
 Causes of war

This chapter explains the causes of war between sovereign states .war should not regard as a problem
that requires attention to its causes .some people contain positive impact while others have negative
view of the war after the world war 1.According to (Suganami 199:181-90). Our interest toward the
causes of war and peace condition reflects our attitude toward war. War us not common .some states
live without war. According to levy and Thompson (2010;56) war’s long lasting and negative results
force us to search it’s .Human will is always present in the war resorts .War don’t contain casual paths.
It contains different and special factors and some causes repeats again and again.

These factors may present individually or in the form of combination an these are called war’s
contributory causes .If these factors repeat then they would called the necessary war causes. Human
nature is also involve in the occurring of war. State sovereignty , selfishness and aggressive human
nature forces the war . Some thinkers suggest that the sovereign state has the right to resort the war
and dependent above less sovereign as USA was more than 190 communities but it’s not necessary to
have .State sovereignty is understood in order to give all authorities to state and freedom to take action
freely ,then freedom to resort war will be necessary. This is the freedom that the European states use in
the world war 1.

We are no longer living in the world where the freedom to resort arms is necessary. Lack of the
freedom occurs due to the International law established by the League of Nations and United Nations.
Mostly consider the sovereign state as a powerful state and county sovereign statehood connection
with the war which we don’t see between war and provinces . Martin Ceadel give 5 types of thinking
about peace and war.(1) Militarism (2) Crusading (3) Defencism (4) pacificism (5). Martin Wight’s(1991)
traditions of international theory are , (1) Realism (2) Rationalism (3) Revolutionism. Ceadel’s ‘pacifism’
and wight’s ‘Inverted revolutionism’ don’t justify the war. Militarism in Ceadel’s classification or
Realism of wights glorify the war. Ceadel’s ‘Crusading’ and Wight's ‘revolutionism’ consider war as
revolutionary change . Defencism concludes war to maintain International Order to protect National
interest . (Laurd 1986, Wendt 1999, Lebow 2008) are vital observations to understand causes of war. A
community where resort to war is rulet to solve the difference then the war will necessary called the
“Pluralistic Security Community” for example US ,Canada and Norway has such communities. Now
wars don’t occur in foreign affairs of sovereign state but it is function for rebel groups for example
Afghanistan war .

Wars always fought between organized groups but not fought between the individuals .Between
individuals is called the fight. Making social groups and fight for group is necessary to solve conflict . We
consider the war as the result of manifestation of our animalistic aggressive (animals fight but do not
make wars, Huntington 1989).War never occur because of selfishness. Wars occur because of our
sociability and organization and capability of living in societies.
There is not any clear case of war in democratic states. War between two established democracies is like
the fire without Oxygen. Optimism of victory is not necessary cause. If a country go to the war but the
chances of victory are small like Japan against USA in 1941. Then it will be better to fight than leaving it.

War occur in different ways and there are some common ways through which countries come to fight
Paul Senese and John Vasquez(2008) explains the path of the war that contain different steps If two
states are equal then the possibility of war is greater. During territorial dispute create more disputes and
more crisis .There are 3 types of contributory causes of war (1) Chances occurrence (2) War conducive
mechanism (3) Key actions and inactions.

When the things are Happening there are two chances of occurrence , occur at the same time and at
the same place. It’s best example is the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand , heir to Austrian throne,
in Sarajevo , by the Serbian Nationalist. This incident created the spark that ignited the fire and this
spark becomes the cause of happening of World war 1 in 1914, in which Austrians declared war on
Serbia A mechanism is operation in literal sense when mechanical device is functioning . There are
always conducive conditions when a war can happen, for example two states A and B have not engaged
to war for decades . We may expect them to have them subjected to war conducive mechanism
associated with Anarchical International System. The structural fact that no entity would help them
when they are under attack . So every country need to increase their military strength, engage them in
arms races. In war one party attack other because of its aggressive act or innocence and weak , as the
Germany attack of Belgium in world war 1. Some times preventive wars may occur , for example
Pakistan and India war 1965. War occur due to insensitiveness ,reckless , but long aggressive wars are
rare. Some times there are some sensitive relations as in Argentina 1982 attack of Malvinas .
Contributory Negligence occurs when one country become strong and aggressive than other and end
up with the fight . In hope of achieving some gains and avoiding some worse outcomes , sovereign
states put themselves in the war .