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Structural Design Tall Build - 2009 - Dutta - Case Study of A 40 Storey Buckling Restrained Braced Frame Building Located
Structural Design Tall Build - 2009 - Dutta - Case Study of A 40 Storey Buckling Restrained Braced Frame Building Located
SUMMARY
Simpson Gumpertz & Heger has prepared two prototypical designs for a 40-storey buckling-restrained braced
steel-framed office building located at a generic site in Los Angeles, CA. One of these designs conforms in all
respects, except height limits with the design criteria contained in the 2007 California Building Code and ASCE
7.05 Standard for Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures. The second design has been con-
ducted using a performance-based approach generally based on the criteria contained in guidelines published by
the Los Angeles Tall Buildings Council. The performance-based design incorporates fewer bays of bracing and
lighter members than the code-based design, but is intended to provide performance at least equivalent to that
anticipated for code-designed buildings. The purpose of this work was to permit study of the performance capa-
bility of buildings designed to alternative criteria. This work was performed in support and under funding provided
by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center’s Tall Buildings Initiative. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley
& Sons, Ltd.
* Correspondence to: Anindya Dutta, Simpson Gumpertz & Herger, The Landmark at One Market, Suite 600, San Francisco,
CA94105. E-mail: adutta@sgh.com
In parallel with our work, two other firms performed similar designs of buildings using reinforced
concrete structural systems. All buildings were assumed to be located on the same generic site in
downtown Los Angeles. PEER provided site criteria for us in our design including site class, permis-
sible bearing pressures, spectral response ordinates and ground motion acceleration histories.
Our scope of work included the following:
(1) Meet with representatives of PEER and other design consultants engaged in the TBI project to
develop the general criteria for the designs.
(2) Develop a design, to a schematic level, for an essentially code-conforming steel-framed
building.
(3) Develop a design, to a schematic level, for a performance-based steel-framed building, of similar
height and footprint, using the procedures contained in design recommendations prepared by the
Los Angeles Tall Buildings Council.
(4) Prepare schematic-level drawings documenting the design.
2. BUILDING DESCRIPTION
Both designs have typical above-grade floors comprised of 6 ¼ in. lightweight concrete fill on metal
deck supported by composite steel framing with a foot print of 170 by 107 ft. Both designs have four
basement levels with a foot print of 227 by 220 ft. Both structures have lateral force-resisting systems
comprised of buckling-restrained braced frames without backup moment frames.
The site class was assumed as class C. Spectral response ordinates were: Ss = 2·15 and S1 = 0·72.
For the performance-based design, we used a suite of seven acceleration histories provided by
PEER.
3. CODE-BASED DESIGN
3.1 Purpose
This section provides a brief overview of the code-based design. As discussed earlier, we used the
2007 California Building Code to perform this design.
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build. 19, 77–93 (2010)
DOI: 10.1002/tal
ARCHETYPICAL DESIGNS FOR A 40-STOREY BRB 79
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build. 19, 77–93 (2010)
DOI: 10.1002/tal
80 A. DUTTA AND R. O. HAMBURGER
Parameter Value
Basic wind speed, 3 s gust (V) 85 mph
Basic wind speed, 3 s gust (V), for serviceability wind demands based on a 10-year mean 67 mph
recurrence interval
Exposure B
Occupancy category II
Importance factor (Iw) 1·0
Topographic factor (Kzt) 1·0
Exposure classification Enclosed
Internal pressure coefficient (GCpi) ±0·18
Mean roof height (h) 544 ft, 6 in.
Wind base shear along two orthogonal directions 1436 and 2629 kip
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build. 19, 77–93 (2010)
DOI: 10.1002/tal
ARCHETYPICAL DESIGNS FOR A 40-STOREY BRB 81
Parameter Value
Building latitude/longitude Undefined
Occupancy category II
Importance factor (Ie) 1·0
Spectral response coefficients SDS = 1·145; SD1 = 0·52
Seismic design category D
Lateral system Buckling-restrained braced frames, non-moment-resisting
beam column connections
Response modification factor (R) 7
Deflection amplification factor (Cd) 5·5
System overstrength factor (Ω0) 2·0
Building period (T) using Cl. 12.8.2 3·16 s
Seismic response coefficient Cs (Eq. 12.8-1) 0·051 W (governed by Cs-min from equation 12.8-5)
Scaled spectral base shear 3504 kip (85% of static base shear)
Analysis procedure Modal response spectral analysis
Actual period from dynamic model: TY = 5·05 s; TX = 3·62 s.
1.6
Spectral Acceleration, Sa (g)
1.2
0.8
0.4
0
0 2 4 6 8
Period (sec)
We performed the lateral analysis using ETABS, version 9.5.0. We used the 5% damped, accel-
eration response spectrum shown in Figure 2. We included 120 modes to obtain participation of at
least 90% of the structure’s mass. We scaled the results of the response spectrum analysis such that
the base shear immediately above the ground floor matched 85% of the static base shear from the
equivalent static force analysis. Note that for levels below the ground floor, the mass of the perimeter
walls is automatically calculated by the program.
The 2007 California Building Code requires calculation of the redundancy factor (ρ) for seismic
design. In accordance with ASCE 7-05 section 12.3.4.2, buildings qualify for a value of ρ = 1 provided
that the removal of an individual brace or connection will not result in more than a 33% reduction in
storey strength, nor will the resulting system have an extreme torsional irregularity. Extreme torsional
irregularity is defined to exist when the maximum storey drift computed including accidental torsion,
at one end of the structure transverse to an axis, is more than 1·4 times the average storey drifts at the
two ends of the structure.
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build. 19, 77–93 (2010)
DOI: 10.1002/tal
82 A. DUTTA AND R. O. HAMBURGER
In order to calculate the redundancy factor for seismic forces acting in the north–south direction,
we removed a brace from line 2 along the full height of the building. The code would actually permit
this to be done one storey at a time; however, recognizing that we were being conservative, we
removed the brace from all stories simultaneously, to reduce analysis effort. We then subjected the
building to the static lateral forces along with the 5% accidental torsion. We term these forces as
EQYPL (with the accidental eccentricity towards the positive right) and EQYMN (with the accidental
eccentricity towards the negative left). Since the building has at least six bays of braced frame in each
principal direction, loss of a brace or connection will never reduce the capacity by 33%. We found
that for the north–south direction, the largest ratio of maximum storey drift over the average drift over
the height of the building was 1·39 at storey 13. Since this is less than 1·4, we concluded that the
redundancy factor in the north–south direction is 1. Figure 3(a) shows the elevation at line 2 after the
removal of the brace.
We performed a similar analysis in the X (east–west direction). In this analysis, we removed a single
brace from line D and subjected the building to static forces EQXPL (with the accidental eccentricity
towards the positive top) and EQXMN (with the accidental eccentricity towards the negative bottom).
Figure 3(b) shows the elevation of the frame along line D with the brace removed. We then calculated
the ratio of maximum to average drifts, and obtained ratios ranging from 1·468 to 1·408 from the roof
to storey 36. However, section 12.3.4.2 stipulates that this ratio should strictly be studied for a floor
resisting more than 33% of the base shear which is numerically equal to 1156 kip. This only happens
below storey 35. In addition, as noted previously, our simultaneous removal of a brace at all levels is
conservative. Since the ratio of maximum to average drift is only marginally greater than 1·4 at two
stories with a maximum value of 1·408 at storey 34 (D/C of 1·008). We declared that this design met
the requirements of ASCE 7-05 for a redundancy coefficient, ρ = 1.
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build. 19, 77–93 (2010)
DOI: 10.1002/tal
ARCHETYPICAL DESIGNS FOR A 40-STOREY BRB 83
(a) (b)
Figure 3. Elevation of frame along lines 2 and D following removal of a brace. (a) Line 2 and (b) line D
(‘Design of Composite Members’) of the 13th edition LRFD Steel Code (ANSI/AISC 360-05). We
included this enhancement of axial area and stiffness over the bare steel section properties in the
ETABS analysis model as well. We did this by defining a steel box section in ETABS and then using
the property modifier to account for the infill concrete.
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build. 19, 77–93 (2010)
DOI: 10.1002/tal
84 A. DUTTA AND R. O. HAMBURGER
4. PERFORMANCE-BASED DESIGN
We based the seismic design for this alternate on the seismic design criteria (dated 29 April 2008)
published by the Los Angeles Tall Buildings Structural Design Council (LATBSDC 2008). Since this
design was not required to meet all of the prescriptive criteria contained in the building code, we were
able to reduce the size and number of bays of the buckling-restrained frames. Specifically, along lines
2 and 7, we omitted two bays of bracing below level 10. Table 5 lists the performance objectives we
followed for this design.
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build. 19, 77–93 (2010)
DOI: 10.1002/tal
ARCHETYPICAL DESIGNS FOR A 40-STOREY BRB 85
0.4
Spectral Acceleration, Sa (g)
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 2 4 6 8
Period (sec)
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build. 19, 77–93 (2010)
DOI: 10.1002/tal
86 A. DUTTA AND R. O. HAMBURGER
1.25%Ko
ωRyFyAs
RyFyAs
Tension
Ko
20Δy 10Δy Δy
Δy 10Δy 20Δy
Compression
RyFyAs
βωRyFyAs
Figure 5 with Ry = 1·1, ω = 1·25 and β = 1·1. Figure 6 shows a screen shot of the Perform input form
for the BRB definition. Note that the initial stiffness (K0) of the BRB is based on AsE/L with L equal
to 70% of the actual centre-to-centre length of the brace. The remaining 30% of the length is modelled
as an essentially rigid element.
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build. 19, 77–93 (2010)
DOI: 10.1002/tal
ARCHETYPICAL DESIGNS FOR A 40-STOREY BRB 87
R yF yA s
70% Actual
1.25% Ko
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build. 19, 77–93 (2010)
DOI: 10.1002/tal
88 A. DUTTA AND R. O. HAMBURGER
the same process as for the elastic analysis. We assumed nominal strengths for the columns without
any strength reduction or φ factors. Figure 7 shows the column axial load a representative flexural
strength definition form in Perform.
The compound column element associated with the geometric location of the column utilizes the
cross-sectional information and assembles the column element as an elastic element. We have ensured
that the column element always stays elastic during the analysis by monitoring the axial flexure inter-
action ratios so that they are always less than 1.
Beams are modelled in an identical fashion as the columns, except that standard W sections are
used. Similar to the columns, the beams are also modelled as elastic elements.
35
30
25
20
Story
15
10
δy
5
-5
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00
Peak Interstory Drift (%)
Average Denali Ps Landers Yermo LP Gilroy LP Saratoga Nridge Sylmar CS Nridge Sylmar Hosp Parachute
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build. 19, 77–93 (2010)
DOI: 10.1002/tal
ARCHETYPICAL DESIGNS FOR A 40-STOREY BRB 89
35
30
25
20
Story
15
10
0 δx
-5
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50
Peak Interstory Drift (%)
Average Denali Ps Landers Yermo LP Gilroy LP Saratoga Nridge Sylmar CS Nridge Sylmar Hosp Parachute
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build. 19, 77–93 (2010)
DOI: 10.1002/tal
90 A. DUTTA AND R. O. HAMBURGER
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build. 19, 77–93 (2010)
DOI: 10.1002/tal
ARCHETYPICAL DESIGNS FOR A 40-STOREY BRB 91
30
25
20
Story
15
10
-5
0 2500 5000 7500 10000 12500
Accumulated Peak Story Shear (kips)
Average Denali Ps Landers Yermo LP Gilroy LP Saratoga Nridge Sylmar CS Nridge Sylmar Hosp Parachute
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build. 19, 77–93 (2010)
DOI: 10.1002/tal
92 A. DUTTA AND R. O. HAMBURGER
35
Vx
30
25
20
Story
15
10
-5
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Accumulated Peak Story Shear (kips)
Average Denali Ps Landers Yermo LP Gilroy LP Saratoga Nridge Sylmar CS Nridge Sylmar Hosp Parachute
system. The first design strictly follows the provisions of the 2007 California Building Code except
that it exceeds code limitations on the height for structures not having backup special moment frames.
The columns and beams are designed using the relevant requirements of AISC 341.05 seismic
provisions.
The second design uses the concepts of performance-based engineering and is based on the
LATBSDC. A nonlinear time history analysis is performed on this design using maximum credible
earthquake input to ensure a safe design.
Generally, the second design produced fewer bays of bracing, smaller sizes of the BRBs and
columns. The main savings, however, is likely to be from the design of the foundation. The code
design requires that the foundation be designed for the accumulated vertical component of the brace
forces over the height of the building. This essentially implies exclusively first-mode behaviour which
does not occur in tall buildings. Using the actual demands from the time history analysis, we obtained
forces that are smaller and hence more manageable than the code-required forces.
REFERENCES
(American Institute of Steel Construction). ANSI/AISC 341-05, 2005 Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel
Buildings. AISC: American Institute of Steel Construction, Chicago, IL.
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build. 19, 77–93 (2010)
DOI: 10.1002/tal
ARCHETYPICAL DESIGNS FOR A 40-STOREY BRB 93
ANSI/AISC 360-05, 2005, Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, American Institute of Steel Construction,
Chicago, IL.
ASCE 2005. Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, American Society of Civil Engineers,
Reston, VA.
LATBSDC (Los Angeles Tall Buildings Structural Design Council). 2008. An Alternative Procedure for Seismic
Analysis and Design of Tall Buildings Located in the Los Angeles Region. LATBSDC: Los Angeles, CA.
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build. 19, 77–93 (2010)
DOI: 10.1002/tal