Pate neg Coe Trtemal Assiqornent ~02 atlos|a0ag 17 Exploin the GSM axchitectue bu Ht 4) Ep GM. ox beefy eatth interfaces. -----4 Nebook Sualtching System (N88) Conkot Systere Mexoge Centex tor (eee dot 4 od pe ey aang ec ' ') Mobile | 1 britebtigent "L Netcodvte ' 1 1 ' Tee ieee ! ! ' ' ) @ E 8 F iy =] | ~% SLE | I! | ©pexation & | Support System, | (oss) — the above figure ghows fhe bole system axchitechine for a GSM Lotneles colbutor network. (1) Mobile Staion (8) *- Te we adutee that provides the sadio Unk bekween the Gsm gubsostber ond phe osirelets mobile retcovle > Tr Gsm system , Hhe MS pxovides Subsodber the mean to conbol Hetr acess fo the PSTN and PON and also facilitate Hneiv endbottihy onve connected fo the nekworlaig ts Constantly montloing reuoge being bxoodcast i the bare Lransceiver syslem (BTS) bo support the setup and deaxing of adi channels used for the hansmission f various forms e| subsotbor bral. _-5 Dhe GSM system also makes Use ef a Subsuibex idinkhy Module (sin) coud that shen travtted no the MS moles if functional —> The MS conmisls of foo elumenk : the mobile equipment And 8M cond. Cit) Base _Stahon System +— _s Te ts the link betcseen the MS and GSM mobile sexvices sualiching center. > The BSS consish ef bu clemenkk : a Base hranacelver System (878) and Bare Stakion Conhroulex ( BSC) > Thi BTS communicates with MS over fhe ftnterface using various protools dusigned for votveles channel dhe BSC coremunicales saith the MSc Hrrough the use ef Slandoxd csireline protocols . —> The BSC ond BTS COmmunicole eoch olhor ving LAPD soxokovals tahicn ts 0 dokalinke prohocol used tn ISDN —> The Bes pxovidis o. horslakon mechanism beleoeen the coiveltne probe used to Fhe Hued postion af the coivetes neko and nadioltnk pxchoucl vsed fox the Uolrelers poten dq the nekeoork (ttt) Network Swotiching Syslem + > dhe wirdes cellulan nehook swallching system CNNss) provides the newer] totefoce for Hu commedion af Hu cotrelers nehont fp other nehanks. —> The GSM swildig System v9.8 duwigned ho communteate coith fhe PSTN Hrrough ISDN pxrolocds The basic components of the nebuoore suallehing syle fndlude ableost ene mobile sexvice susitehing cenler a golesay MS the visile%w and home locaken sugitlou 7 : , Yt tdunk low authenkcohon canter of ie a ae dhe Flexible Numbering sugister (FNR) is used by the asm syslem bo provide number portobiliby fo a subsexibere :_» The Waiter Locolon ategister (VLR) iso. kemporony date bare used fo hold fnjormaken about mobile subsoubex and HR hogether. ollk the VLR & Mec Pxtorde support for the connecHen & moblihy management af ndbile cakons . (iv) GSM. csivelers meteor is monlhyred g& conholled by on operation ce Support Syplerm (oss) This centralized syslern can be uted ho pacoriele sunvetllance cit complete Network . GSM _nebusove totexface ep . —| VLR VIR _ vey 0 Abie [eee re rae rete! Fo BBE TSC HER FL Ae ; l K— MS lt — EIR y Lek | —> dhe obove fiquse ts the GSM neko Interface figure the oly tntufoce between the MS and GTS ts the Um tnteface , The phystcal tnlexface bo BTS and asc ts Hhe Abis tnlexface, and the tntefoce bw BSc and Msc ts A fnterfoce20 2) Explain TOMA frome formal fo GSM neksork. stoma frame \ me eas | 6 | 189 ~ _ [rsa tes] ree [18] 80] to [187 & > The GSM ceblulon system % based op th be af Time drisin Muthpl, acovs (TDMA) bo puowde oddikenal use capocthy aver a Limited annount 4 nado Frequsncy spechwm 5 hts is accomplished by dividing the ob Inleyface cormecton pexiod. Limeslols thot can be used by diferent subsoubors for voice & dole traffic and olso for the hranamission e| the equived Systenn signalling ond conbrol_Informakion > dhe GSM syslem divides ty sadio Unk connecken Hme tnlp edght egw and srepeaing Kmealols known as frornes for bobh Jeand deelirk transmission > Ih Himerlols con be consideud Logical chormels . Thak is, from a i point q view, each ee MOY coy either subcucther frolic signalling and conhrl informohen saquired for the management d Ure sratio Unk “42 3) Explatn 2 plain the ondritecdtune § CDMA Netuoove and Sister3 icuRE © jal COMA tl Init 95) i rence aycttecture- CDMA TECHNOLOGY + 237 Ms Um rps [ADS TESS IWF Ai AL E Pi Msc Msc ++ (es | vag The new cdma2000 reference architecture (see Figure 6-4) has been enhanced to include even more additional network access interfaces. These interfaces are mainly concerned with the evolving structure of cdma2000 toward an all-IP core network. As was discussed with GSM cellular, messaging between CDMA sys- fem network elements is carried out through the use of protocols very similar to $87. TIA/EIA-634-B is an open interface standard that deals with signaling between the MSC and the BSC (over the A interface), and TIA/EIA-41-D describes the Protocols used between the other core net- work elements (MSC, VLR, HLR, AC, etc.). For these other network ele- ments, each vendor's equipment provides compatibility with this latter Protocol suite and hence is capable of interoperability with other ven- dor’s equipment. In the case of the MSC-to-BSC interface, TIA, messaging between these two system elements ment used for these functions to be provided dors. Figure 6-5 shows the layered architecture 5 The A interface between the MSC and the Bi Supports four functional planes. Call process ment functions occur between the mobile types of call processing and supplementar TIA/EIA-634-B include calls originated and te call release, call waiting, and so forth. T /EIA-634-B provides for the and now allows the equip- by multiple different ven- specified by TIA/EIA-634-B. SC, as shown by Figure 6-5, sing and mobility manage- station and the MSC, The y services supported over tminated by the subscriber, he mobility management6) D eftne Hoxd.eff and explain voxioue — types ef Handof{ tn coma Aap sysero / => "The tem Hondaeff seefow fo the prvocers of hronsfoeding ongoing coll gt dota conmeckity fem ene bose stakon to other Base Stoken” + Type ef Handef{s :— (1) Tale {Acses Hondelf —> Tp te mobile moves in the tdie stale ond moves from the coverage aria af ene Secley [colt tnto onother Sector, the edie hondelf occurs —> Received signal strength of diff pe ts holce cument PC the mobile cot Stor bo Lister fo the PC eae cshich % assectaled coith the Shonget PC eotled o hard handel{ > Ue can also peform hondelf opexakon dining acces stale. (1) Sqhandalf + - —> Oceum pdhun the mobile ts able bo communtcale simutahenously catth sevexol new cells & gecton el arent cell over a FTC eshile maintaining communteahions over FTC 4 Phe cunent cebl oh secer ol ‘ Sie fe 7 auroctoled eailh neox—fose pscoblem and. power control — Use | sdb handalf fnproves the syslern perfomance , also inowaror coll quality , impooving cov@age and Prcteaning copoctly — 3 types te + Seftex handel} : hondelf ble the fus0 sechors e same cell + Seft hondel{ + ocows blo boo different cells . + Soft -Seftox handel}: ocewn hen the moon gf the mebile gives tt hondel} choice bebwern 90 sedors af the the some coll and a adfacent collpast Hen a3 _> when there 1S on actusl break tr the connedhvihy eahtle suitching Psiorn ene bare staken be anolher base staken _y drew fs no burdin on the bose stalen and MSC because the suoltching takes ploce 80 quidely that if can hardly be nohced by Phe usert §y The wonnedion quali is Hot Ihak good - Haxd handel adepled the bouake bejove make poltey > Tr ocoms hin intexcorion handal| lakes place, ie caured due bo obwuphen tr He stadio Lenle appears for shot pucicd ¢ hme Uhok's ts Hne MS is Suattching from one frequancy fo anolfer #) With o enting dtogrorn , Explain the fottowing iH (0) Interrogation phase :— msc |Vir HR ee ee | tam {22am _ ee Frode soning a a (Tothal Address tnformalion' Mertage ) ovid roarnin ae ; Send Rouking tee _iofermaken ” IAM | > The ftntemagaton phate th Hrneline | flouochat form ts chown Fox the tnlexrogakon opetaion ene votes the inthal addscu meisnge that comes forom oudside the GSM nekuoorle using (SUP (Tup protocols The @msc can send a sequst to the flexible numbexing gystem node before being sent fo the HLR wblisTT He ubsurther dota can be > Fox seouxihy sasom> ‘ 44 Stroubtaneously stored and upleodad unas a mae na on eye! noddh “wee nos MAP parohsocol coramunic: Loi ead othe (b) Rerource Allocation ! — Paging command Tn this pxoces , the Msc /VLR tnfkates Hae call sehup ypovocets by Sending loyer 3 Poging rmeuocge to BSC. shis Mreuage coil conlain Subsertber [Msi mumber so thot BSC can calculate cosredt poging group te use. Ike BSC sends a cles ae peting command “te BTS shich containg IMSI, USN POG G group & datermined by Fhe subsoube! cho: and send 0 channel valor, mel. adh adenovl, edge m ewageBSc M: Establish { Indicalion . Gonnecken Requust | time (poqing ‘rexponne) Conmechen contin _5 Svutce suquist phose cco cohin Mg has horned to nee channel ouigned to tk by tmmedtodi ausgnment metsage sent dusting sadto susounee eonneckon phare —> Sek Agyndrroncus Balanced Mode (SABM) t sent from MS bo BTS sends loode to Ms, He Poging menage suxponse - —> Whin paging response asouves of BTS, tt be forwarded bo BSC ta an establish tndtcakeon enesage causes BSC te ackyose stadia conned¥en quality Supenision ond. tntkol-es pear conhol algeriiiin (d) Authentication :- MS BTS Bee Sc Mobile Management | 1 y exficakion DoloRequist ° uguist fee ae wuthenl cals Anat en specy Data Indtcal Authehhghion suppose | Authorizakon JUs pone »:~ tohen authenbeaken & othvaled » an authenlcalien . aan Sent to the MS. dhe message containing a (98bik sand, number and etpheing key sequince number is seot bo MS 5 coluulaen ts done ond value a] SRES 1s nekurned to ms ae ent outhenkcalion susporse menoge A Hmex is Sek in MSc tohen Hast authenbrealion raqusst meoge Is sent. If the Kme empires » Staguast fs sent ogatn —y authenHealion ¢ unguceenyful >» SM system tnthabe a prcoceduare bo tdanthy MS. Ce) Cipheding Mods Setting I ay msc a mi SEL corneal Kme Cipher med command f —> Once authenkcalion ts succeuful, fhe coll sehup Hhe proces Is tntkabed . Duxing otpheding mode selling , the msc [VLR sends the ciphexing meds command te BSC. — ghe KC Value ts forwordid bo BTS wsilhin an encxyplen conmand mm ; —> dhe BTS stows the volue of k and sends a nv moda command. menage te Ms — The MS trot K and DTMA fsome numb ento outthenkzaken algorttm » That cuales oe nel added to menoge — The ephving mede comple memoge ts sent fy BTS. Ih. BTS cords to fe MSC via o data tndicaon frome from BTS fo Bsc On ciphend ctphexirg a ciphecing sequance Hak Is(4) g8t EME ches: AT ers ae es pilehy Dada. xequnst ea gene Tdunkhy Sones spe fe gues ) Id Indica N Soc |= danky 7, |. Daten | a Idenkihy Surponse Clauntity susponae) s susponse — > Y IMEI checle & bo be done, the MSC/VIR will send an tdankly nequist mevtoge tte He Ms. dhe volue a IMEI Sent mobtle ts chiceed against EIR dalabase > dhe EIR con sutumn three stodus modes fr MS bade fp nekoork dhe MS es “hile Leskd" Gnd ollcwed bo use thi nehoorkk » the Ms con be “ blodke Liskd” and not allowed fo use the nehoorle oft MS can be " qeey Lesledh". {apie Gore Arsigment: = > The hoffe channel auignment ts tnihioled by Msc. Ihe MSC sends an aurignment sruagquast meage to BEC >The BSC wit oudqn MS fo He serving cell and obtain Kmi: advance trforrnakon . he BTS sends an acknowledgement hace Wo achannd ackvaken adenovaledgenent mmewsage f BSC. Jhi BTS seks up © path Phrough th group switch for hrojfic —> dhe ms tunes fo new chonnel and Sends a SABM meunge over, FACCH fo -tndicate succesful Seige of the charmel, > The BTS mecetves the meioge sends o LA menage to MS and establish tndtcakion mewage fo BSC. The MS then sends ouignment b metioge fo tadtect traffic chormel is udorling — Finally , BSC sends a mewoge bo BTS that Signalling channel ts no Longe needed tm form of RF chormel zuleare menage4g °° ers Bee Pi channel ockvalion Say aailoahvanen Chonnet ackvakon |__aclenouatedgement >, Assiqnment —_—— <—tommond |S Pato vequst ~~ “siem ~ (1) Call concn j Call oceptance. ms BTS Bsc eee connedion mnoregiroe Atoxkng Race |———*—> | Datea{ndtealion | epee | | | Aleding | pddveus complde my | | y ercey Lene, | Dota tratcalion | teva conned >| eae Anawering meg Sent bet Some > | be onginaki | oxpinabing enshonge Connect Commeck Data xcquist | < Adanowledge FACCH Adcnowledge. —> The coll conbirmalien slats when MS gends a transpount abuting mevsage fo MSC. Jhe meu fn the mobile and can © — When the dlexking rm age Fnditcalis that a singing tone is genewliy be used for vse to user signolli euoge 18 necetved, the MSC (VLR sende the “ue addres complele mewage to the calling sub hean sudber usho | the staging fone genwraled ty MSc. - i - ee > Whin He MS vey anaes , the conneck mesnge is Sent to the MSCForward Logical Channels (the 18-95 CDMA forward channels exist between the CDMA base station and the subscriber devices.) The first CDMA systems used the same fre- quency spectrum as the AMPS and NA-TDMA systems. However( the IS-95 signal occupies a bandwidth of approximately 1.25 MHz whereas the AMPS and NA-TDMA system standards each specify a signal band- width of 30 kHz) Therefore, an IS-95 signal will occupy approximately the same bandwidth as forty-two AMPS or NA-TDMA channels. Although the bandwidth required for a CDMA signal is substantial, a cellular service provider is able to overlay an IS-95 CDMA system with enhanced data capabilities onto an earlier-generation cellular system. (The basic spreading procedure used on the forward CDMA channels is illustrated by Figure 6-1 1JAs shown in Figure 6-1 1,[the digital signal to be transmitted over a particular forward channel is spread by first Exclusive- OR’ing it with a particular Walsh code (W;%),Then the signal is further scrambled in the in-phase (I) and quadrature phase (Q) lines by two differ- ent short PN spreading codes] ‘These short PN spreading codes are not orthogonal codes; however, they have excellent cross-correlation and auto-correlation properties that make them useful for this applicatio Additionally, it seems that all Walsh codes are not created equal when it comes to the amount of spectrum spreading they produce. Therefore, the use of the short PN spreading code assures that each channel is spread suf- ficiently over the entire bandwidth of the 1.25-MHz channel. The short in-phase and quadrature PN spreading codes are generated by two linear feedback shift registers (LFSRs) of length 15 with a set polynomial val used to configure the feedback paths of each of the LFSRs (for additi alue information about this process see the present CDMA standard. litional resulting short PN spreading codes are repeating binary s ards). The have approximately equal numbers of 0s and 1s and a 7 equences that The outputs of the in-phase and quadrature pha: length of 32,768. through baseband filters and then applied to an RE ae enals are passed quadrature modulatorFIGURE 6-11 Basic spreading procedure used on CDMA forward channels. 1Channel Pilot PN at 1.2288 mcps Walsh Code (W,*) Baseband Filter, [——> 1.2288 Channel- meps Dependent Srnbols To QPSK RF Modulator Baseband | Filter [——> Q Channel Pilot PN at 1.2288 mcps integrated circuit (IC) that upconverts the final output signal to the yj frequency bands. This channel element signal is linearly combined tH other forward channel element signals, amplified, and the Comp passband signal is transmitted over the air interface. 7 The short PN spreading codes provide the CDMA system with the ability to differentiate between different base stations (or cells) transmit. ting on the same frequency. ‘The same short PN code sequence is used by all CDMA base stations; however, for each base station the PN sequence is offset from the sequences used by other area base stations. The offset is in 64-bit increments, hence there are 512 possible offsets. In a scheme analogous to the frequency reuse plans described for other access tech- niques in Chapter 4, the same offset may be reused at a great enough dis- tance away from its first use. Figure 6-12 shows but one example of this reuse method. The use of this offset scheme requires that the base sta- tions used in a CDMA system must all be time synchronized on the downlink radio channels. This precise timing synchronization is achieved through the use of the Global Positioning System (GPS) to achieve a sy tem time that has the required accuracy. The initial IS-95 CDMA system implementation uses four different types of logical channels in the forward direction: the pilot channel, sy" nel ack channel, paging channels, and traffic/powet control ou mor ae one of these types of forward channels will be discuss: ‘ail in the following sections. Pilot Channel all the Th : fs cae pilot channel is used to provide a reference signal fo! nel a cell. Figure 6-13 depicts the generation of the pilot Se signal. The all-Os Ww, : i : ‘alsh 64) j initi nal SP ing on a sequence of arose ) is used for the initial sign® | are results in a sequence of all zerosgure 6-12 MA base gation timing use cffset reu patter”. FIGURE 6-13 1 Channel Pilot PN Ceneration of at 1.2288 meps the COMA pilot channel Walsh Code (Wo?) ae sora. ee |» 1 Chane! 1.2288 meps All Os To QPSK RE Modulator | Baseband Filter > Q Channel Q Channel Pilot PN at 1.2288 meps further spread using the short PN spreadin : s h ig sequences re: i i sequence of Os and 1s: {the land Q signals drive G audaietiee nade rT. Therefore, the resulting pilot signal is an unmodulated 5; ‘he short PN spreading code is used to identify signal pread spectrum and The pilot signal is transmitted at a fixed output pow the base station er usually 4-6 dB254 + CHAPTER 6 1 Channel Pitot py, 301.2288 mee Walsh Code He Modulated 4.2984” (Ws5 symbol Symbol mene Block symbol 2400, Repetition [3800 Interleaver bps Q Channel Pilot By at 1.2288 meps FIGURE 6-14 Generation of the CDMA synchronization channel signal. stronger than any other channel. The pilot channel, transmitted Contin. ously, is used as a phase reference for the coherent demodulation of a other channels. It also serves as the reference for signal strength Measure. ments and other signal power comparisons. Synchronization Channel The CDMA synchronization channel is used by the system to Provide ini- tial time synchronization Figure 6-14 depicts the generation of the syn- chronization channel signal. In this case, Walsh code W326 (thirtysio Os followed by thirty-two 1s) is used to spread the synchronization chan nel message. Again, the same short PN spreading code with the same of set is used to further spread the signal. As shown in Figure 6-15, the initial synchronization channel messes? has a data rate of 1200 bps. The sync Messages undergo convolution sreoding, symbol repetition, and finally block interleaving (to b Ta hie ‘tt Chapter 8). This process raises the final sync message ~ the ister ae The information contained in the sync message ST channel data rate ork identification codes, identification of Pe the state of th 7 i offset value of the short PN spreading pean chronization channe) py SPreading code. Like the pilot channel, ¢! nel has a fixed Output power. Paging Channels The CDMA pag ; nels in a Gay nk Channels serve the same Purpose as the paging (hr when there is a ment S¥5t2M. These Channels are used to page the Ovile-terminated call and t¢ send control messagtCDMA TECHNOLOGY + 255 1 Channel Pilot PN at 1.2288 meps Code Modulated Walsh Code symbol Symbol 19.2 Kops (wy) ra Filter rage uebanid) | coat FESavohtTonal z eT Encoder = te] Symbol . = (Rate 1/2) Repetition To QPSK RF Modulator 9.6 or 19.2 kbps 19.2 kbps a Filter 1.2288 for Pi FIGURE 6-15 QChannel Pilot PN Samos ——+|Long Code Long Code} Code Mask | Generator Decimator [75.2 Kops at 1.2288 meps ing Channel 64-1 Rate Reduction Generation of the CDMA paging channel signal. the SDs when call setup is taking place. Figure 6-15 depicts the genera- tion of a paging channel message. For 18-95 CDMA there can be as many as seven paging channels in i W, through W,% are used for this purpose. As seen in Figure 6-15, the Paging channel undergoes an additional scrambling operation using the long PN spreading code sequence. The long PN code is generated by using a 42-bit linear feedback shift register that yields a repeating Sequence of length 242, The Paging channel message also goes through a convolutional encoding process, symbol repetition, and block interleaving before being scrambled by a slower version of the long PN code. Traffic/Power Control Channels The CDMA forward traffic channels carry the actual u: This digitally encoded voice or Potts 14.4, 7.2, 3.6, and 1.8 kbps. Figure 6-16 ang Figure 6-17 depict the i fonts Shown in Figure 6-17, for “4 kbps the output fre the symbol repetition block will be 28.8 kbps. The “puncture” function block selects 4 bits out of every 6 offered and thus reduces the data Tate t 19.2 kbps, which is what the block int ‘0 ‘erleaver needs to see. i about this operation will be presented in Chapter 8, * More detailsCDMA TECHNOLOGY +« 257 All of the CDMA System’s unused Walsh codes may be used to gener- ate forward traffic cl with both the short PN Sequence codes and the long PN sequence codes before transmission. As also shown in Figures 6-16 and 6-17, power con- trol information is transmitted to the mobile stations within the cell over the traffic channels. This power contro! information is used to set the output power of the mobile on the reverse link and is multiplexed with the scrambled voice bits at a rate of 800 bps or 1 bit every 1.25 msec. Reverse Logical Channels The IS-95 CDMA reverse logical channels exist between the subscriber devices and the CDMA base station. As mentioned previously, the encod- ing of digital information on the reverse channels is performed differ- ently than on the forward channels. The data to be transmitted is not ini- tially spread by a Walsh codes; instead, the date is mapped into Walsh codes that are then transmitted. Since there are sixty-four, 64-bit Walsh codes, every 6 bits of data to be transmitted may be mapped to a Particu- width since 64 bits are now transmitted for every 6 bits of data; however, the system error rate is reduced in the process. The mapping of groups of 6 data bits to a Walsh code is very straightforward since there exists a one-to-one relationship between the two. Access Channels The CDMA access channels are used by the mobile to answer pages and to transmit control information for the Purpose of call setup and tear down, Figure 6-18 shows the access channel Processing for a IS-95 CDMA system. As shown in the figure, an access message at 4.8 kbps undergoes the familiar convolutional encoding, symbol Tepetition, and block inter- leaving that raises the data rate to 28.8 kbps. At this point, the orthogo- nal modulation subsystem processes the signal by encoding every 6 bits into a 64-bit Walsh code. This Process raises the signal Tate to 307.2 keps The reader should note the use at this time of chips per second ( a instead of bits Per second. This is standard Notation wi Gy 1 thi industry when referring to the signal Spreading process Nee co ‘ - Next, ng ‘Or Of 4 that Yields a chip rate of258 + CHAPTER 6 1 Channel Pitot py: at 1.2288 meps Access Channel eal Message 4.8 kbps Encoder (Rate 1/3) | Delay-1/2 PN Gyn Time (406.9 ys" Q Channel Pitot PN at 1.2288 meps, FIGURE 6-18 Generation of the CDMA reverse access channel. 1.2288 meps. The signal is further scrambled by the short PN sequence codes. The long PN code is used by the system to differentiate the thir, two possible access channels. At this point, the CDMA signal is applied to an RF quadrature modu- lator subsystem or IC. However, for the reverse channels, the form of modulation used to produce the final UHF passband signal is slightly di ferent than for the forward channels. In this case, offset QPSK (OQPSK) is used instead of straight QPSK as in the case of the forward channels. Note the delay block of one-half of a PN chip (406.9 ns) used in the Q path to implement the OQPSK modulation. This form of modulation allows fora more power efficient and linear implementation by the subscriber device's RF electronics. As noted previously, any type of power savings technique that can lengthen battery life is usually employed whet designing a mobile subscriber device. Traffic/Power Control Channels okt sng CDMA reverse trafic/power control channels support bt Figure 6.19 agrees ti Tate sets (RSI and RS2) previously introduc! Tate set case, aoe the generation of a reverse traffic channel. In < > an ne data Tate at the input to the orthogonal modulator‘ 3072 eps x a Kbps. At the output of this process the signal - izer that in essen Out the sien! is processed by a data burst rans is then spread ya 's used to eliminate redundant data. The sign’ he 7 sequence ng PN sequence code and further scrambled by " * al bande ue: ThE final signal rate is the standard 1.2288 ™! Width of approximately 1.25 MHz.voice Convolutional traffic Encoder (Rate 1/3) Symbol Repetition 28.8 kbps Orthogonal! Modulator 6-64 28.8 kbps kcps Block Data Br Interleaver us Randomizer 307.2 keps Long Code Long Code Mask Generator 307.2 CDMA TECHNOLOGY + 259 I Channel Pilot PN at 1.2288 meps 1.2288 meps Baseband Filter - To QPSK RF Modulator Baseband Filter Delay-1/2 PN Chip Time (406.9 us) Q Channel Pilot PN at 1.2288 mcps FIGURE 6-19 Generation of the CDMA reverse traffic channel. The reverse traffic channel is also used to send information to the base station controller about pilot channel signal strength, control infor- mation regarding handoff operations, and ongoing frame error rate (FER) statistics. More detail about these topics will be forthcoming shortly. CNAAA ECramoa EKEnarmatGSM AND TDMA TECHNOLOGY + 201 Clear Command Data Request a Channel Release (Channel Release) Deactivate SACCH Time Release Indication RF Channel Release RF Channel Release Acknowledgement > Clear Complete Mobile Station @ (Ms) Base Transmitter Base Station Mobile Switching Station (BTS) Controller (BSC) Center (MSC) FIGURE 5-39 GSM connection release. FIGURE 5-40 (1) Radio resource (RR) connection GSM IMS} 3) aa establishment - channel request detach ? (Courtesy of (a) Ericsson), (1b) ————> (2) IMSI detach message toward MSC. (3) IMSI detach message toward VLR MS 2 1b) prs | ase ——}_ Msc/vitk (3) shown in Figure 5-41. The MS requests a SDCCH, the IMSI attach message from the MS, the MSC passes the attach Message on to the VLR. The VLR returns the MS to active status and resumes normal call handling for the MS. The MSC/VLR r ‘eturns an-IMSI attach acknowl. edgement message to the MS. If the IMSI detach Process caused the HLR system receives theoe sty 5.6 GSM Infrastructure Communications + IGURE 545, formation ow between vo nodes in network, (Um Interface) The previous sections of this chapter have Presented a cong, amount of detail pertaining to the network components and Tietabe ture, system timing, air interface signal formats, and the nits . necessary to provide mobility to the subscribers of GSM wirelee tons networks. Earlier in Section 5.2, a brief overview of the GSM si at model was presented. This OSI-based signaling model indicated Ply ous interfaces between the GSM network elements and the protocol, Vari. that serviced these nodes as defined by the technical specification” GSM. This section will supply some additional details about the 8 of communications and messages that are sent across the radio link or; interface and the role of the various protocols in the Processing of m messages. In particular, the signaling between peer network layers wil) be examined starting with Layer 3 of the protocol stack and workin, downward. 8 Additional detail will be provided about the physical layer (Layer) signaling across all of the GSM interfaces in Chapter 8 under the genera) topic of GSM hardware. Review of GSM Protocol Architecture Before considering specific examples of GSM peer-to-peer signaling, the reader is referred to Figure 5-45 and Figure 5-46 that illustrate the flowwonnodes in 10M 100 of (courtesy © 1S). GSM AND TDMA TECHNOLOGY + 209 Mobile Station Network Layer 3 Service Primitives of information between two nodes in a network (e.g., the MS and the BTS across the Um interface). As previously described in Chapter 1, the information from the particular user application is sent down through the protocol stack across the physical interface and up through the pro- tocol stack of the receiving node. In each layer, there exist protocol entities that are responsible for the specific signaling operations and pro- cedures required to complete the transfer of information between nodes, Within the same layers in different nodes, there are peer entities that communicate with each other through the use of a specific protocol. Between adjacent layers, so-called service primitives are used for commu. nication between the different protocol entities. These service primitives Provide a means by which the information is carried over the boundary common to the adjacent layers. This information transfer occurs at a Service access point (SAP); a logical concept defined by the OSI model. The SAP is identified by its service access point identifier (SAP!) value. A familiarity with these concepts will be useful to the reader while learning about the various peer-to-peer operations that will be described next. Layer 3: Networking Layer Operations Within the GSM network, Layer 3 provides the mobile network signaling (MNS) service for the mobile subscriber's application. The MNS opera- tions include the following: connection management functions to estab- lish, maintain, and terminate circuit-switched connections from th PSTN to a GSM mobile subscriber; functions to support short messa; e : vice to the subscriber; functions to support supplementary services ony functions to support radio resource and mobility many ement oper tions. The discussion of wireless data service operations sear beans until Chapter 7. : i be deferred168 + CHAPTERS 5.3 FIGURE 5-9 GSM TDMA frame. between databases (HLR, VLR, EIR, AUC, etc.) ape further designatey MAP-n where n is given as shown by Figure 5-5. ISI Hien Part (Ispyjy and temporary user part (TUP) are used from eT up to Layer 7 ang 2) used between the MSC and the ISDN/PSTN for call setup and supervisi® More detail about these protocols and operations will be given later in thy chapter. GSM Channel Concept revious chapters, cellular telephone networks use Vatioy annels to carry out the operations necessary to alloy for the setup of a subscriber radio link for the transmission of eithe; voice conversation or data and the subsequent system support for the subscriber's mobility. The GSM cellular system is based on the use of time division multiple access (TDMA) to provide additional User capacity over a limited amount of radio frequency spectrum. This accomplished by dividing the air interface connection period into time. slots that can be used by different subscribers for voice or data traffic an also for the transmission of the required system signaling and contro information. In essence, this process provides additional channels to the system over the same physical radio link. ‘As shown by Figure 5-9, the GSM system divides the radio link con. nection time into eight equal and repeating timeslots known as frames for both uplink and downlink transmissions. The timeslots can be con- sidered logical channels. That is, from a system point of view, each timeslot may carry either subscriber traffic or signaling and control information required for the management of the radio link and other system resources. The system can use several different types of repeating frame structures known as multiframes depending upon the type of information being transmitted. The next several sections will provide more detail about the timeslots and the frame structure and the ope tions and the various functions performed by the signaling and contt0l channels, As discussed in p) control and traffic chi TDMA Frame 2 —— fet ___[ 54] 785 | 786 | 187 |'ts0 751] 782 | 753 | 734 185 [S697 TsO | TS1 | TS2GSM AND TDMA TECHNOLOGY + 169 Logical Channels As previously mentioned, the logical channels may carry either sub- scriber traffic or signaling and control information to facilitate subscriber mobility. Presently, there are three types of traffic channels (TCHs). The full-rate traffic channel (TCH/F or Bm) carries one conversation by using one timeslot. The transmitted voice signal is encoded at a 13-kbps rate, but it is sent with additional overhead bits. This information plus addi- tional channel overhead bits yields a final channel data rate of 22.8 kbps. The full-rate traffic channel may also carry data at rates of 14.4, 9.6, 4.8, and 2.4 kbps. The half-rate traffic channel (TCH/H or Lm) carries voice encoded at 6.5 kbps or data at rates of 4.8 or 2.4 kbps. With additional overhead bits, the total data rate for TCH/H becomes 11.4 kbps. There- fore, two conversations or a conversation and a data transfer or two data transfers may be transmitted over one channel at the same time. Enhanced full-rate (EFR) traffic encodes voice at a 12.2-kbps rate and like TCH/F adds overhead bits to yield a 22.8 kbps channel data rate. The EFR channel may also transmit data at the TCH/F rates. More will be said about these channels later. The signaling and control channels consist of three channel sub- categories: broadcast channels, common control channels, and dedicated control channels. The function of these channels will be explained in more detail next. Later, the timing scheme used to transmit the signaling and control channels within the TDMA frame structure will be examined. Broadcast Channels The GSM cellular system uses broadcast channels (BCHs) to provide infor- mation to the mobile station about various system parameters and also information about the location area identity (LAI). The three types of BCHs are broadcast control channel, frequency correction channel, and synchro- nization channel. Using the information transmitted over these three BCHs, the MS can tune to a particular base transceiver system (BTS) and synchronize its timing with the frame structure and ti ing in that cell. Each time the MS attaches to a new BTS it must listen to these three BCHs, At present, the timing of different GSM cells is not synchronized, However, there are several emerging technologies that may be adopted in the near future that may alter this fact. The use of single-antenna inter- ference cancellation (SAIC) algorithms to increase GSM system capacity is being investigated by the GSM industry. This noise cancellation tech. nique is enhanced for synchronous networks, Therefore, eventually GSM cells may all be aligned to some master clock like the Global Positioning System (GPs). Broadcast Control Channel The broadcast control channel (BCCH) con- tains information that is needed by the MS concerning the cell that it isa CHAPTER 5 attached to in order for the MS to be able to start making or recy calls, or to start roaming. The type of information Droadcast oi te BCCH includes the LAT, the maximum output power allowed in ot oe and the BCCH carrier frequencies for the neighboring cells. Thy, : jon is used by the MS to allow it to monitor the neighy’ 4 it i coticipation of a possible handover operation that preetity cell ed as the MS moves about. The BCCH is only transmitted on e downlink from BTS to MS. : rection Channel The frequency correction cha; Freee) scits bursts of zeros (this is an unmodulated carries Signy tothe MS. This signaling is done fortwo reasons: the MS can useing! nal to synchronize itself to the correct frequency and the MS can vetiy that this is the BCCH carrier. Again, the FCCH is only broadcast yt) downlink. Synchronization Channel The synchronization channel (SCH) is used to transmit the required information for the MS to synchronize itself with the timing within a particular cell. By listening to the SCH, the Ms can learn about the frame number in this cell and about the BSIC of the BIS it is attached to. The BSIC can only be decoded if the BTS belongs to the GSM network. Again, SCH is only transmitted in the downlink direction, Common Control Channels Paging Channel The Paging channel (PCH) is used by the system to send paging messages to the mobiles attached to the cell. The MS listens to the PCH at certain time intervals to learn if the network wants to make contact with it. The mobile will be paged whenever the network has at incoming call ready for the mobile or some type of message (e.g., shot ti i ion transmitted on the PCH will consist of a paging message and the mobile’s identity numbe: ae Ln i tted in the downlink direction oni” Pee u reply on the RACH with a Tequest for a signaling ¢t ; Originated nus° Pe Used by the mobile if it wants to set UP call. The RACH is only transmitted in the upll!GSM AND TDMA TECHNOLOGY * 177 direction. For this last operation, the RACH also plays an important role in the determination of the required timing advance needed by the MS and the subsequent assignment of this parameter to the mobile by the network. The format of the signal sent on the RACH provides enough informa- tion to the wireless network (i.e., the BSC) to allow it to calculate the dis- tance of the mobile from the BTS. This measured time delay is then trans- lated into a timing advance (TA) that is sent to the MS. The use of a TA allows any mobile within the cell to transmit information that will arrive at the BTS in correct synchronization with the start of the TDMA frame. In the GSM system, the structure of the RACH signal allows for a maxi- mum cell radius of 35 km except when extended range cells are defined by the system. Access Grant Channel The access grant channel (AGCH) is used by the network to assign a signaling channel to the MS. After the mobile requests a signaling Channel over the RACH the network will assign a channel to the mobile by transmitting this information over the AGCH. The AGCH is only transmitted in the downlink direction. Dedicated Control Channels The last group of broadcast channels is known as the dedicated control channels (DCCHs). These dedicated channels are used for specific call setup, handover, measurement, and short message delivery functions. The four DCCHs are the stand-alone dedicated control channel (SDCCH), the slow associated control channel (SACCH), the fast associated control channel (FACCH), and the cell broadcast channel (CBCH). Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channel Both the mobile station and the BTS switch over to the network-assigned stand-alone dedicated con- trol channel (SDCCH) that is assigned over the access grant channel in Tesponse to the mobile’s request that has been transmitted over the ran- dom access channel. The call setup procedure (i.e., the initial steps Tequired to set up a radio link) is performed on the SDCCH. The SDCCH is transmitted in both the uplink and downlink directions. When the call setup procedure is complete, both the mobile and the BTS switch to a Preassigned available traffic channel. Slow Associated Control Channel The slow associated control channel (SACCH) is used to transmit information about measurements made by the MS or instructions from the BTS about the mobile’s parameters of operation. In the uplink direction the mobile sends measurements of ty received signal strength from its own BTS and those of neighboring Bint In the downlink direction, the MS receives information from tee oo about the mobile’s output power level and the timing advance that 7 ie