Varianta nr 1.

1. The category of number. Uncountable nouns.

It's important to distinguish between countable and uncountable nouns in English because their
usage is different in regards to both determiners and verbs.
Countable nouns are for things we can count using numbers. They have a singular and a plural
form. The singular form can use the determiner "a" or "an". If you want to ask about the quantity
of a countable noun, you ask "How many?" combined with the plural countable noun.
Count nouns can be separated into individual units and counted. They usually have both a
singular and a plural form. Most English nouns are count nouns.

 one phone, two phones

 one dog, two dogs
 one shirt, two shirts

Uncountable nouns are for the things that we cannot count with numbers. They may be the
names for abstract ideas or qualities or for physical objects that are too small or too amorphous
to be counted (liquids, powders, gases, etc.). Uncountable nouns are used with a singular verb.
They usually do not have a plural form.

 tea
 sugar
 water
 air
 rice
 knowledge
 beauty
 anger
 fear

We cannot use a/an with these nouns. To express a quantity of an uncountable noun, use a word
or expression like some, a lot of, much, a bit of, a great deal of , or else use an exact measurement
like a cup of, a bag of, 1kg of, 1L of, a handful of, a pinch of, an hour of, a day of.

Some nouns are countable in other languages but uncountable in English. They must follow the
rules for uncountable nouns. The most common ones are:
accommodation, advice, baggage, behavior, bread, furniture, information, luggage, news,
progress, traffic, travel, trouble, weather, work .

A mass: work, equipment, homework, money, transportation, clothing, luggage, jewelry, traffic

A natural substance: air, ice, water, fire, wood, blood, hair, gold, silver
Food: milk, rice, coffee, bread, sugar, meat, water
An abstract concept: advice, happiness, health, education, research, knowledge, information,
time
A game: soccer, tennis, basketball, hockey, football, chess, checkers
A disease: diabetes, measles, polio, influenza, malaria, hypothyroidism, arthritis
A subject of study: economics, physics, astronomy, biology, history, statistics
A language: Arabic, Chinese, Spanish, English
An activity (in the "-ing" form):  swimming, dancing, reading, smoking, drinking, studying

2.Main characteristics of the Enlightenment

-was an age of reserch , discovery and innovation in a wide range of fields
Reason:-The philosophes of enlightenment stressed the primacy of reason and rationality as ways
of organizing knowledge, tempered by experience and experiment. The philosophes combined
rationalism with empiricism.

Empiricism:-It is also believed by the enlightenment thinkers and scientists that our knowledge
about natural and social world is based on empirical facts. Empiricism, thus, is experience.

Universalism:-The enlightenment believes that reason, science and rationality can be applied to
any and every situation. It means that the principles of these tenets were the same in every
situation. Science in particular produces general law, which governs the entire universe without
exception. This makes reason, rationality and science universal.

Progress:It is argued that if science and reason are for the universal law, the conditions of
natural and social world can be improved by the application of science. Thus progress is
inherent in science, reason and rationality. It is on the basis this tenet of enlightenment that
modernity is associated with progress.

Individualism:-The concept that the individual is the starting point for all knowledge and action
and that individual reason cannot be subjected to higher authority, society is thus the sum or
product of thought and action of a large number of individuals.
Toleration:

The notion holds true that all human beings are essentially the same; despite their religious or

moral convictions and that the beliefs of other races or civilizations are not inherently inferior to
those of European Christianity.Freedom:-The enlightenment came as a challenge to Great Chain

of religion and therefore it condemns feudal and traditional constraints. However, the

philosophes were not charitable to give freedom to lower classes and women. Modernity has

rejected such an attitude of philosophes.

Uniform human nature:-Though there is much diversity among people of the world on the basis
of ethnicity, race, caste and language, the philosophes expressed their belief in the principal
characteristics of human nature that it has always been and everywhere the same.

Secularism:-Enlightenment is against the hegemony of priesthood or clericalism. It opposes the

traditional religious authority and pleads for secular knowledge.

Varianta 2.

1. Types of If Clauses.

Type one real present is formed from If + any present form ( Present Simple , Prezent
Continuos or Present Perfect)
-Main clause – Future/ imperative can/may/might/ must/should+ bare infinitiv Present
Simple
-it used for true or likely to happen in the present or the future
If you finish work early , we”ll go for a walk
If you have finished your coffe, we can play the bill.

Type two unreal present in formed from If+Past Simple or Past Continuous
-Main clause-would/could/ might+bare infinitive
-it used for untrue in the present also used to give advice
If I hard money, I would travel round the world ( but I don”t have money-untrue in the
present)

Type three unreal past is formed from If +Past Perfect or Past Perfect Continuos
-Main clauses – would/could/might+have+past participle
 -it used for imaginary situation contrary to facts in the past , also used to express regrets
or criticism
If we hadn”t left so early, we would have missed the plane.

2.Main features of Victorianism.

-times social injustice the gloom of urban dechei
-the novels paint a graphic pictures of the living conditions of the urban poor
-due to the dements of writing of instalments
-the pilots of the novel offen sim artificial, the need to mentein the public interes from one
episode to another often led to improbable twist in the teils
One of the most important factors that defined the age was its stress on morality. Strict
societal codes were enforced and certain activities were openly looked down upon. These codes
were even harsher for women. A feminine code of conduct was levied on them which described
every aspect of their being from the proper apparels to how to converse, everything had rules.
The role of women was mostly that of being angels of the house and restricted to domestic
confines. Professionally very few options were available to them as a woman could either
become a governess or a teacher in rich households. Hence they were financially dependent on
their husbands and fathers and it led to a commercialization of the institution of marriage.

Varianta 3.

1.Main of expressing futurity.

Be going to -expresis the intention of the speaker to do something in the future or it is used
when something happened

-It is form: S+am/is/are+going to+verb

He loves planes ; He is going to be a pilot

Present Continuous- it used to express a fix aranjament in the future

-it is form: S+am/is/are +vb with ing

They are getting married next weekend( all plans and aranjament was maid)
Present Simple-it is used with future meaning when it is expressed time tables/programs

-it is form : S+vb

The train to London leaves at 6 o`clock tomorrow morning

Future perfect-it expresis a future action that will being finish before a stated time in the future

-it is form: will+ have +past participle

She will have finished her homework by tomorrow afternoon

Future continuous- it is expresis duration of an action up to a certain time in future

-it is form: S+will+have+been+vb with ing

By may next year he will have leaving abord for two years

2.Class stratification in Charles Dicken`s Great Expectations

Charles Dickens’s Great expectations reveal the perfect examples of the theme of social class. 
The author provides varied examples of social classes of poor and rich  people. Pip is one of the
characters who come from a lower class and as an orphan; he struggles hard though associating
with other people in order to meet his expectations.  In particular, Pip climbs higher in the social
ladder from a common man to a gentlemen and a wealth man (Dickens 212). After he rose from
a poor to a rich man, he changes his attitudes from a caring child to an apathetic gentleman
(Goodheart 45). Pip comes from a poor family and when his parents died, he struggles hard in
order to meet his great expectations. Pip loved Joe, his brother in law as well as his friend, Biddy
who was a convict. However, since he visited the Satis mansion, Pip decided to change in order
to become a prosperous gentleman.
 Varianta 4.

1. The Present Perfect Tense Simple . Form , uses and values.

It is from: S+have/has +past participle (vb with ed)

S+haven`t/hasn`t +past participle

Have/ has+S+vb ed?

It expresis a recently complet action( adverbs just/recently)- he has just arrived home

It is used for a past action who`s time isn`t menentionated.- he has bought a new house.

With the adverbs how long/yet/since/ for to express actions that started in the past and
continuous up to the present .- How long have you lived here?

-I have lived here for 6 years

When there is unfasis on number- I have written four letters in morning.

2.Means of social satire in J.Swift`s Gulliver`s Travels

Gulliver's Travels was the work of a writer who had been using satire as his medium for
over a quarter of a century. His life was one of continual disappointment, and satire was his
complaint and his defense — against his enemies and against humankind. People, he
believed, were generally ridiculous and petty, greedy and proud; they were blind to the "ideal
of the mean." This ideal of the mean was present in one of Swift's first major satires, The
Battle of the Books  (1697). There, Swift took the side of the Ancients, but he showed their
views to be ultimately as distorted as those of their adversaries, the Moderns. In Gulliver's
last adventure, Swift again pointed to the ideal of the mean by positioning Gulliver between
symbols of sterile reason and symbols of gross sensuality. To Swift, Man is a mixture of
sense and nonsense; he had accomplished much but had fallen far short of what he could
have been and what he could have done.

Gulliver’s Travels is not only rich in content, but also deep in meaning. His satires
about humanity in the four books are to the fullest. Satires are both implicitly and explicitly
constructed throughout the four books. Disgust for human steadily increases as the narrative
proceeds. The greatness of this novel does not plainly lie in Swifitian satire. The whole novel
is like a mirror by which human flaws are reflected. It probably would long have been
forgotten if the book did not carry carry critical thinking about humanity.
 Varianta 5.

1.The Direct Object Clauses. The sequence of tenses.

If the tense used with the principal clause is in the present or future tense, the tense of the
subordinate clause can be in any tense based on what needs to be conveyed.

Example: She is saying that she is alright. She says she is fine.

When we use the principal clause in the future tense, we do not use subordinating clauses in the
future tense and use the subordinating clause beginning with when, until, before, after etc.

Example: I will call you when dinner is ready. I shall wait until you return.

When the subordinate clause is introduced with the conjunction ‘that’, we do the following,

 We use ‘may’ in the subordinate clause when the principal clause is in the present tense. 
AND

 We use ‘might’ in the subordinate clause when the principal clause is in the past tense.
Example: We eat that we may live. She tried to live so that he might have a chance at life.

When the main clause is in the past or past perfect tense, the subordinate clause must be in the
past or past perfect tense.

 He said that he wanted to go. (NOT He said that he wants to go.) (Here the main clause
(He said) is in the simple past tense and hence the subordinate clause, too, should be in the
past tense.)
 She said that she had paid the dues. (NOT She said that she has paid the dues.)
 They asked me where I was going. (NOT They asked me where I am going.)

There are some exceptions to this rule. When the subordinate clause expresses a general truth, it
can in the present tense even when the main clause is in the past tense.
  The teacher said that the earth moved around the sun. OR The teacher said that the earth
moves around the sun.
 She said that she had cancer. OR She said that she has cancer. (The second sentence is
possible as long as the fact that she has cancer is true.)

When some phrases such as If only, Wish that, What if, It is time are used, the clauses that follow it
are always in the past tense.

 Example: I wish I could eat another ice cream.

2.Stream of consciousness technique in V.Woolf`s To the Lighthouse

Woolf's novels are the great examples of stream-of-consciousness; in fact it’s the common and
general theme of Woolf's works. She conveys her feelings that if somebody wants an adequate
portrayal of life, one should go with the techniques of stream-of-consciousness. Although James
Joyce who has written Ulysses and Woolf who has written various streams of consciousness
based novels have similar genre but still there is a vast difference because Virginia does not put
the readers directly into the minds of her people all the time. She does depict character thoughts
through the inner consciousness of the person or character. For example in the dinner party
sequence, for instance Woolf changes the point of view frequently, with transitions often marked
by the sparse or scattered dialogues. While shifting her point from person to person Woolf
develops her characters through their thoughts, memories and reactions to each other.

The term stream of concines refers to any attempt by a writer to represent the concios and
impresions in the main of the character . In her most important novel To the Lighthouse ,
V.Woolf explores the creative and intuitive consecness of missis Ramsi , the central figure in the
Ramsi family. The novel highlight the diference between the mail perspective represent by the
tragic filosofy mister Remsi and the mail few mail perspective representing by the warm and
maternal misiss Remsi. As in all Wolf`s works the is little actions. The story revelvs a round of a
single event a pland expedition to the lighthouse. The style of the novel is both realistic and
symbolistic; the central symbolist the lighthouse represent spiritual and moral salvation and the
story ends on a note of optimist as the family`s younger generation makes the long everdu
expedition.