ENGLISH FOR ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND COMPUTING Authors: Daniela M FESB, Split 2009,| peaview Why do companies colle —___Campanies collect market research data to ct data? What kind of data do they collegp improve their marketing. : lect and manage data j Ustching | ©) fill Listen to three people who have to co n Fe iste rch Ahe-people 1-3 with what they do a-c. Amy » searches for information on the interne, Bob stores records in a database Carla writes market research, reports % fl Listen again and answer the questions. Why i it useful to collect information about customers’ buying habits? 2 What are the three questions Bob has to answer in his work? Who uses Bob's reports? What is Carla's job and what does she try to do? } Does Carla always use the same suppliers? _ Eq Complete the sentences with these words. Listen and check Z \ *. va browse enters! keeps" manages © uses ~ updates © Amy .mandaes customer data and records of customers, She ___ data in the customer database: Bob collects data about people who __ the company website. Carla search engines to find new produets and suppliers. She the files with new information. No othe 3 Beet TPR Corn parierfeantnot (colle derailed information about us: Withee these things are you happy about? Are they necessa Other people can read your emails 4 Mobile phone companies can monitor your calls. os Video cameras in the street film you. Companies collect details of your shopping habits. Airlines can check jour personal fecords before you fly. {i Read the article on the opposite page quickly and choose the sentence which best summarises the main idea 1 New technology is helping to find internet criminals. 2 Itis difficult to store a lot of data, ; 3 Modern life is not very private. Read the article again and answer the following questions. How’do companies collect information about people who visit websites? + How can onganisations find out where we go? What are some of the new developments in surveillan€ technology? * What four advantages of surveillance technology are mentioned? What do most people think about having so much surveillance? rom Unit 2 A J‘nternet society No hiding pla ce ‘The protection of privacy will be a huge problem for the internet society {polie is a small file that a company can send to your computer when you visit the company’s website. tt tells them a lot about your browsing habits. Using the web without then is nearly impossible. DoubleClic an advertising company, has agreements ‘with over 1,000 websites and maintains cookies on’ 100 million users 10. get information about the Offline, the story is the same. When yor turn on a mobile phone, the phone company eanfohitér-ealls and. also record the location of the phone. We use more and more electronic systeins for tickets, and for access to buildings. 1 is Decming common for, employer 0 monitor employees’ telephone calls, ail, email and computer use ust of video surveillance cameras algo. growing. Britain has about (5 nillion cameras in public places (‘or ample, airports, shopping malls and | ee public buildings). The average Briton is recorded by CCTV cameras 300 times a day. With digital cameras we can collect, store and analyse millions of images ‘And this is only the beginning are now developing cameras through clothing, walls or tars, Saidlli—es can recognise objects only fone metre across. We can attach tracking chips to products or people. i New technology offers. substantial” benefits ~ more security against terrorists and criminals, higher productivity at work, a wider selection of products, more convenierice. We are ready to give more personal information because we want the benefits, But all this monitoring generates a mountain of data about us. Surveillance is everywhere in our society, often with: out our knowledge. Most people hate the idea but they don't know how 10, stop it, Who do you think ber compa: surveillance? oO ts most from surveillance? Governments, s or individuals? What are the dangers Glossary | CCTV cameras closed circuit television cameras ~ police and can watch the film people's moverer tracking chips microchips that use radio signals to find the exact location of someone or something of too muchUsing the internet 29 Match the words 1-8 with the pictures a-h. Seatenaara a website 2 § search engine online shopping |, 6 password sereen mouse keyword click Complete the text with a suitable word ur phrase from exercise 1 When you want to find information on the web, it is helpful to use a é — such as Google or AltaVista. You type ina? or phrase, "__"_on ‘GO’ and a list of *__A__appears on your somputer* Many people use the web for or Banking. This means they have to enter private information such ac credit card numbers or bank details, so the website must be very secure. To enter a xs secure site, you usually need to enter your username and a” 4 ocbuler/ 2 Quantity and number Put the following words and phrases in the correct group. abitof afew huge millions amiguiitain8E Z + Substantial "tiny, wide enormous a fraction)? Laney se : Shalt Ee me (2 Match the numerical expressions 1-5 with the descri ns are. os frequency, how often something happe Tmetre wider a decimal millions (oF...) a fraction 300 times a day @ huge number ~ we don’t know how a quarter ¢ the size of something 18m Unit 22 x Listening’2@) Numbers: 6 Listen to Bob from Listening 1 on page 16 clescribing a report about his company’s website. Write the numbers you hear. ‘Total hits this week: ‘average time per session Average number of pay session views per { Products page Par. L 2 ll offers page: : A b + of trafic ; ll North America: __.___ per cent 3 * europe: per cent ¢ Listening 3 © Say the numbers, Then listen and check. Toa 85 b 10,000 © 4,905 Dea cz) h 1098 15361 a Ms Li th : 1m 48% 13% | 02 4,000 USD em Listening 4 ) i Listen to Sandra Ravell giving advice on how to manage data and answer the questions. She names three kinds of people who need to manage large amounts of ; Keep your fling system * Geiate 4’ foreachkindot | ~ File new Information as soon as you getit thaterial wa orthvow away old material = Give your files helpful names ~ *_____ your system often: does it work | for you? information, Who are they? 2 Why is it important to manage information well? €f Listen again and complete the notes with the missing words. ee your filing (as) Arrangé your files for easy * system : Create a short-cut to fles that you use often = What are the main#z\ of = Keep most important fies atthe information that you deal with? __ of the fling area = What'sub-*_ 0? «4 | | Speaking Work with a partner. Tell each other what systems you use for recording and storing English vocabulary.Countable and uncountable one ee DD Which of the following nouns in. bold are.co' a which are uncountable (U)? E ‘ hhave any statisties On web users? A | Re date alot of information about shopping on the internet = internet. Some people dislike shopping on the interne 1 Doyou haye many customers in the US? We don't have much time to analyse all the data," a ‘Do you use much surveillance equipment in your company? -\, Theresa camera in reeption, We can't give you any advice on security. F ‘The company doesn't have any problems with security. ‘This website doesn’t have many pages ©) Match the sentences above with the rules. Write countable nouns, uncountable nouns or both. ss : : Note: In offers and requests, we usually use some, not any, te Gan you bring rin sone water? (request) Would you like some aoffoo? (offer) « actice ij Complete the conversations with a / some / any, A Can you send me'___ 1 I'mafraid we don’t have website, you can find * information about the hotel, please? leaflets here. If you go to their details there. A Are there*___+_ messages for me? There's» message for you on your desk. Ed Complete the conversation with a lot of / much / many. SA Do you get! Useful information from your web report? 1 Yes, the report gives us '_. «interesting data. For example, we know that People in the US visit our website. But we dont have « hits from people in Australia. ‘© Speaking Work with a partner: Ask questions about a company that he/she knows. How many people live in... ? region, town or | Answer your partner's questions Are there any good restaurants? 20 mUnit 2 BS |-_s FT cutture a wors a oe ee a ee ee rere‘ business: Sometimes itis important to-tister-and— write down a precise number. You need to check that you have got the number _ Correct, especially on the telephone. Here are some useful expressions for checki {| Sony ~ I didn’t coteh that. Do you mean Can you repeat it, please? Sorry, can J just check Did you say ... ? Sorry ~ did you say... ? Sometimes it is enough to give approximate numbers. For example, we can say: about halfa million just undera thousand over two million 8 Listen to two people talking about internet statistics on the phone. Write the precise or approximate numbers you hear. } t ' Number of people online worldwi fe | Percentage of people online in Europe: i Number of people online in Europe: Time each person spends browsing 4 Listen again. Tick the expressions from the list above that speaker A-uses to check the figures, Work in pairs. You are going to give each other some customer data. Student A give Student B this information. Write the information that Student B gives you, Student B tum to page 140. Name: Jane Doe Age: 35 Drives 15,400 kilomeu sa year Salary; $69,950 a year Works in a company with 1568 Car: expects 10 spend $18,000 on next car employees Spends 1.4% of salary on clothes Are you precise or approximate? someone asks you the time, do you give a precise answer (for example, ‘It's two minutes past ten’) or an approximate answer (“Ten o'clock? In some cultures, people think it is important to give precise numbers. These things are not so important in other cultures é Unit 2m21 io~ Politeness at work 3. piscuss-these-cxamples-of bad manners: Which-ones-do think are especially bad? Why? arriving late for a meeting ignoring people when you meet them shouting an order at someone not apologising if you offend someone being tude to people who offer to help you using bad language 4 x badd manners can you think of Mater camo of od oie ar Wath other grape. Bo you all have the same opinions about politeness? Janet Stubbs, a professor of communication, talks about politeness in the workplace. Listen to part one and complete what she says. Politeness is about showing for others. It means thinking about other people's Use Listen to part two and answer the questions. Fins ‘Who are we usually polite to in a business environment? Give two examples Why is it better if managers show respect for their workers? Complete the extracts with words from the box. Then listen to part two again and check hierarchy rules —status._—_ subordinates, a In formal situations, itis a good idea 10 follow standard when making new contacts, Politeness is often linked to __ We are more polite to people who are above us in the organisational | Reading Mf Read thi i Di ding {J Read the article on the opposite page and find six examples of bad manners. Which three examples of bad manners is the company in the article trying to stop? Re an W or an in 24m UnitCo he : Online Encyclopedia 2009 spngineering," Microsoft® Encarta ® Online EneyetOMe0 os ‘ & C.YOCABULARY PRACTICE 4 i ‘What is electricity? 7 z ly charged particles of hhenomenon associated with positively and negativel; atom contains both “notion, individually or in great numbers. Since every electricity is connected with the physical chemistry and matter at rest and in TMs ively and negatively charged particles, roperties and structure of matter and is an important factor in physics, a biology. Use the words underlined inthe previous passage, either in their singular or plural form, to fill the gaps in the following sentences: a 1." Lightning is a naturally occurring electrical _s.- E 2. Electrical conductivity is an important _ of metals. BE > Atoms, which were once thought to be the smallest __s , are known to consist of even smaller ones. : ie. 3° toms have only a weak charge, but a very large number together can make a powerful charge. Bf 5. Alber Einstein discovered the relationship between 1 and energy Mia you know. a Read the text and then make questions so that the underlined structures provide answers: gah whee ; P| William Gilbert (1544-1603), English physicist and physician, known primarily for his original experiments in the nature of electricity and magnetism. He was born in Colchester and educated at Saint John’s College, University of Cambridge. He began to practice medicine a in London in 1573 and in 1601 was appointed physician to Elizabeth I, queen of England. ' a Ber wre g 6ite ay x “e o Yor ci light objects when rubbed, and he~— ‘ : to attract light obj d!, He was the ~ Gilbert found that many substances iia uncer exert aftr bein ee ertast Gilberts applied the term electric to the force ‘attraction, and magnetic pole. fonature of the -__; first to use the terms elecirie force, electric station of the =F most important contribution was imental demons! BJ a Is0 the fer him. He was al 3 2 “lbert, was narped after I ostulated sath The unit of Sea ReCe Soran of celestial mechanics, aes B Fe first exponent in England of the Cop iistance from the earth’, His most imp that fixed stars were not all at the same distance from the earth®. t + + ; trans. 1890), lagnetic Bodies, and the Great Magnet of the Earth (1600, trans. ) probably the first great scientific work written in England. i il i ci i slopedia 2009 "William Gilbert," Microsoft® Encarla® Online Encyel I : na hnpi/encarta.msn.com © 1997-2009 Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Rese! Hi i s provide Read the text and then make questions so that the underlined structures p | en i { | \ Charles Augustin de Coulomb (1736-1806), French physicist; mone qpicleetieg : heer, bom in Angouléme, He served as a military engineer for France pele eelades, but retired to Blois, France, at the time of the French Revolution to contin magnetism, friction, and electricity', In 1777 he invented ee ete LE the force of magnetic and electrical attraction’, With this invention, Coulomb was able to { formulate the principle, now known as Coulomb's law, governing the interaction rece | electric charges. In 1779 Coulomb published the treatise Théorie des machines simples (Theory of Simple Machines), an analysis of friction in machinery. After the war Coulomb ame (ut of retirement and assisted the new government in devising a metric system of weights and measures’. The unit of quantity used to measure electrical charges, the coulomb, was named for him, "Charles Augustin de Coulomb," Mic! Tosoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2009 http://encarta.msn.com © 1997-2009 Microsoft Corporation. Ali Rights Reserved. Read the text and then make questions so. that the underlined structures provide answers: Joseph Henry (1797-1878), American physicist, who did his most electromag netism, He, was born in Albany, New York, , Was appointed professor of mathematics and natural philosophy at Albany Academy! in 1826 and professor of natural Philosophy at Princeton University in 1832, The foremost Americin ‘* physicist of his day, fhe discovered the Principle of electromagnetic. induction, before the h physicist Michael Faraday announced ly discovery of electromagnetical Sacer, but Faraday published his findings first and tc credited with the discove discovery of the phenomerion of SelfsindudlanceY which Henry announced in 1832, however, attributed to him’, and the unit of inductance is named the henry in his honor. . Henry experimented with and improved the i by the Briton William Sturgeon, By 1899 he Power and efficiency and essentially of the sa t important work in and educated at Albany Academy. He The ctromagnet, which had developed elec! me form used later i had been invented in 18° tromagnets of great lift in dynamos and Motors. {HiElectrical conductor is any material that offers little resistance to re flow sf « cleerie current. The difference between a conductor and an insulator, which iS 9 Pole Gcaductor of electricity or heat, is one of degree rather than kind, because. a stu coniet electricity to some extent, A good conductor of electricity, such as silver fr spre may have conductivity a billion or more times as great as the conductivity of a good insulator, Taek te alass or mica, A phenomenon known es superconductivity_is observed whe certat substances are cooled to a point near absolute zero, at which point their ‘conductivity becomes almost infinite. In solid conductors the electric current is carried by the movement of flectrons; in solutions and gases, the electric current is carried by ions. Microsoft® Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009 "Electrical . Conductor," ft Corporation, All Rights Reserved.) ‘hitp://encarta.msn.com © 1997-2009 Microso! Fill the gaps with words from the text above: Property of any objector substance to resistor oppose the flow of an electrical current iscallea (NSM Wie, 2. Phenomenon displayed by certain substances that conduct electri ity but demonstrate cu pey aan lt al vi ty no resistance to the flow of an electric current is called SCP 2 3. absoli 7-'%3 is the lowest temperature theoretically possible, characterized by complete absence of heat (thermal energy). ol uct‘, in chemistry, are homogeneous (uniform) mixtures of two or more substances. ‘Answer the questions below the text: Electric insulation The perfect insulator for electrical applications Wwould be a material that is absolutely nonconducting; sucha material does not exist, The materials used as insulators, although they do, conduct some electricity, have aiesistance to the low of electrie current as much as 2.5 x 10* greater than that of good electrical conductors such as silver and copper. Materials that are good conductors have a large number of free electrons (electrons not tightly bound to atoms) available to carry the current; good insulators have few such electrons, Some material such as silicon and germanium, which have a limited number of free electrons, are semiconductors end form the basic material of transistors. emesis In ordinary electric wiring, plastics are commonly used as insulating sheathing for the w itself. Very fine wire, such as that used for the winding of coils and transformers, may. be insulated with a thin coat of enamel. The internal insulation of electric equipment may be Aoand transformers may ‘i t made of mica or glass fibers with a plastic binder. Electronic equipment Mt it nite 4 ‘cal grade of paper. High-vollage power lines are ‘made of porcelain or other ceramic, or of glass. ‘The specific choice: of an insulation material is usually determined ee Polyethyléne and polystyrene are used in high-frequency applications, anc eas camaetce electrical capacitors. Insulators must also be selected according to-the ee ctne they will encounter, Teflon is used in the high-temperature range of 175° to 230° © CIS¥) to 450° F). Adverse mechanical or chemical conditions may eall for other materials, Myion has excellent abrasion. resistance, and neopréne, silicone rubber, epoxy polyesters, polyurethanes ean provide protection against chemicals and moisture. Micwsone Frowra® Online, ——Encyclopedis ©2009 http://encarta.msi.com © 1997-2009 Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved. Answer the following questions: What would a perfect insulator be like? What characterizes good insulators? 1 2 3. What materials are used as insulating sheathing for wire? 4. What materials are used for insulation of electronic equipment? 5. - What determines the choice of an insulation material? Semiconductors Fill the gaps in the following two paragraphs on semiconductors with the following words: conduct, conductivity, impurities, semiconductors, electrons, intrinsic, bond, valence, increase. , Semiconductor is a solid or liquid material, able to ' (conduct) electricity at room temperature more readily than an insulator, but less easily than a metal. Electrical ? (conductivity), which is the ability tq conduct electrical current under the application of a voltage, has one of the widest ranges of values of any physical property of matter. Such metals as copper, silver, and aluminum are excellent conductors, hut such ) insulators as diamond and glass are very poor conductors. At low temperatures, pure semiconductors behave like insulators. Under higher temperatures or light or with the addition of. > (impurities), however, the conductivity of semiconductors can be increased dramatically, reaching levels that may approach those of metals. The physical properties of % semiconductors are studied in solid-state physics. Aq ‘The com as silico increase umber a pure, ¢ electron that hol electric: valence “holes, carriers electric electrocommon _* (semiconductors) include chemical elements and compounds such aoe Sa eae gallium arsenide, zine selenide, and lead telluride, The increase in conductivity with temperature, light, or impurities arises from an increase in the number of conduction pure, of. 5 (electrons), which are the carriers of the electrical current. In * Gantrinsic), semiconductor such as silicon, the valence electrons, or outer electrons, of an atom are paired and shared between atoms to make a covalent ___7 (bond) that holds the crystal together. These * (valence) electrons are not free to carry electrical current. To produce conduction electrons, ‘temperature or light is used to excite the valence electrons out of their bonds, leaving them free to conduct current. Deficiencies, or “holes,” are left behind that contribute to the flow of electricity. (These holes are said to be +i camiers of positive electricity.) This is the physical origin of the tees clectrical conductivity of semiconductors wit Bo. and hole is called the energy gap. ? (increase) in the ith temperature, The energy required to excite the jases are used in thany ways to produce semiconductors ant i integrated circuits, In this lusts the tube through which gases flow into a chamber be! “rice, a techiclan ad ow. In the chamber, atoms i the gas attach to the surface of a semiconductor material and form’ nen oe id layer. Different types of }ga0°3 are used to make several layers of different chemical materials, i words bolded in the following two parage phs have been jumbled. What are they? 0 x of gaat 70ther method to produce free reais etricity is to add mripsuitei a " V '0, oF to “dope,” the semiconductor, The difference in the number — between the pogndi '? material, of dopant (either donors or tlectrons), and host gives rise to negative (n-type) or positive (pt ni” concept is illustrated in the accompanying madigra T “tystal. Each silicon atom has rofa of valence acceptors of ype) cartiers of electricity ° of a doped silicon (Si) ™ valence electrons (represented by dots); two are wm to form a covalent bond. In n- type silicon, toms such as phosphorus (P) with five heveale 'S electrons replace some silicon and provide extra negative electrons. In p- ae Silicon, atoms with three valence electrons such as aluminum (Al) lead to a deficiency ofINVENTIONS t Incandescent Lamp ‘Thomas Edison’s first ight bulb Incandescent lamp is a device that produces light by heating a material to a high temperature, ‘The most familiar example of an incandescent lamp is the common household bulb. It consists of a'stretched or coiled filament of tungsten metal sealed inside a bulb filled with a gas that ‘ill not react with the tungstentor the bulb. This inert gas is a combination of nitrogen and N argon in a proportion designed to suit the wattage, or brightness, of the bulb. When electric current flows through the filament, it heats the filament to a temperature of about 3000°C u (about 5000°F), causing the filament to glow and provide light. gow = fuare brille- The incandescent lamp is based on the principle of incandescence, in which solids and gases emit visible light when burning or when an electric current heats them to a sufficiently high temperature, Each material gives off light in a color characteristic of that material, Match the following words with their definitions: 1) incandescent a) very slow to move or act ; 2) bulb ) to shine with or as if with an intense heat } 3) filament ©) a substance that does not flow perceptibly under moderate stress 4) inert 4) white, glowing, of lumninous with intense heat 5) glow ©)a glass envelope enclosing the light source of an electric lamp 7 N errs acd > °F Ag j‘acum Tubes," Microsoh® y Babar ORES Encyclopedia 2009 "_hitpy/encarta.msn.com © 1997-2009 Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved. - Numbers _ I Mateh the words with the examples on the right: See SOE 286 1. cardinal numbers C a) % 213, : 2. ordinal numbers \y oi“! b) First, second, third, ... 3. decimals < c) 1,2,3, 4. fractions. 4) 12%, 89%... 5. percentages e) 2.3, 4.698 " N.B. Each digit after the decimal point is read separately: two point three, four point six nine eight. IL Match these written numbers with the way they are read: a) one third 1. 60% 2.3%5 >) two fifths 3.340 ©), two point eight seven 4.85% 4) eight point five percent 5.13% e)- three point four 6.2876 1)- sixty percent 7.3/4 g) three and a half 8.25) h) three quarters III Put these words and phrases into the sentences below: times/multiplied by, divided by, minus, pls 1. Four. eighteen equals twenty-two. a 2, Seventeen thirteen equals two hundred twenty-one. 3. Ninety-six Tour equals twenty-four. 4.Ten_.__. nine equals one. Now match the following words with the four operations above: Multiplication, addition, division, subtraction AY2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 2 8) %» Describe the operation of the new speed trap by converting each of these statements to the Present Passive. The first unit records the time each vehicle passes. * It identifies each vehicle by its number plates using Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. Itrelays the information to the second unit. ‘The second unit also records the time cach vehicle passes. The microprocessor calculates the time taken to travel between the units, Itrelays the registration numbers on speeding vehicles to police headquarters. A computer matches each vehicle with the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Centre (DVLC) database. It prints off. letter to the vehicle owners using mailmerge. RELATIVE CLAUSES I Complete these definitions with the correct participle of the verb given in brackets. 1) A gateway is an interface (enable) dissimilar networks to communicate, 2) A bridge is a hardware and software combination (use) to connect the same type ofnetworks. 1 3) backbone isa network transmission path (eandle) major-date ‘traffic: ynen several networks are linked. 4) A router is a special computer (direct) messages w! 5) A network is a nuuiber of eompulers and peripherals (link) together, 6)A LANs a network (connect) computers over a small such as within a company: 7) A.server is a powerful computer (store) many programs (share) by all the clients in the network. §) A client is u network computer (use) for accessing a service on a server. 9) A thin lien is a simple computer (comprise) a processor and memory, display, keyboard, mouse and hard drives only. 4 10) A Aub is an electronic device (connect) all the data cabling in a network. Tl Link these statements using a relative clause with a participle. 1) a) The technology is here today. | b) _Itis needed to set up a home network. BE > © Youonly need one network printer, b) _Itis connected to the server. a 3) a) Her house has a network b) _Itallows basic file-sharing and multi-player gaming i | 4) a) There is a line receiver in the living room. | It delivers home entertainment audio to speakers Eve has designed a site. It is dedicated to dance. She has built in links. ‘They connect her site to other dance sites, She designed the site using a website creation program. Itis called Dreamweaver: ‘At the centre of the home of tomorrow is a network Itis accessed through a control pad The network can stimulate the owner's presence é This makes sure vital tasks are carried out in her absence. 10) a) The house has an electronic doot-keeper. s b) Its programmed to recognize you. s Ab5 proce sinless te, iron ismixed_ s chromium and nickel. Daca anieee act traces ___metals, such as lead. 8) When new metal is extracted _ore, the costs can be high. 0 cnehiete ‘each sentence using the correct OP position: the ‘computer, 1) The CPU isa large chip 2) Data always flow___-_ the CPU the address bus. 3) The CPU can be divided three parts. 4) Data flows __the CPU and the memory. ; 5) Peripherals are devices __the computer but linked ___it. a 6) The signal moves the VDU screen___oneside___the other. 7) The CPU puts the address__the address bus. 8) The CPU can fetch data___s memory, the data bus. LANGUAGE SKILLS PRESENTATIONS Presentation tips - The Key is preparation. So the fist step isto find out who you are going to be presenting to and how much the audience knows about the subject. If possible, visit the room where you will be giving the presentation beforehand and organize it precisely to your own requirements. Presentation: : AADeep Blue serves as a prototype for future computers that 8 ( require) to solve _ complex problems. At issue, however, is whether a computer can be developed with the ability to learn to solve problems on its own, rather than one programmed to solve a specific set of tasks, ta THE FUTURE OF COMPUTERS In 1965 semiconductor pioneer Gorton Moore predicted that the number of transistors , contained on a computGt'chip ‘wuld double every year. This is now known as Moore’s Lavi, aad it has proven to be'somiewhat aGcurate, The number of transistors and the computational speed of microprocessors currently doubles approximately every 18 months. Components ‘continue to shrink in size and are becoming faster, cheaper, and more versatile," Vatt Se Re With their increasing power and versatility, computers simplify day-to-day life Unfortunately, as computer use becomes more wid’$pread, so do the opportunities for misuse. Computer hackers—people who illegally gain access to computer systems—often, violate. vacy and can’ 5 can inpet' With of destroy records. Programs called viruses of “won replicat® dnd spread from computer to computer, erasing information or causing malfunctions. Other individuals have used computers, to, electronically émbezzle funds and alter credit histories. New ethical issues also have arisen) sichas how to Fegillate material on the Internet and the World Wide Web, Long-standing issues, such as privacy and freedom of expression, ‘are being reexamined in light of the digital revolution, Individuals, -companies, . and. goyernments, are working to solve these problems through iniformed “conversation, Compromise, better computer security, and regulatory legislation Computers will become, more advanced and they will also become easier to use. Improved “Speech récognition’ will make the operation of a computer easier. Virtual reality, the technology of inceracting with a computer using all of the human senses, will also contribute to better human and computer interfaces, Standards for virtual-reality program languages—for example, Virtual Realty Modeling language (VRML)—are eurenily in use or are being developed for the World Wide Web, \n""\* se oe iN sus SS Other, xd models of eéniputation ae being developed, including biological élpiiing tat uses living organisms, molecular computing that uses molecules with particular properties, and computing that uses deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the basic unit of heredity, to store data and camry out operations, These are examples of posite future computational platforms that, so far, are limited in ables or are stitly theoretical, Scieatsis inv emt the physical limitations of miniaturizing circuits embeded {n''silicon. There are limitations related t heat generated by even the tiniest of transistors gate fotriguing breakthroughs occurred in the area of quantum comput fe 1990s, Quantum computers, under deyelopment use components of a chloroform molecule (a combination of chlorine and hydrogen atoms) and a variation of a medical procedure called magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to compute at a molecular level. Scientists use a branch of physies cafled quantum mechanies, which describes the behavior of subatomic particles (articles that make up atoms), as the basis for quantum computing. Quantum computers may one day be thousands to millions of times faster than current computers, because they take advantage of the laws that govern the behavior of subatomic particles.| These vs allow As ' . 1 " ‘ i i" a a a a g gstsimultaneously __quanturi computers to examine all possible answers {0 aquery as st Saar inchade code: breaking. an tere® 2005 to determine the chemistry, computer science, mathematics, and physics are now ‘possibilities and limitations of quantum computing. hnologit cations between computer users and networks will benefit from Beas Fe as ra eT mmunication systems that can carTy significantly hatte reo ‘more conveniently to and from the vast interconnected. databases number and type. re i 2009 "Computer," Microsoft® Encarta Online nate http://encarta.msn.com © 1997-2009 Microsoft Corporation. All Rig! ~ Answer the following questions: 1) What is Moore’s Law? 2) What are the disadvantages of computer development? 3) What is virtual reality and why is it important? 4) What is quantum mechanics? 5)* What could future uses of quantum computers include? 1. Guess the meaning of the following acronymsA a a f ns : a a Ada Lovelace (1815-1852), British mathematician who laid some of the carly. conceptual and technical groundwork for high technology by helping develop an early _ computer. ‘The daughter of English poet Lord Byron, Augusta Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace, was ‘bom in London, With the help of friends and tutors, she taught herself geometry and later attended classes in astronomy and mathematics" In 1833 Lovelace met British mathematician and inventor Charles Babbage. He had invented the Ditference Engine, a mechanical device designed to handle complicated mathematical problems. She showed her understanding of the concept of a programmed computer in 184 when she translated ftom French and anpotated a paper by the Italian engineer Luigi F. ‘Menabrea on Babbage's Difference Engine*. She also collaborated with Babbage to invent the Analytical Engine, an archetype of the modem digital computer’. The technology of their time was not capable of translating their ideas into practical use, but the Analytical Engine had many features of the modern computer, It could read data from a deck of punched cards, store data, and perform arithmetic operations, Components of Lovelace’s work remain in the modern digital electronic computer that Teceives a set of instructions, then carries out those instructions. Her set of instructions" was a forerunner of modem programming languages and historians have credited her as the first computer programmer’, "Ada Lovelace," Microsoft® Encarta® Online Enoyclopedia 2009 http://encarta.msn.com © 1997-2009 Microsoft Corporation: All Rights Reserved Fiber optics 1. INTRODUCTION Fiber optics, a branch of optics dealing with the transmission of light through hair-thin, transparent fibers. Light signals that enter at one end of a fiber travel through the fiber with very low loss of light, even if the fiber is curved. A basic fiber-optic system consists of transmitting device (which generates the light signal), an optical-fiber cable (which carries the light), and a receiver (Which accepts the transmitted light signal and converts i to : an electrical signal). Tl. OPERATION Fiber-optic transmission of light depends on preventing light from escaping from the When a beam of light encounters a boundary between two transparent sates some of the fight is normally reflected, while the rest passes into the new substance. How receipe beam is reflected, and how much enters the second substance, depends on the angle at which ZO Ee“ie iekarles much of is light penetrates the water fae ae of a K strikes the surface of the water at a s it ig reflected. Fiber optics Tunkel uae creat special conditions, under whieh all of the fight SiSountering the surface between two materials is reflected, to reduce Los. A principle called total intemal reflection allows optical fibers to retain the light they carry en light passes from a dense substance into a less dense substance, there is an angle, caljeg q the critical angle, beyond which 100 percent of the light is reflected from the surface between Peet AC cialintetaalirenbateeCees Pees ich strikes. the boundary between pamat east en angle greater nie ein angle, An optica-fiber core is clad (coated) a lower density glass layer, Light traveling inside the core of an optical fiber strikes ihe Outside surface at an angle of incidenns greater than the critical angle so that all the light jg Shas {OME the inside ofthe Giber without los. As long as the ibe ot curved tog sharply, light traveling inside cannot strike the outer surface at less than the critical angle, tus. light can be transmitted over long distances by being reflected inward thousands of times with no loss - IL. APPLICATIONS Tater Widespread use| of Aber onesie ia communications, But optical fibers can carry light for illumination, to’convey images, and even to enealt eer bet A. Communications Use of fiber optics in communications is gro ig. Fiber-optic communications systems have key advantages over older types of communication. They offer vastly increased bandwidths, allowing tremendous amounts of information to be carried quickly from place to place. They also allow signals to travel for long distances without Tepeaters, which are needed to aorvensate for reductions in signal strength. Fiber-optic repeaters are currently about 100 km (about 62 mi) apart, compared to about 1.5 km (about 1 mi) for electrical systems, Many long-distance. fiber-optic communications networks for both transcontinental eae eee ter aitemational connections aren operation, Companies such as AT&T, MCI WorldCom, and Sprint have Virtually replaced their lon distance copper lines with optical-fiber cables. Local telephone senice, Providers use fiber- optic cables between central office switches and sometimes extend it reo neighborhoods and even individual homes. Cable television companies transmit high-bandwidth TV signals to subscribers via fiber-optic cable. Local area networks (LANs) are another growing application for fiber optics. Unlike lon; distance communications, LANs connect many local computers to shared equipment such as Printers and servers, LANs readily expand to accommodate additional equipment a Private companies also use fiber optics and its inherent security to send and receive d firms and institutions as IBM, Wall Street brokerages, banks ad niversities transf computer and monetary information between buildings and aren fibers. d the world via opticalmarkets is transmitting information for, so-called ys and streets with traffic i : ‘wansportation systems: “smart” i ems, aufomated toll booths, and changeable message signs that ‘Re motorists information about delays and emergencies. et ioe iransmnission of light to locations that are ‘inple, often incorporate a fiber-optic | the simplest application of optical fibers is the ye svise difficult to illuminate, Dentists" drills, for ex: Mee bic that lights up the insides of patients’ mouths. tical fibers are used in some medical instruments to, transmit images of the inside of the Pi body. Physicians use an instrument called an endoscope to view these inaccessible ee ey yecioe sends a beam of light into a body eavily, sueh a8 the inside of We Sra Win a iter, A bundle of fibers retums a reflection of the inside of the cavity ‘The thin fibers assembled precisely side by side and dual fiber carries a tiny bit of the final image, vision camera. Image in phototypesetting, in sdle consists of several thousand very 1 ee polished at their ends. Each indivi hich is reconstituted and observed through a magnifier or a tel Transmission by optical fibers is also widely used in photocopiers, ‘graphics, and in other imaging applications sensing devices, ranging from thermometers to because transmitted light is sensitive sound waves, structural strain, heat, 1 effects make ordinary sensors or sen developed to carry used for Optical fibers are used in a wide variety of yroscopes. The potential in this field is nearly unlimited many environmental parameters, including pressure, ‘and motion. The fibers are especially useful where electri ring useless, less accurate, or even hazardous. Fibers have also be: cutting and drilling. Fiber-optic lasers are sometime power laser beams fo surgery. IV. HISTORY AND CURRENT RESEARCH a. early 1950s, Abraham van Heel of the Delft University of Technology in The Jands introduced cladding as a way to reduce light loss in glass fibers. He coated his ers with plastic. Even with cladding, however, light signals in glass fibers would fade after Frveling only a few meters. In 1967 electrical engineers Charles Kao and George Hockham ‘&gBritain’s Standard Telecommunications Labs speculated that these high losses were due to purities in the glass. They were correct: Impurities within the fibers absorbed and scattered fh. Within two decades, engineers solved the imputity problem. Today, sili fibers of < purity to, carry infrared light signals for 100 km (62 mi) or more without repeater plification are available. a development of new optical techniques will expand the capability of fiber-optic systems. ly developed optical fiber amplifiers, for example, cars directly amplify optical signal: Vithout firit converting them to an electrical signal, speeding up transmission ad 1aWeai a requirements. Dense wave division multiplexing (DWDM), another new fibe: atic Brique, puts many colors of light into « single strand of fiber-optic cable, £ ah eas hiiesa separate data stream. Using DWDM, a single strand of fiber-optic euble ean ea ot Qe‘say ~ 103 trillion bits of i i ding the entire contents of the il “Consgitfermation per second. At that rate, downloading FX Ot a ae of Congress, a feat requiring 82 years with @ diai-up moder, ets Reviewed By: April Holladay, B.S, (CE), M.S. (Math) : jEiber Optics," Microsoft® Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009 E hupi//encarta.msn.com © 1997-2009 Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved. Answer the following questions: “1) What is fiber optics? 2) What does a basic fiber-optic system consist of? 3) What is total internal reflection? Explain its principle! 4) Where is fiber optics mostly used? 5) Who introduced cladding and with which purpose? 6) How was the impurity problem solved? 7) What will the development of new optical technologies expand? Did you know...? Read the text and then make questions so that the underlined structures provide answers: Samuel Morse ie ash Samuel Finley Breese Morse (1791-1872), American artist and inventor, known for his part in the invention of the electric telegraph and the Morse code. Samuel Finley Breese Morse was born in Charlestown, Massachusetts (now part of Boston), on April 27, 1791, and educated at Yale College (now Yale University). He studied painting in London and became a successful portrait painter and sculptor'. In 1825 he helped found the National Academy of Design in New York City, and the following year he became the fist president of the institution, He continued his painting and became a professor of painting and sculpture at NewYork Univesity in 1832, About that time he became interested in chee ang electrical experiments end developed apparatus for an electromanaetic telesraph tht he completed in 1836. The following yea he fled a caveat, oF legal notice, atthe patent offise Washington, D.C., and tried without success to obtain European patents for his apparatus. He > invented a code, now known as the Morse code’, for use with his telegraph instrument also IZAEuropean Article Number (EAN). (ODAL AUXILIARTES juirements: need to, have to, must Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the verbs need 10, have to or must. More an one answer is possible in some examples, }) Technical qualifications to be renewed at intervals to ensure they do not go wut of date. r 2) You become an expert in too narrow a field. to have good communications skills to become an IT manager. ) You be an expert in hardware to become a programmer. 3) You, have worked with IBM mainframes for at least two years. You be able to show leadership. You have a degree but it be in computing science. 3) You to have experience in JavaScript. ) You. be able to use C++. 10) These days you study BASIC, I Ability: can, could, be able to Bf empiete the blanks in this text using the correct form of can or be able to. In some cases there is more than one possible answer. open doors and switch on computers as you approach them, Professor Imagine Varwick __because he had an electronic chip fitted into his arm for a month. He I demonstrate to the press how computers would greet him with, ‘Good morning, Fofessor Warwick’ as he walked past, Next he wants to record the signals from his brain to Ie,——— syumsuos mindany (© -emoputa go ss900ns 2 2UY (1 ypowos 27 2198 97802 pqumtg 9g) BF TIL eure yon 22m vance aE aa ax pus wos s98unesed 19 HOH 3 © AED a Gp a0 soxt 0Es = ar EE a from the nucleus are loosely bound to the atom. 8) The thicker wire you use, the ‘current will flow through it. $ " 9) The wite you-use,the -will-Rlow through it- 10) The greater the energy of the revolving electron, the from the nucleus itwill revolve, 1)The the Voltage, the better should be the ifsulation. i 12)The the difference bétween the temperatures, the the : heat engine. : RELATIVE CLAUSES } Change the following pair of sentences, into single sentence Using which; making the second sentence into a relative clause. Model: The transformer is an electronic unit. Ti.makes a major contribution to the usefielness of the a.c. power systent. The transformer is an electronic unit WHICH makes a major contribution to the usefielness of the a.c. power system. : 1, The first coil is called the primary. It is normally connected to the power source. in magnitude A.C. current flow causes a flux in the transformer core. It vari sinusoidally with time. 3.. The flux set up in an inductance produces a voltage. This voltage is equal to and ‘opposes the impressed voltage. 4, The windings are provided with a closed magnetic path. The magnetic path is composed of laminated sheet steel : Afterwards transformers have been assembled and placed in a waterproof tank. The tank is filled with oil to improve insulation and cooling 6. The flux has to cross the insulation between the laminations at these places. It means that there is a vertical air yap absorbing ampre-tumns over and above those required for the iron itself.‘4 ; error ; fe and the set point, an vari e final 8. Ifthere is any difference between the ne measured va veeinta oee fee e contro Danes ¢ set point. ial relationship ~is pmnerated-This error eaters @ controller. The ble to th control element in order to return the controlled vee The functio' 9, Each block in Fig represents a functional eationshi: a Se aa nent.» exists between the input and output of a particular. comp’ ey es the bath temperature Tan * 10. The temperature measuring element sens‘ Saati pe e Y i ent Maegan, signal Tm to the controller. The temperature measuring clam ee dynamic lag. II Replace the underlined relative clauses by the past participle. ih ustion of either - Model: Gas welding utilizes the heat which is produced by the comb ye acetylene or hydrogen in a steam of pure oxygen. 4 asth it slene or Gas welding utilizes the heat produced by the combustion of either acetylen: hydrogen in a steam of pure oxygen. 1. Anextra metal, which is required to fill the’space between the parts, is supplied by welding rod of suitable material, Which is melted in the gas flame. In the electric-arc process, the heat is supplied by a continuous arc which is drawn between the electrons, 3. The atomic-hydrogen arc-welding process is a recent development which is used to prevent oxidation of the metal. Are-welding is accomplished by utilizing the heat which has been generated by an electric arc to fuse the metals together, III Replace the underlined relative clauses by the present Participl iple. Model: Welding is used in industry in a vari -onsiderable range of size, We of forms and on products which cover a which cover Welding is used in industry in a variety Of forms and o' ange of size. P forms and on products ¢ : _ covering a considerableMeteils which have similar composition may be united in one homogeneous piece __ by fLising together the edges in contact, k the eletrodes which usually have a small tp ares, ag e Imatonic:hydrogen welding when dissociated hydrogen recombines 10 form Spot welding is accomplished by, clamping the lappeil édges of the work between molecular hydrogen a large amount of heat is generated in a small space, which 4 makes an interise flame. , . "i = Tn spol welding the heavy current which is applied for a fraction of « second melts ‘hemetal atthe interface of the lapped pieces of the work, wich results in complete welding of the two piéces under the contact area of the electrodes, - t Jiagre a€8 Siliny ‘relative ‘tanses with the preposition before WELCH fv scientific * Wrinae, the following pairs of sentence into single sentences using PREPOSITION + - WHICH making the second sentence a relative clause, o Model: The simple and inexpensive controller can be employed. The output of the a eoncrollencan regulate the physical quantity to the process at oni top specific values. he sinple and inexpensive controller can be employed the output OF WHICH can regulate the physica‘ quantity 10 the process at only two specific vulucee ee CHL 1. There exist very complex control systems. In these systems many components are _* used. There are some processes requiring a cascade control system. Two controllers and (wo rneasuring elements are used in it. A wpical response of a stable closed-loop system to an external disturbance is an scillation, The amplitude of the oscillation is reduced with time, A contool system is judged by the rapidity. The transient response is completed with the rapidity. 5 ing Felative clauses, Model: General heating is provided by gilled tube electric heater, mounted in three Mow batteries, : = Soe : Eoa - Explanations The present simple is formed with the bas dd sin the third peson singular Meshes Tike ~ You like He/She/It likes We like + Some ver lar: have, Be : continuous: fo hme” Touhane tse has We have | Thy hae Fas > Tam - Yoware He/She is Weare | They are -¢ infinitive form of the verb, Present simple: a form Present = Spelling problems ; ‘Verbs ending in o, s, ch, sh, x add -es for the third person singular. He goes She misses She watches He wishes He relaxes * * = Questions ¥es/No questions are formed with do and the bare infinitive form of the The third person singular uses does. We also use do/daes when we form questions with when, what, why, where, = how ete = What do you want? Where does she live? Negatives oe Negatives are formed with do not and the bare infinitive form of the verb, The third person singular uses does not. ‘ Ido not like that. "She does not like that, In speech and informal writing, do not becomes don’t, and does. not becomes * doesn't I dontt like that, She doesn't like that. Present simple: = We use the present simple to describe meaning Habitual actions. i Tusually get up at 7.30. : "Actions and situations that are generally or usually true Liz plays in the school basketball team. We like ice-cream ihe Facts which are always true, pesca The sun rises in the east ae = ‘The present simple also has some future Meanings.