10 Integration Integration is involved in practically every physical theory in some way. The Radon transform uses integration to reconstruct images from medical CT scans, As well as applications in modern day medicine, CT scanners have also been used to examine Egyptian mummies to find out information about their diets, health and lifestyle Objectives ° Understand integration as the reverse process of differentiation. Integrate (ax + 6)" for any rational value of n, 1 #1. Solve problems involving evaluating the constant of integration. Evaluate definite integrals. Evaluate definite integrals, including simple cases of ‘improper’ integrals, such as fa dx and fx dx. Use integration to find the area bounded by a curve and lines parallel to the axes. ‘Use integration to find the area between a curve and a line, or between two curves. Use integration to work out the volume of revolution about one of the axes. Before you start You should know how to: Skills check: 1. Find the value of a constant, ¢, givenacurve 1. Find the value of c in each case where the anda point on the curve, ‘equation of the curve and point on the curve eg. y=3xte (2,5) are given. 5=3(-2)+¢ c= 2) eg y=R-2e+e 6-1) (-4,-3) Si -2(3) +e c=-4 (-1,-2) (5,9) (-2,8)2. Find the x-coordinates of the points wherea 2, Find the x-coordinates of the points where curve crosses the x-axis, each curve crosses the x-axis. eg. y=22+ 3xcrosses the x axis where a) yoat- 2x x4 3x=0 => a(x + 3) b) yox'—3e—10 = x=0orx=3 ) y=12+x-2 eg. yx =a ~Grerosses the xaxiswhere gy y= 4 5° — 6x 2-28 - 6x= woe -6) e) y=(e—-1PGx+4) Spar 3)4+2)=0 x=-2orx=Oorx=3 10.1 Integration as the reverse process of differentiation ‘We know that if y = 3x? — 5, then 2 =6x-5, ‘We also know that if, for example, y = 32° - 5x +7 or y= 3x2 -5x—2, then 2 =6x-5. ; ven? . ‘Thus, if we are given S* = 6x. 5 then we can calculate that y = 33° ~ 53+ ¢, where cis a constant. ‘This process is the reverse of differentiation and is called integration. ‘The constant, ¢, is known as the constant of integration. ‘We write this process as follows: fis ~S)dx=3x— 5x4 ‘We say: the integral of 6x ~ 5 with respect to xis equal to 3x¢ — 5x + ¢. ‘We can use these rules: ay =(var-<— os re theny= farde = e(ne-1) we telnet mtd ( ) 1 ax, then y= axtdy Example 1 Given B= 9x¢ — 4+ 3x*-7, find y. ye foe ~ 4x $3x'—7)dy We need to integrate © toe. 32-946 <—— vee fora = 2° foreach em = 3x - 28 + 2x? Ix 46 << Simplify where possible and include ‘+ c’ in your answer. Integration as the reverse process of differentiationExample 2 Given f (x) = x(3x ~ 4), find f(x) = 9x! — 2437 + 16x. 28x +88 +e £/(x) = x(3x ~ 4)? = x(9x2 — 24x + 16) <——— Expand the brackets. FQ) = f (9x 24° + 16x) dx Integrating P(x) gives fa. Integrate the expression term by term. Simplify where possible and include ‘+ c’ in your answer. Exercise 10.1 1. Find y given 2 in each ease, a) 2x b) e) x-x f) 10x+ 8x" ) ve ) (2x-37 2. Find f(x) given f’(x) in each case. a) 2 b) e) 3-x-2% ff) 3x d) -15 2 Six h) x(x'~ 6) ky 2x tox ° 8) ) Morn 8 kK) et? yp eo 3. Find a) forax b) [ar+ ide ° @) frees o fara 9 Bet , ® Jo-soas h) futear i D [Ora » [ZF )a feof sres, woe10.2 Finding the constant of integration ‘We can find the constant of integration when we know the equation of a curve and the coordinates of a given point on the curve. Example 3 Find the equation of the curve that passes through the point (4, ~1) and where 22x? 4 2x? 40 As (4, ~1) lies on the curve, = (4) +204) + 1-64-45 ~69 ess y= 2x? + 2x? - 69 Divide each term by 2° Integrate each term and include ‘+ c’ at the end. Dividing by 3 is the same as multpying by? Substitute x= 4, y Find the value of c. Write down the equation of the curve. Finding the constant of integration‘A curve is such that f’(x) = 12 — 4 and the point (~1, 2) lies on the curve. x Find the equation of the curve. fa) = (2 - 4a foe _a)de Inarate £"(a) to find f(x) by expressing each x as a power of x, 10x" _axte <= Integrate term by term. ‘Simplify and write your negative powers as fractions. oe -4C-1)+e << Substitute for x= —1 and y= 2. 3 Find the value ofc f= 443 <———— Write down the equation ofthe curve. Example 5 i ay _ . ; ‘A curve is such that {> = ~6x and the curve has a maximum point at (1,2). 2 Find the equation of the curve. 2 f Perce Integrate Sate When x= 1 and y = 2 we have a maximum point, 3)? ————s O=-311P te and so 0. e3 WY = 3243 ay Fe We now have an equation for yao +3etk ———— Integrate to find y. 2=-(1) +30) +k ees y—2whenx=i. << We can now write an equation for the curve. IntegrationExercise 10.2 a) 3x°-6x+2 point = (-2,-10) b) *=(1-2x7 point = (1,8) ° (2x +5) point = (5,1) a) Lave (VE-3) point 9x? —3x. Oe point = f) 3x = 1)(5x+2) point = 2. Acurve issuch that 2 foe and the point (1, -6) lies on the curve. Find the equation of the curve, 3. Acurve passes through the point (7, 10) and its gradient function is © + 2. e Find the equation of the curve. 4. The curve C, with equation y = f(x) passes through the pi (2, =I) and f(x) = a(3 - x). Find the equation of C in the form y= f(x). 8. The curve C passes through the point (3, 10) and its gradient at any point any Vis oxt— is given by SE = 6x7 — 4x43, a) Find the equation of the curve C. b) Show that the point (2, ~21) lies on the curve. 9. Acurve is such that 2 = 6x. The curve has a maximum point when x= -1, and the point (3, -2) lies on the curve. Find the equation of the curve. 10. ‘The gradient ofa curve is given by Given that the curve passes through (0, 0), (1, 1) and (~2, 16), find the equation of the curve. Finding th stant of integration10.3 Integrating expression of the form (ax + b)” ‘We can integrate linear expressions that have been raised to a power by using the result Jlort tae = GH + provided n#-l Example 6 Find fw ~3)dx. Jes -3dx= 1 aan +e <= Use the standard resuit with a = 4, b =-3, n =5. = x= 2 Example 7 snd [ de nafa-20)"ae <= Wecan take the constant factor 4 outside the integral oo iea. _G=my 3 =4x +e Saige Joie +2)8ar a. 8) Te dette ioralExample 9 1 a) Find Jor = 2)'dx. b) Hence Bnd f (38 = 2)de. 4) fo: ~2'de= 7 +¢ << Algo divide by the coefficient of x. 7 We use square brackets to show we have integrated b) fox = 2)dx= es = and we waite the limits in the postions shown. - or cone <—— Calculate f(b) - f(a). Example 10 Find ae dx. ~~ ivide each term in the numerator by x?. =(2.3422) pete] =(24+24)-(2¢ +21) Substitute x = 4 and x= 1 Bey 5) +7 = @ xos2ua 28) = ( fe 2)<— Evaluate as separate brackets. =1224362-4324 ars Exercise 10.4 lL Endl : . a) foros ») ° frees a fae 3 fee f) fees Integration |2 Find | . . a) fios-2948 b) fos-ox+5)de 3 Jow-syax a) foxes sera °° fiox-2) Ges ayae f) forse: b) fase ©) [VG=x) dx 10.5 Finding area using definite integration ‘The diagram shows the area (A) bounded by the curve y = f(x), the lines x= a,x= band the x-axis, , We can find an estimate of this area by dividing the required area into thin strips of equal width. The thinner the strips the better the approximation to the actual area A. % y=) oo > 7 Fn un a tiConsider the area of one of the rectangles: ‘© Its width is a small increase in x so we can say the width of the rectangle is 6x. © Similarly its area is a small increase in the value of A so we can say the area of the rectangle is OA. As each strip is approximately a rectangle of width 8x and height y, we can now say that| 64= yx 6x and y= a ‘The total area of A = ¥.5a = ¥° 5x ‘As 6x gets smaller the accuracy of the area increases until, in the limiting case, the total area = lim 5 oa #y lim 54 _ $4 ae Bar, lim $4 —* and so," =y Hence A= foo ‘The area between the curve y = f(x) and the x-axis, bounded by the. line x = a and the line x = b is given by Area ffl) d= [yds Example 11 Find the area bounded by the curve with equation y = (2 ~ x)(3 + x), the positive x-axis and the y-axis. <———— Draw a sketch to show the required region. Area= fo =x-x)dx << Wit the area asa dente integra [ox (2 == AO =0-0)=75 =——— Work out the value ofthe integral. 1 Ba Integration 183Example 12 Find the area bounded by the curve with equation y = x(x - 4) and the x-axis. First draw a sketch, ‘Area = 102 <—— Give the area as a positive value. = (S-32)-@- 9 =-10= Example 13 Find the area bounded by the curve with equation y = x(x + 2)(x — 2) and the x First draw a sketch. ‘We find the area by considering the two separate regions A and B. Area A Je -4x)dx Expand the brackets. (0-0)-(4-8)=4 > Continued on the next page Finding area using definite integration__ Wecan use the result rom region A above. The negative value shows the area is under the »-axis, ‘Total area = 4 + ‘We can also use this technique to find the area bounded by a curve, x= f(y), the y-axis and the lines yeaandy=b, ‘The area between the curve «= fly), the y-axis, and the lines y= a and y= bis given by: rere f xayor fro Example 14 Find the area bounded by the curve with equation x = y* ~ 2y and the y-axis as shown in the diagram. <——— Use the correct formula. Everything is using y, including the limits, ‘The negative value shows that the required area is to the left of the y-axis. ‘We write that the required area is a =< White as a positive value. Integration | =a Exercise 10.5 1. Find the area of each of the shaded regions. a) y b) 20 y=32 f) yet oy 2 4 6 8 1 12% 2. For each, find the area bounded by the curve and the x-axis. "Fra stteh the curve, a) y=3x2-3 b) y=a(x+2)(x- 1) ©) y= 5x? 6x a) y=1-4et 3. Find the area bounded by the curve y = Vx, the y-axis and the lines yelandy=3. 4, Find the area bounded by the curve y = °, the x-axis and the lines x=-landx=2. 5. Find the area bounded by the curve x = (y+ 3)y- 1) and the y-axis. 6. Find the area bounded by the curve y = 2Vx, the x-axis and the lines x=landx=9, 7. a) Draw the graph of x + y=5 and find the area bounded by the line x-+y=5, the x-axis and the y-axis. b) Check this area using integration, Finding area using definite integration8. The diagram shows part of the curve with equation y Find the area bounded by the curve, the lines x = 1, x=4 and the x-axis. Find the area of the shaded region. 10. The diagram shows part of the curve with equation y= (x—5)(x + 2)(x- 3). a) Write down the coordinates of A and B. b) Show that the equation may be written as y = .° ~ 6x° — x + 30. ©) Find the total shaded area. Integration |10.6 Area bounded by two curves or a curve and a line ‘We can find the area between two curves or between a curve and a line using integration, Example 15, y e2k ‘The diagram shows a sketch of the curve with equation © y= x(5— x) and the line y= 2x. 3 Work out the shaded area. i . y=15-9) 2 1 ‘The curve meets the line when x(5~ x) = 2x Sx-x? = 2x Solve the two equations simultaneously to find where the line and curve intersect. When x=3,y=6 ‘Area under the curve between x = 0 and x = 3 Jor -x)dx Eleyote) ~ [fe 3° I = (225-9)-(0)=135 ‘Area of triangle = 1 x 3 x 6= 9. This could also Shaded area = 13.5-9= 4.5 — Deore autsing feds: Alternative method 3 Shaded area = f (Sx — x2) de— free Area under curve minus area under line 2x)dx =~ Combine this into one integral = (135-9) -()=45 TEE Area bounded by two curves or a curve and a lineExample 16 ‘The diagram shows the curve y= x° + 2x and the line ‘Work out the area of the shaded region. =x, ‘The curve meets the line when x? + 2x = x 43x=0 Hx+5)=0 Solve the two equations simultaneously to find Where the line intersects the curve. ‘They meet at (0, 0) and (—3, 3) 1(3 x3) Area of triangle 0AB whe Area under the curve, between x = ~3 and x = = [@+20a« The dotted line is at = -3. Area of shaded region above the x-axis = 3 - 4 = 18 Area of shaded region below the x-axis = for + 2x)dx This is the area between the curve and the x-axis, =(0+0)- (+ ‘j= _4 ____Thearea is a negative value as itis below the 3 3 curve. 4 Area required = 2 a za Integration rT)Example 17 Find the area of the finite region bounded by y= x" and y= x —x°. yo? Area Jorma | vae Area under y = x — x? minus area under y = x? = f (x22 - 2) de <= Combine the two integrals. Exercise 10.6 1. Find the shaded areas. a) ” a ’ 0 2" 2, Find the area of the region bounded by the curve with equation y = x and the curve with equation y= 2x — 2°, Area bounded by two curves or a curve and a tine‘The diagram shows the curve y= 9 ~ 2° and the line y= 5. Find the shaded area, ‘The diagram shows parts of the curves y = x®and y=.2!. Find the shaded area. 5. Find the area between the curve with equation y= x(x ~ 1) and the line y= 3x. 6. a) Show that the curve points where x = 3 and x= } 2x? +3 and the curve y = 10x — »° meet at the ‘b) Find the area between these two curves. Find the area bounded by the curve y= 3° ~ 3x + 8 and the line y= + 5. Integration | >tex we At point P on the curve, x= 1 and at point Qon the curve, x= 2. Find the shaded area, ‘The diagram shows part of the curve with equation y ‘The diagram shows the curve with equation y = 25 +2x— a, ‘The straight line with equation y = x +5 cuts the curve in two places. Find the exact area of the shaded region. Find the area bounded by the two curves. TEI Area bounded by two curves ora curve and a line10.7 Improper integrals Improper integrals can be one of two types: (1) Integrals where at least one of the limits is infinite, eg.) Joe eg. ti) fee (2) Integrals where the function to be integrated is not defined at a point in the interval of integration. In this case, we will restrict our consideration to examples where the function is not defined at one end of the interval, eg. J a where is not defined at x= 0. For (1) i) ‘We define the improper integral freoas aslim fteoas, provided the limit exists. ‘We define the improper integral f fla)daras lim f f(x)dx, provided the limit exists. For (2) | When f(x) is defined for 0 Example 19 Show that only one of the following improper integrals has a finite value and find that value. a) fee ‘As the function to be integrated is not defined at x= 0, replace the upper limit 0 with a letter, say p(-2< p <0 and p just less than 0) ASP 0, 57 has no finite value +_—_ Asp 0, 557 and so has no nite vale, and so, -— 2p" re = hhas no finite value. We can say the integral does not exist << Start by replacing —co with a variable, say 4. Hence, this improper integral does exist and has a value of -5. Exercise 10.7 1. Show that only one of the following improper integrals has a finite value and find that value. 4 4 a) dx b) f dx » f 1 ve 2. Find a) fra b) fra Hence, find whether the following integrals exist and, if they do, find their value. o) |xde d) fora Improper integrals3. a) Find, in terms of a and b, the value of the integral b) Show that only one of the following improper integrals has a finite value and find that value. i [Sar 4, For each of the following improper integrals, find the value of the integral or explain briefly why it does not have a value. a) faux fous = 2 ae 5. Explain briefly: why J 3x ?dx is an improper integral. 6. For each of the following improper integrals, find the value of the integral or explain briefly why it does not have a value. a) fovtex b) porta 9 fora 10.8 Volumes of revolution ‘The diagram shows the area bounded by the curve y= f(a), the lines x = a and x = b, and the a-axis. ” | ola % Integration |‘We can divide this three-dimensional shape into ‘slices, each approximately in the shape of a cylinder, where the radius is the y Value at that point and the thickness of each slice is 6x. br ‘The volume of each circular ‘slice’ = my* 5x and the total volume of the solid = Days. ‘As 0x 0 we get closer and closer to the real volume V. Weean write V = lim Sry"dx= a f yedx | where a and b are values of x ‘The volume of a solid of revolution generated by rotating the curve y= f(x) between «= a and x= b through 360° about the x-axis is given by V.= frre. Similarly, the volume of a solid of revolution generated by rotating the curve x = f(y) between y= a and y= through 360° about the y-axis is given by V.= frees Volumes of revolutionExample 20 Find the volume obtained when the shaded region is rotated through 360° about the x-axis. ee 52=(1) ndaei bad. y (3) anda zis a constant so can be taken outside the integral, Example 21 Find the volume obtained when the shaded region is rotated through 360° about the x-axis. Volume required = volume of cylinder, <___ werk uta strategy fr finding te required volume. with r = 3 and h = 4, minus volume of revolution about x axis. ved Ve x fyar= fixe Ydy Dan orget to square y and put values of «for ‘the bounds. =ale +a], [(@ +4) -(08+0)]_ <——_ Show the substitutions clearly. = 200 This gives us the volume when the area below the curve is rotated. The required volume is the volume of the cylinder found when rotating the line y = 3 about the x-axis with the volume of revolution removed. ‘The volume of the cylinder is ht where r = 3 and = 4. Required volume = xx 3°x4—20%=16n < | eaye answer in terms of z unless told otherwise. Integrationrr Example 22 "The diagram shows the line y= 1, the line y= 4 and part of the curve y = 32°. "The shaded region is rotated through 360° about the y-axis. Find the exact value of the volume of revolution obtained. yo3x,e=2 Rearrange to x? = v= [ray= x | dy << Use the correct formula. The question asked for the exact answer so leave i = the answer in terms of m. Exercise 10.8 hoy 16: 2 8 ' yo yr. 3” Find the volume obtained when the shaded region is rotated through 360° about the x-axis. Find the volume obtained when the shaded region is rotated through 360° about the x-axis. Volumes of revolutionwaaay rasa Find the volume obtained when the shaded region is rotated through 360° about the y-axis. 4. ” AGL Fane. ota ae Seay iis Find the volume obtained when the shaded region is rotated through 360° about the y-axis. Find the volume obtained when the shaded region is rotated through aa 360° about the a-axis. 6. Find the volume obtained when region bounded by the curve y= a(3 ~ x) and the x-axis is rotated through 360° about the x-axis. a yor es 2 i >a} 123% Find the volume obtained when the shaded region is rotated through 360° about the a-axis. Integration |8. Find the volume obtained when the shaded 4 region is rotated through 360° about 5 the y-axis, 4 / 3 aot 3240133 9. ‘The curve y=. and the line y =. meet at the points A and B. a) Find the coordinates of the points A and B. b) Sketch the curve y* = x and the line y= x on one set of axes. ©) Find the volume obtained when the region between the line and the curve is rotated through 360° about the x-axis. 10. Find the volume obtained when the shaded region is rotated through 360° about the x-axis, Give your answer to the nearest whole number. Mey, s{—py=8 4] peat 5. app y=2 1 fea 123 ‘The diagram shows the lines y= 2.and y= 5 and part of the curve y= 22° + 1. ‘The shaded region is rotated through 360° about the y-axis. Find the exact value of the volume of revolution obtained. 12, The area between curve y° = x(4 ~ x)’ and the x-axis is rotated through 360° about the x-axis. Find the exact value of the volume of the solid of revolution formed by this rotation. 13, ‘The diagram shows part of the curve y* = 32x and part of the curve y= »°. ‘The shaded region is rotated through 360° about the x-axis. Find the exact value of the volume of revolution obtained. Volumes of revolution{ Summary exercise 10 Find these integrals. ») J(2-2)e 9 fio-2ra 4) fovea) as » fase o fig ¥y . Find the equation of the curve, given 2 and a point on the curve. a) free ad a a) Paoe- 2041 point = (-3, 5) dy _ ax'—5e De °) 2- (ve+3) point = (~1,-2) point = (4,2) a 4) Y=sx-F point = (1, -4) }. Given that f’(x) = 2a - x + 3yx and (4) = 0, find {(x). EXAM-STYLE QUESTIONS |. Find an expression for y in terms of x f= Gx- 5)(x~ 1) and y= 0 when x=5. b) ps de a [VO—x ax. Find f 1 ax. (ax+2y . Show that only one of the following improper integrals has a finite value and find that value. a) [ee b) See |. Find in terms of p and q the value of the integral {4 dx. itt f 2 ). Show that only one of the following improper integrals has a finite value and find that value. b) feo a) feu ). For each of the following integrals, explain briefly why it is an improper integral. 2) fie » f 9 facta d) Find whether each of the integrals has a finite value and, where possible, find its value. mean