BIRLA ISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MESRA
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
SHORT TERM MANDATORY
STM(MC-300)
PROJECT REPORT
SUBMITTED BY:
VISHWAJEET KUMAR

BTECH/15305/19

DECLARATION
THIS CONTENT OF THIS DOCUMENT IS THE
ORIGINAL WORK BASED ON OUR OWN
RESEARCH AND TO THE BEST OF OUR
KNOWLEDGE IT HAS NOT BEEN PRESENTED
ELSEWHERE FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES.
DEDICATION
THIS PROJECT IS DEDICATED TO OUR
PARENTS FOR THEIR LOVE AND SUPPORT
DURING OUR STUDIES.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I THANK DR. ANAND SIR HEAD OF
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FOR HIS KIND, CONSTANT GUIDANCE AND
VALUABLE SUPPORT.

I PAY OUR PROFOUND RESPECT AND SINCERE

THANKS TO DR. ANAND SIR FOR GUIDING ME
IN OUR PROJECT. HIS INVALUABLE
SUGGESTIONS, CONSTRUCTIVE REVIEWS AND
TIMELY HELP HAS MADE THIS PROJECT
POSSIBLE. I ALSO THANK ALL MEMBERS OF
THE MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT FOR THEIR
INVALUABLE GUIDANCE AND ASSITANCE.

ELECTRIC VEHICLES
INTRODUCTION OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

An electric vehicle (EV) is an automotive vehicle that uses one or

more electric motors for propulsion. It can be powered by a
collector system, with electricity from extravehicular sources, or it
can be powered autonomously by a battery (sometimes charged
by solar panels, or by converting fuel to electricity using fuel cells
or a generator).EVs include, but are not limited to, road and rail
vehicles, surface and underwater vessels, electric aircraft and
electric spacecraft.
EVs first came into existence in the mid-19th century, when
electricity was among the preferred methods for motor vehicle
propulsion, providing a level of comfort and ease of operation that
could not be achieved by the gasoline cars of the time. Internal
combustion engines were the dominant propulsion method for
cars and trucks for about 100 years, but electric power remained
commonplace in other vehicle types, such as trains and smaller
vehicles of all types.

In the 21st century, EVs have seen a resurgence due to

technological developments, and an increased focus on
renewable energy and the potential reduction of transportation's
impact on climate change, air pollution, and other environmental
issues. Project Drawdown describes electric vehicles as one of
the 100 best contemporary solutions for addressing climate
change.
SOME LITERATURE REVIEW

This paper aims to inform the debate over how electric vehicle
technology could fit into a lower-carbon 2020–2030 new vehicle
fleet in Europe by collecting, analyzing, and aggregating the
available research literature on the underlying technology costs
and carbon emissions.

It concentrates on the three electric propulsion systems: battery

electric vehicles (BEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs),
and hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (HFCEVs). The authors
project that the costs of all will decrease significantly between
2015 and 2030: PHEVs will achieve about a 50% cost reduction,
compared with approximate cost reductions of 60% for BEVs and
70% for HFCEVs.

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy demand for

electric and conventional vehicles are presented on a
well-to-wheel (WTW) basis, capturing all direct and indirect
emissions of fuel and electricity production and vehicle operation.
The authors find that carbon emissions of BEVs using European
grid-mix electricity are about half of average European vehicle
emissions, with HFCEVs and PHEVs having a lower emissions
reduction potential. A lower-carbon grid and higher power train
efficiency by 2020 could cut average electric vehicle emissions by
another third.
However, reductions in costs and CO2 emission will not be
achieved without targeted policy intervention. More stringent CO2
standards, as well as fiscal and non-fiscal incentives for electric
vehicles, can help the electric vehicle market grow and costs fall.
Such efforts should also be combined with efforts to decarbonize
the grid, or emission reductions will not be as great as they could
be.

Although the analysis is focused on Europe, similar technology,

policy, and market dynamics can be observed in electric-vehicle
markets throughout North America and Asia.

PROCESS TECHNIQUES WITH LAYOUT

Development of electric vehicle (EV) conversion process can be
implemented in a low-cost and time-saving manner, along with the
design of actual components. Model-based system design is
employed to systematically compute the power flow of the electric
vehicle propulsion and dynamic load. Vehicle specification and
driving cycles were the two main inputs for the simulation. As a
result, the approach is capable of predicting various EV
characteristics and design parameters, such as EV performance,
driving range, torque speed characteristics, motor power, and
battery power charge/discharge, which are the necessity for the
design and sizing selection of the main EV components.
Furthermore, drive-by-wire (DBW) ECU function can be employed
by means of model-based design to improve drivability. For the
current setup, the system components are consisted of actual
ECU hardware, electric vehicle models, and control area network
(CAN) communication. The EV component and system models
are virtually simulated simultaneously in real time. Thus, the EV
functionalities are verified corresponding to objective
requirements. The current methodology can be employed as rapid
design tool for ECU and software development. Same
methodology can be illustrated to be used for EV tuning and
reliability model test in the future.
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

Electric cars function by plugging into a charge point and taking

electricity from the grid. They store the electricity in rechargeable
batteries that power an electric motor, which turns the wheels.
Electric cars accelerate faster than vehicles with traditional fuel
engines – so they feel lighter to drive.

How does the electric car engine work?

Electric cars function by plugging into a charge point and taking

electricity from the grid. They store the electricity in rechargeable
batteries that power an electric motor, which turns the wheels.
Electric cars accelerate faster than vehicles with traditional fuel
engines – so they feel lighter to drive.

How does charging work?

You can charge an electric vehicle by plugging it into a public

charging station or into a home charger. There are plenty of
charging stations around the UK to stay fully charged while you're
out and about. But to get the best deal for home charging, it's
important to get the right EV electricity tariff, so you can spend
less money charging and save more on your bill.
EVs and their range

How far you can travel on a full charge depends on the vehicle.
Each model has a different range, battery size and efficiency. The
perfect electric car for you will be the one you can use for your
normal journeys without having to stop and charge up halfway
through. Explore our EV leasing options.

What types of electric cars are there?

There are a few different types of electric vehicle (EV). Some run
purely on electricity, these are called pure electric vehicles. And
some can also be run on petrol or diesel, these are called hybrid
electric vehicles.
Plug-in electric - This means the car runs purely on electricity and
gets all its power when it's plugged in to charge. This type doesn't
need petrol or diesel to run so doesn't produce any emissions like
traditional cars.

Plug-in hybrid - These cars mainly run on electricity but also have
a traditional fuel engine so you can use petrol or diesel too if they
run out of charge. When running on fuel, these cars will produce
emissions but when they're running on electricity, they won't.
Plug-in hybrids can be plugged into an electricity source to
recharge their battery.

Hybrid-electric - These run mainly on fuel like petrol or diesel but

also have an electric battery too, which is recharged through
regenerative braking. These let you switch between using your
fuel engine and using 'EV' mode at the touch of a button. These
cars cannot be plugged into an electricity source and rely on
petrol or diesel for energy.

What are the inner parts of an EV?

EVs have 90% fewer moving parts than an ICE (Internal

Combustion Engine) car. Here's a breakdown of the parts that
keep an EV moving:
Electric Engine/Motor - Provides power to rotate the wheels. It
can be DC/AC type, however, AC motors are more common.

Inverter - Converts the electric current in the form of Direct

Current (DC) into Alternating Current (AC)

Drivetrain - EVs have a single-speed transmission which sends

power from the motor to the wheels.

Batteries - Store the electricity required to run an EV. The higher

the kW of the battery, the higher the range.

Charging - Plug into an outlet or EV charging point to charge your

battery
EV batteries - capacity and kWh explained

Kilowatts (kW) is a unit of power (how much energy a device

needs to work). A kilowatt-hour(kWh) is a unit of energy (it shows
how much energy has been used), e.g. a 100 watt lightbulb uses
0.1 kilowatts each hour. An average home consumes 3,100 kWh
of energy a year. An electric car consumes an average of 2,000
kWh of energy a year.

Electric car charging

How to charge an EV?

You can charge an electric vehicle either by plugging it into a

socket or by plugging into a charging unit. There are plenty of
charging stations around the UK to stay fully charged while you're
out and about. There are three types of chargers:

Three pin plug for electric car charging Three-pin plug - a

standard three-pin plug that you can connect to any 13 amp
socket.

Socketed electric car charger Socketed - a charge point where

you can connect either a Type 1 or Type 2 cable.
Tethered electric car charger Tethered - a charge point with a
cable attached with either a Type 1 or Type 2 connector.

How long does it take to charge an electric car?

There are also three EV charging speeds:

Slow - typically rated up to 3kW. Often used to charge overnight

or at the workplace. Charging time: 8-10 hours.

Fast - typically rated at either 7Kw or 22kW. Tend to be installed in

car parks, supermarkets, leisure centres and houses with
off-street parking. Charging time: 3-4 hours.

Rapid - typically rated from 43 kW. Only compatible with EVs that
have rapid charging capability. Charging time: 30-60 minutes.
APPLICATION OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

Consumer Electronics.

Public Transportation.

Aviation.

Electricity Grid.

Renewable Energy Storage.

Military.

Spaceflight.

Wearable Technology.
Advantages of Electric Vehicles

No fuel required so you save money on gas. Paying $0.10 per kW

is the equivalent of driving on gasoline that costs less than $1 per
gallon. ...

Environmental friendly as they do not emit pollutants. ...

Lower maintenance due to an efficient electric motor. ...

Better Performance.

Benefits of Electric Car in India right now!

Fuel Price Hike.

Easy Home Charging.

Easy to drive.

Environment Friendly.

Comfortable Cabin and More Storage Options.

Government Incentives.

EVs are future proof.

SCOPE OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

Scope of EV Industry in India. Various governments in emerging

economies have already indicated that they will incentivize a shift
to electric vehicles. If we talk about India, the Modi government
has set an ambition to go 100% electric by 2030.

FUTURE OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

We might see hybrid models in the future, where charging and

swapping co-exist. EV batteries could be made more user
friendly, easy to charge and use. The battery management
system could be further improved and the battery revamped with
a compact design - minimising energy loss and maximizing
performance.
REFERENCES

Introduction

https://en.m.wikipedia.org › wiki

Some literature review

https://theicct.org ›

Methodology, Process, Techniques with Layout

https://www.intechopen.com ›

Working

https://www.edfenergy.com ›

Application

http://www.flashchargebatteries.com ›

Scope and future

https://www.bestelectriccars.co.in